object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8768) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11320) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8643) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5164) "Bennett, N. & O’Donohue, W. (2014). The Construct of Grooming in Child Sexual Abuse: Conceptual and Measurement Issues. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(8), 957–976. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.960632 Black, P. J., Wollis, M., Woodworth, M. & Hancock, J. T. (2015). A Linguistic Analysis of Grooming Strategies of Online Child Sex Offenders: Implications for Our Understanding of Predatory Sexual Behavior in an Increasingly Computer-Mediated World. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 140–149. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.12.004 Cohen, L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589 Craven, S., Brown, S. & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of Literature and Theoretical Considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601069414 Electronic Privacy Information Center (2026, March 25). Jury Finds Meta and Google Negligent in Landmark Social Media Addiction Case. Online: https://epic.org/jury-finds-meta-and-google-negligent-in-landmarksocial-media-addiction-case/ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2025, August 19). Staying One Step Ahead: How to Protect Kids from Emerging Online Threats. Online: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/jacksonville/news/staying-onestep-ahead-how-to-protect-kids-from-emerging-online-threats Fowler, M. J., Lybert, K. A., M.A., Owens, J. N., M.A. & Waterfield, J. M. (2020, August 6). Undercover Chatting with Child Sex Offenders. United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, Featured Articles. Online: https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/undercover-chatting-with-child-sex-offenders Fu, Y., Peng, H., Ou, L., Sabharwal, A. & Khot, T. (2023). Specializing Smaller Language Models Towards Multi-Step Reasoning. Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 202, 10421–10430. Online: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/fu23d/fu23d.pdf Kramer, J. (2024, November 5). Louisiana Signs $3M Deal for High-Tech Investigations. The Times-Picayune. Online: https://tinyurl.com/43bpjnr8 Kyrik, Kelly (2005). Trolling for Predators: More and More Law Enforcement Officers Are Actively Working the Internet to Track, Apprehend, and Prosecute Pedophiles. Police: The Law Enforcement Magazine, 29(10), 32–40. Lorenzo-Dus, N., Kinzel, A. & Di Cristofaro, M. (2020). The Communicative Modus Operandi of Online Child Sexual Groomers: Recurring Patterns in their Language Use. Journal of Pragmatics, 155, 15–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.09.010 Mavali, S., Ricker, J., Pape, D., Fischer, A. & Schönherr, L. (2024). Fake It until You Break It: On the Adversarial Robustness of AI-generated Image Detectors. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.01574 Mulvaney, E. & Bobrowsky, M. (2026, March 24). Landmark Verdict Says Meta Harmed Children, Allowing Adults to Prey on Them. The Wall Street Journal. Online: https://www.wsj.com/tech/landmark-verdictsays-meta-harmed-children-allowing-adults-to-prey-on-them-cb3ad674 National Institute of Justice (2024, May 8). Unconventional Wisdom: Research Shakes up Assumptions About Sex Trafficking Clues in Online Escort Ads. Online: https://tinyurl.com/pakavj8x O’Connell, R. (2020). Freedom of Expression. In Law, Democracy and the European Court of Human Rights (pp. 84–119). Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139547246.007 O’Keeffe, K. & McWhirter, C. (2023, September 17). New Orleans DA Fights “Terrorism” on Streets with AI Spycraft. The Wall Street Journal. Online: https://tinyurl.com/5xsv9khd Petroff, A. (2018, April 5). Yes, Facebook Is Scanning Your Messages for Abuse. CNN Business. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4cbm6crj Plaisance, S. (2024, November 18). Tulane Researchers Partner with Court Watch NOLA to Boost Criminal Justice Transparency. Tulane University of Science and Engineering. Online: https://tinyurl.com/54xwd4jk Pollack, D. & MacIver, A. (2015). Understanding Sexual Grooming in Child Abuse Cases. Child Law Practice, 34(11), 166–168. Sartain, M. (2024, June 24). Large Language Models (LLMs) vs. Small Language Models (SLMs). Rackspace Technology. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3cv6vk8s Shackelford, S., Hiller, J., Makridis, C., Nash, I., Kisska-Schulze, K. & Travis, H. (2025). Moving Slow and Fixing Things. Indiana Law Journal, 100(4), 1611–1671. Online: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol100/iss4/8/ United States Federal Trade Commission (s. a.). Protecting Kids Online. Online: https://consumer.ftc.gov/identity-theft-and-online-security/protecting-kids-online Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D. & Pan, C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk Factors, Coping Strategies and Associations with Cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628–633. Online: https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/4064.pdf Winters, G. M. & Jeglic, E. L. (2017). Stages of Sexual Grooming: Recognizing Potentially Predatory Behaviors of Child Molesters. Deviant Behavior, 38(6), 724–733. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197656" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "5–16" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8643" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1074) "

Pervasive computing has abused information and communication technologies and created new kinds of systemic risks and societal vulnerabilities. With the rise of artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, and pattern recognition systems, all those petabytes of information can be analysed and used to seriously interfere with the rights and liberties of others, and, in particular, it can be used to reveal the most intimate aspects of the lives of others. This, in turn, has offered new and unheard means of criminality, ranging from financial offenses to child exploitation. Therefore, there is a social responsibility for developing systems capable of mitigating the risks that the development of information and communications technologies poses to society. Given that this particular threat involves expression, efforts to mitigate expression-related misconduct must attend to rules that protect expression from government regulation. This article considers one particular area of expression-related misconduct, namely the online abuse of children.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Michael M. Losavio" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(112) "Preliminary Considerations on Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Cyber Safety for the Protection of Children" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#760 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11320) ["email"]=> string(30) "michael.losavio@louisville.edu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8768) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "US" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-8599" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(24) "University of Louisville" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Losavio" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Losavio" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Michael" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Michael" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Michael M. Losavio" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(6) "safety" [1]=> string(8) "security" [2]=> string(2) "AI" [3]=> string(16) "child protection" [4]=> string(11) "free speech" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47101) ["id"]=> int(6780) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8768) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(8837) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:02" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11419) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(8712) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(7033) "Afzal, M. (2023, December 13). 20 Biggest Multinational Companies Headquartered in the US. Yahoo! Finance. Online: https://tinyurl.com/44ujhwpr Aichinger, A. (2023). Campus Speech Codes. Free Speech Center, Middle Tennessee State University. Online: https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/campus-speech-codes Alexander, L. J. (2008). Reluctant Witness. Robert Taylor, Hollywood and Communism. Tease Publishing. Boyse, M. & Doran, P. (2025, February 18). When Democrats Govern Undemocratically: The Case of Poland. Hudson Institute. Online: https://tinyurl.com/9pn66mau Bradford, A. (2012). The Brussels Effect. Northwestern University Law Review, 107(1), 1–67. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4kv275z7 Bradford, A. (2020). The Brussels Effect. How the European Union Rules the World. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001 Carmi, G.E. (2008). Dignity Versus Liberty: The Two Western Cultures of Free Speech. Boston University International Law Journal, 26(2), 277–374. Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of Representatives (2025, July 25). The Foreign Censorship Threat: How the European Union’s Digital Services Act Compels Global Censorship and Infringes on American Free Speech. Interim Staff Report. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4ts8chkn European Commission (2018). 2018 Code of Practice on Disinformation. Online: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2018-code-practice-disinformation European Commission (2022). The 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation. Online: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation European Commission (s. a.). A Strengthened EU Code of Practice on Disinformation. A Growing Threat to European Democracies. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy/protecting-democracy/strengthened-eu-code-practice-disinformation_en Faguy, A. (2024, June 26). Supreme Court Rejects Claim White House Limited Free Speech on Social Media. BBC. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c100l6jrjvno Jordan, J. (2025a, May 13). Letter from the Chairman of H. Comm. on the Judiciary, to Mr. Michael McGrath, Commissioner for Democracy, Justice, the Rule of Law, and Consumer Protection. Online: https://tinyurl.com/mfe2ra5p Jordan, J. (2025b, January 31). Letter from the Chairman of H. Comm. on the Judiciary, to Henna Virkkunen. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yemexvaz Keats Citron, D. (2018). Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep. Notre Dame Law Review, 93(3), 1035–1071. Online: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol93/iss3/3 Dobbs, D. B. & Roberts, C. L. (2018). Law of Remedies. Damages—Equity—Restitution (3rd ed.). West Academic Publishing. Krotoszynski, R. J. (2009). The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective. A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Freedom of Speech. New York University Press. Krotoszynski, R. J., Koltay, A. & Garden, C. (2025). Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy: Defining the Problem, Identifying Potentially Effective Solutions, and the Merits of Using a Comparative Legal Approach. In R. J. Krotoszynski, A. Koltay & C. Garden (Eds.), Disinformation, Misinformation and Democracy. Legal Approaches in Comparative Context (pp. 1–34). Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009373272.002 Murphy, C. (2025, September 11). MSNBC Interview. Politico Inside Congress. Nunziato, D. C. (2023). The Digital Services Act and the Brussels Effect on Platform Content Moderation. Chicago Journal of International Law, 24(1), 115–128. Online: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol24/iss1/6 Orbán, T. (2025, May 13). EU ‘Censorship Regime’ Must Not “Chill” American Speech, Congressmen Warn Brussels. The European Conservative. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2rp26jac Palmer, A. (2025, February 27). House Judiciary Committee Subpoenas Alphabet, Meta, Other Tech Giants over ‘Foreign Censorship’ of Speech. CNBC. Online: https://tinyurl.com/5868heat Papandrea, M-R. (2017). The Free Speech Rights of University Students. Minnesota Law Review, 101(5), 1801–1861. Online: https://doi.org/10.24926/265535.1067 Payne, L. (2024, May 22). Whataboutism. Britannica. Online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/whataboutism PBS (2024, August 27). Zuckerberg Says the White House Pressured Facebook to “Censor” Some Covid-19 Content during the Pandemic. PBS. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4mczp86y Rahman, K. (2025, May 12). Supreme Court Likely to Curtail Judges’ Powers to Stop Trump: What to Know. Newsweek. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2p8ysedh Roberts, C. L. (2025). Rethinking Judicial Power and Remedial Restraint. Catholic University Law Review, 75(1), 93–123. Online: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol75/iss1/8/ Rosen, J. (2022, May 2). Elon Musk Is Right that Twitter Should Follow the First Amendment. The Atlantic. Online: https://tinyurl.com/45m56w9z Rubio, M. (2021, June 24). Press Release – Senator Marco Rubio Introduces Sec 230 Legislation to Crack Down on Big Tech Algorithms and Protect Free Speech. Online: https://perma.cc/C5CE-U52E Schauer, F. (2005). The Exceptional First Amendment. In M. Ignatieff (Ed.), American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (pp. 29–56). Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/chapter.1197145 Solum, L. B. (2023, June 11). Legal Theory Lexicon: Balancing Tests. Legal Theory Blog. Online: https://tinyurl.com/wf3zkv6u Thompson, S. A. (2025, April 22). They Criticized Musk on X. Then Their Reach Collapsed. New York Times. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2vmnu8pt Tilles, D. (2024, July 4). Polish Government Rejects Opposition Claims Imprisoned Priest Was Tortured. Notes from Poland. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2vfukz2m Tilles, D. (2025, March 17). Polish Opposition Blame Death of Kaczyński Associate on Prosecutors Who Questioned Her Days Earlier. Notes from Poland. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3e6xdkth Tsesis, A. (2017). Campus Speech and Harassment. Minnesota Law Review, 101(5), 1863–1917. Online: https://doi.org/10.24926/265535.1068 U.S. House of Representatives (2023). Hearing: Preserving Free Speech and Reining in Big Tech Censorship. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, 118th Cong., 1st sess., 28 March 2023. Online: https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=115561 Whitman, J. (2004). The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity Versus Liberty. Yale Law Journal, 113, 1151–1221. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/4135723 Wirtz, B., Weyerer, J. & Müller, T. (2026). AI-based Digital Disinformation: A Theory-informed and Integrated Trilateral Framework of Digital Disinformation for Information Systems Research. International Journal of Information Management, 89. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2026.103066 Wold, T. (2023, February 21). Does Section 230 Protect Big Social Media or American Consumers? The Heritage Foundation. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3eksazkz" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "17–34" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8712" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1366) "

This article explores the tensions of free speech and censorship where social media platforms reign supreme in the U.S., but experience the Brussels effect in Europe and beyond. The catalyst for this inquiry is U.S. congressional efforts to investigate alleged EU censorship of American speech. This article examines competing interests and comparative approaches. In the absence of comprehensive regulation in the U.S., companies engaging in multi-country activity operate under the shadow of European regulation. Does compliance threaten to chill American speech? Is balancing the interest of deterring disinformation possible where freedom of thought is paramount to American ideals? Institutional self-regulation creates a competitive marketplace with some American social media giants engaging in heavy-handed content regulation while others claim to let anything go short of targeted harassment. The aim of this article is to honour American free speech and press principles while appreciating genuine threats that may threaten other core American values such as democracy. Balancing benefits and harms remains preferable given American constitutional and policy priorities. To what extent can the – self-enforced and judicial – remedies reflect this balancing approach like equitable relief rather than the blunt hands of banishment and censorship?

" } ["additionalMetadatafield"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(362) "

Acknowledgements
For helpful feedback, thanks to participants of the International Free Speech Discussion Forum held at Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary. Special thanks to András Koltay and Ron Krotoszynski for productive discourse and valuable suggestions. Thanks also to research assistant Colson Thornton.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Caprice L. Roberts" } ["prefix"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(3) "The" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(40) "First Amendment and Global Online Speech" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#789 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11419) ["email"]=> string(17) "clroberts@lsu.edu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8837) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "US" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "Louisiana State University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(26) "Louisiana State University" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Roberts" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Roberts" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Caprice L." ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Caprice L." } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(11) "free speech" [1]=> string(15) "First Amendment" [2]=> string(23) "social media regulation" [3]=> string(6) "EU law" [4]=> string(16) "equitable relief" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#793 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47102) ["id"]=> int(6875) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8837) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#115 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8778) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11339) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(8653) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(20144) "Abdel Hamid, A. M. (2025): Administrative Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence Systems in Public Services: An Analytical Study in Light of the Principles of Legality and Transparency. Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(4), 382–388. Online: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20251304.21 Balázs, I. (2015). Az európai közigazgatási jog és közigazgatás értelmezéséről [On the Interpretation of European Administrative Law and Public Administration] (pp. 13–29). In B. Gerencsér, L. Berkes & Zs. A. Varga (Eds.), A hazai és az uniós közigazgatási eljárásjog aktuális kérdései [Current Issues in Domestic and EU Administrative Procedural Law] (pp. 13–29). Pázmány Press. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/31808 Balázs, I. (2020). Az Európai Közigazgatási Tér és az európai közigazgatási jog [The European Administrative Space and European Administrative Law]. In A. Lapsánszky (Ed.), Közigazgatási jog. Szakigazgatásaink elmélete és működése [Administrative Law. Theory and Practice of Sectoral Administration] (pp. 70–90). Wolters Kluwer. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/118787 Balogh-Békési, N., Balázs, I. & Boros, A. (2017). I. könyv: Általános rendelkezések [Book I: General Provisions]. Pro Publico Bono – Magyar Közigazgatás, 5(Special Issue 2), 20–67. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/92364 Benjamin, J. (2023). Safeguarding the Right to an Effective Remedy in Algorithmic Multi-Governance Systems: An Inquiry in Artificial Intelligence-Powered Informational Cooperation in the EU Administrative Space. Review of European Administrative Law, 16(2), 9–36. Online: https://doi.org/10.7590/187479823X16878510945034 Benvenisti, E. & Downs, G. W. (2014). The Premises, Assumptions, and Implications of Van Gend en Loos: Viewed from the Perspectives of Democracy and Legitimacy of International Institutions. European Journal of International Law, 25(1), 85–102. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht084 Bhattarai, R., Pappel, I., Vainsalu, H., Ben Yahia, S. & Draheim, D. (2019). The Impact of the Single Digital Gateway Regulation from the Citizens’ Perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 164, 159–167. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.168 Bicskei, T. (2023). A mesterséges intelligencia közigazgatásban való felhasználásával okozott kár. KözigazgatásTudomány, 3(1), 99–114. Online: https://doi.org/10.54200/kt.v3i1.51 Boros, A. (2018). A közigazgatási eljárás az Európai Unióban [Administrative Procedure in the European Union]. In A. Jakab & B. Fekete (Eds.), Internetes Jogtudományi Enciklopédia [Online Encyclopedia of Jurisprudence]. Online: https://ijoten.hu/szocikk/a-kozigazgatasi-eljarasjog-az-europai-unioban Brito Bastos, F. (2020). An Administrative Crack in the EU’s Rule of Law: Composite Decision-Making and Nonjusticiable National Law. European Constitutional Law Review, 16(1), 63–90. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019620000073 Brożek, B., Furman, M., Jakubiec, M. & Kucharzyk, B. (2024). The Black Box Problem Revisited. Real and Imaginary Challenges for Automated Legal Decision-making. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 32(2), 427–440. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-023-09356-9 Budinska, B. (2019). Judicial Review of Revocation Decisions in the Context of European Banking Supervision. Review of European Administrative Law, 12(1), 175–193. Online: https://doi.org/10.7590/187479819x15656877527241 Campos Sánchez-Bordona, M. (2018). Opinion of Advocate General Campos Sánchez-Bordona in Silvio Berlusconi and Fininvest SpA v Banca d’Italia and IVASS (Case C-219/17), ECLI:EU:C:2018:502. Online: https://tinyurl.com/bdfpktj2 Chevallier-Govers, C. (2021). Article 67 [Establishing the AFSJ]. In H.-J. Blanke & S. Mangiameli (Eds.), Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – A Commentary (pp. 1329–1376). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_68 Cobbe, J. & Singh, J. (2020). Reviewable Automated Decision-Making. Computer Law & Security Review, 39. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105475 Craig, P. (2018). EU Administrative Law. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831655.001.0001 Craig, P., Hofmann, H., Schneider, J.-P. & Ziller, J. (Eds.) (2017). ReNEUAL Model Rules on EU Administrative Procedure. Oxford University Press. Csatlós, E. (2016). Az európai közigazgatási eljárási jog kodifikációja és a hatóságok együttműködése [The Codification of European Administrative Procedural Law and Cooperation between Authorities]. Eljárásjogi Szemle, 1(2), 14–23. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/168125 Csatlós, E. (2024a). Blending Digitalisation and Enhanced Security: Exploring the Role of ETIAS in Migration Control and its Administrative Structure. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 65(3), 323–346. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2024.00508 Csatlós, E. (2024b). Jog vs. technológia: az ETIAS és a migráció szűrése [Law vs. Technology: ETIAS and Migration Screening]. Scientia et Securitas, 5(4), 389–400. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/112.2025.00244 Csatlós, E. (2025). European Administration: The Basic Principles Governing the Administration of the European Union. Iurisperitus. Online: https://eta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/6064 Daly, P., Raso, J. & Tomlinson, J. (2023). Administrative Law in the Digital World. In C. Harlow (Ed.), A Research Agenda for Administrative Law (pp. 255–279). Edward Elgar. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800883765.00017 Della Cananea, G. (2004). The European Union’s Mixed Administrative Proceedings. Law and Contemporary Problems, 68(1), 197–217. Online: https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol68/iss1/10 Deviatnikovaitė, I. (2018). EU Administrative Law: What Are EU-Level Public Administrators? Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 59(1), 19–39. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2018.59.1.2 Eckardt, M. (2025). EU Digital Law and the Digital Platform Economy – An Inquiry into the Co-evolution of Law and Technology. Review of Evolutionary Political Economy, 6(1), 183–213. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43253-024-00135-z Eckes, C. & D’Ambrosio, R. (2020). Composite Administrative Procedures in the European Union. European Central Bank Legal Working Paper Series, (20). Online: https://doi.org/10.2866/08772 Eliantonio, M. (2014). Judicial Review in an Integrated Administration: The Case of ‘Composite Procedures’. Review of European Administrative Law, 7(2), 65–102. Online: https://doi.org/10.7590/187479814X14186465138022 European Commission (2023). The Internal Market Information (IMI) System. 15 Years of Connecting Public Administrations across the EU. European Commission. Online: https://tinyurl.com/fzyzu7ya Finch, W. W. & Butt, M. (2025). Gaps in AI-Compliant Complementary Governance Frameworks’ Suitability (for Low-Capacity Actors), and Structural Asymmetries (in the Compliance Ecosystem) – A Systematic Review. Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, 5(4), 101. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040101 Galetta, D.-U. (2010). Procedural Autonomy of EU Member States: Paradise Lost? A Study on the ‘Functionalised Procedural Competence’ of EU Member States. Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12547-8 Galetta, D.-U. (2019). Public Administration in the Era of Database and Information Exchange Networks: Empowering Administrative Power or Just Better Serving the Citizens? European Public Law, 25(2), 171–182. Online: https://doi.org/10.54648/EURO2019012 Gandhi, S. (2024). Frontex as a Hub for Surveillance and Data Sharing: Challenges for Data Protection and Privacy Rights. Computer Law & Security Review, 53. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105963 Gerencsér, B. Sz. (2023). Principles for the Europeanisation of Public Administration. In Search of the European Procedural Administrative Principles. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 8(1), 73–89. Online: https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.6850 Gombos, K. (2019). Tagállami eljárási autonómia – az elv korlátokkal és kérdőjelekkel [Member State Procedural Autonomy – The Principle with Limitations and Question Marks]. Európai Tükör, 3(3), 35–50. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2019.3.3 Graux, H. (2021). The Single Digital Gateway Regulation as an Enabler and Constraint of Once-Only in Europe. In R. Krimmer, A. Prentza & S. Mamrot (Eds.), The Once-Only Principle. The TOOP Project (pp. 83–103). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79851-2_5 Graux, H., Garstka, K., Murali, N., Cave, J., Botterman, M. & Pellegrini, J. (2025). Interplay between the AI Act and the EU Digital Legislative Framework. European Parliament. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2mzrre3d Halberstam, D. (2021). Understanding National Remedies and the Principle of National Procedural Autonomy: A Constitutional Approach. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, 23, 128–158. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2021.12 Harlow, C. & Rawlings, R. (2014). Process and Procedure in EU Administration. Hart Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474201087 Hartmann, D., de Pereira, J. R. L., Streitbörger, C. & Berendt, B. (2025). Addressing the Regulatory Gap: Moving towards an EU AI Audit Ecosystem Beyond the AI Act by Including Civil Society. AI and Ethics, 5(4), 3617–3638. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00595-3 Hildebrandt, M. (2015). Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law. Novel Entanglements of Law and Technology. Edward Elgar. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808774 Hofmann, H. C. H. (2008): Mapping the European Administrative Space. West European Politics, 31(4), 662–676. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380801905918 Hofmann, H. C. H. (2024). Automated Decision-Making (ADM) in EU Public Law. In H. C. H. Hofmann & F. Pflücke (Eds.), Governance of Automated Decision-Making and EU Law (pp. 1–31). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198919575.003.0001 Hofmann, H. C. H. & Türk, A. (2007). The Development of Integrated Administration in the EU and its Consequences. European Law Journal, 13(2), 253–271. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00355.x Ibáñez, A. (1999). The Administrative Supervision and Enforcement of EC Law. Powers, Procedures and Limits. Bloomsbury Academic. Inshakova, O. A., Inshakova, E. I. & Deryugina, T. V. (2020). Information Technologies for the Formation of the European Space of Freedom, Security and Justice. In E. G. Popkova & B. S. Sergi (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence: Anthropogenic Nature vs. Social Origin (pp. 444–453). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39319-9_51 Jančová, L. & Fernandes, M. (2022). Digitalisation and Administrative Law. European Added Value Assessment. European Parliamentary Research Service. Online: https://tinyurl.com/wcerxpwj Kastanas I. & Pavlidis G. (2025) Algorithmic Administration and the EU AI Act: Legal Principles for Public Sector Use of AI. Journal of Ethics and Legal Technologies, 7(2), 59–79. Online: https://doi.org/10.25430/pupj-JELT-2025-2-3 Kaufmann, M. & Leese, M. (2021). Information In-Formation: Algorithmic Policing and the Life of Data. In A. Završnik & V. Badalič (Eds.), Automating Crime Prevention, Surveillance, and Military Operations (pp. 69–83). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73276-9_4 Kazim, T. & Tomlinson, J. (2023). Automation Bias and the Principles of Judicial Review. Judicial Review, 28(1), 9–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10854681.2023.2189405 Korontzis, T. (2024). The Contribution of Europol, Frontex, EPPO and Eurojust in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. European Journal of Political Science Studies, 7(2), 257–272. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpss.v7i2.1874 Kostakopoulou, D. (2020). The Appeal to Tampere’s Politics of Consciousness for the EU’s AFSJ. In S. Carrera, D. Curtin & A. Geddes (Eds.), 20 Year Anniversary of the Tampere Programme. Europeanisation Dynamics of the EU Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (pp. 19–26). European University Institute. Online: https://doi.org/10.2870/66646 Lafarge, F. (2024). Is Administrative Cooperation Between EU Member States the “Dark Matter” of the European Administrative Space? A Legal Perspective on the Implementation of EU Free Circulation Policies. In D. Georgakakis (Ed.), The Changing Topography of EU Administration. Organisations, Actors, and Policy Processes (pp. 139–157). Palgrave. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64695-9_7 Lazarotto, B. (2025). The Role of Technology in Citizens’ Right to Good Administration: Examining the Impact of Smart Governments. In J. Goossens, E. Keymolen & A. Stanojević (Eds.), Public Governance and Emerging Technologies. Values, Trust, and Regulatory Compliance (pp. 43–59). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84748-6_3 Lenschow, A. (2006). Europeanisation of Public Policy. In J. Richardson (Ed.), European Union. Power and Policy-Making (pp. 56–70). Psychology Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203004449-9 Lonardo, L. (2022). The Authority of Administrative Law: Its Implications for EU Integration in the Enforcement of Composite Procedures. Jean Monnet Network on EU Law Enforcement Working Paper Series, (38). Online: https://tinyurl.hu/7uxZ Lottini, M. (2014). An Instrument of Intensified Informal Mutual Assistance: The Internal Market Information System (IMI) and the Protection of Personal Data. European Public Law, 20(1), 107–126. Online: https://doi.org/10.54648/EURO2014009 Mazzotti, P. & Eliantonio, M. (2020). Transnational Judicial Review in Horizontal Composite Procedures: Berlioz, Donnellan, and the Constitutional Law of the Union. European Papers, 5(1), 41–70. Online: https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/373 Monar, J. (2012). Justice and Home Affairs: The Treaty of Maastricht as a Decisive Intergovernmental Gate Opener. Journal of European Integration, 34(7), 717–734. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2012.726011 Monar, J. (2014). The EU’s Growing External Role in the AFSJ Domain: Factors, Framework and Forms of Action. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 27(1), 147–166. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2012.710586 Musco Eklund, A. (2023). Rule of Law Challenges of ‘Algorithmic Discretion’ & Automation in EU Border Control. A Case Study of ETIAS Through the Lens of Legality. European Journal of Migration and Law, 25(3), 249–274. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340152 Negruț, V. & Zorzoană, I. A. (2023). Application of the Loyal Cooperation Principle in Public Administration. Challenges of the Knowledge Society, 16(1), 431–437. Online: https://tinyurl.hu/2xpw Nouws, S. & Dobbe, R. (2024). The Rule of Law for Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration: A System Safety Perspective. In K. Prifti, E. Demir, J. Krämer, K. Heine & E. Stamhuis (Eds.), Digital Governance. Confronting the Challenges Posed by Artificial Intelligence (pp. 183–208). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-639-0_9 OECD (2023). The Principles of Public Administration. OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/7f5ec453-en Oller Rubert, M. & García Macho, R. (2021). Article 74 [Administrative Cooperation]. In H. J. Blanke & S. Mangiameli (Eds.), Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – A Commentary (pp. 1417–1425). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_75 Onţanu, E. A. (2023). The Digitalisation of European Union Procedures: A New Impetus Following a Time of Prolonged Crisis. Law, Technology and Humans, 5(1), 93–110. Online: https://doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2706 Patyi, A., Pollák, K. & Fekete, O. (2025a). A mesterséges intelligencia alkalmazásának egyes adatvédelmi kihívásai a közigazgatási hatósági eljárásokban [Certain Data Protection Challenges of Applying Artificial Intelligence in Administrative Authority Procedures]. Jog–Állam–Politika, 17(1), 7–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.58528/JAP.2025.17-2.7 Patyi, A., Pollák, K. & Fekete, O. (2025b). A mesterséges intelligencia alkalmazásának néhány alapkérdése a közigazgatási eljárásjog szemszögéből [Some Fundamental Issues of the Application of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Administrative Procedural Law]. Jog–Állam–Politika, 17(2), 3–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.58528/JAP.2025.17-1.3 Pflücke, F. (2024). Interoperability in the EU. Paving the Way for Digital Public Services. In H. C. H. Hofmann & F. Pflücke (Eds.), Governance of Automated Decision-Making and EU Law (pp. 265–288). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198919575.003.0010 Roeben, V. (2020). Judicial Protection as the Meta-norm in the EU Judicial Architecture. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 12(1), 29–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00085-3 Röttger-Wirtz, S. & Eliantonio, M. (2019). From Integration to Exclusion: EU Composite Administration and Gaps in Judicial Accountability in the Authorisation of Pharmaceuticals. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10(2), 393–411. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.32 Rozsnyai, K. (2013). A hatékony jogvédelem biztosítása a közigazgatási bíráskodásban [Ensuring Effective Legal Protection in Administrative Justice]. Acta Humana, 1(1), 117–130. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/122844 Schmidt-Aßmann, E. & Molnár-Gábor, F. (2019). European Administrative Law. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e1819 Siket, J. (2017). Legal Protection Rules of New Administrative Procedure. In E. Csatlós (Ed.), Recent Challenges of Public Administration: Papers presented at the conference of ‘Contemporary Issues of Public Administration’ on 26th April 2017 (pp. 33–44). Iurisperitus. Online: http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/69030 Smuha, N. A. (2025). Algorithmic Rule by Law. How Algorithmic Regulation in the Public Sector Erodes the Rule of Law. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009427500 Soós, E. (2011). A Vajdaság útja az európai integrációba a Vajdaság AT Statútumának tükrében [Vojvodina’s Path to European Integration in Light of the Statute of Vojvodina]. Közép-Európai Közlemények, 4(3–4), 145–155. Online: https://real-j.mtak.hu/29241 Torma, A. (2011). Az Európai Közigazgatási Térségről – magyar szemmel [The European Administrative Area – From a Hungarian perspective]. Miskolci Jogi Szemle, 6(Special Issue), 196–210. Online: https://www.mjsz.uni-miskolc.hu/2011k Türk, A. H. (2025). Judicial Review in the European Union. Edward Elgar Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783478590 Váradi, Sz. (2024). Adatvédelem a mesterséges intelligencia korában [Data Protection in the Age of Artificial Intelligence]. Wolters Kluwer. Vörös, E. H. (2025). Hogyan hat a digitalizáció a közigazgatásra? Eltérő technológiai szintek áttekintése és lehetséges közigazgatás-fejlesztési irány a digitalizáció korában [How Does Digitalisation Affect Public Administration? An Overview of Different Levels of Technology and Possible Directions for Public Administration Development in the Age of Digitalisation]. Közjogi Szemle, 18(3), 40–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.59851/KJSZ.2025.3.05 Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B. & Russell, C. (2018). Counterfactual Explanations without Opening the Black Box: Automated Decisions and the GDPR. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 31(2), 841–887. Online: https://tinyurl.hu/lU4t Wall, G. (2016). Linked National Public Authorities – A Study on IMI. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, Report No. 11. Online: https://tinyurl.com/mvmhuk9a Wilbrandt-Gotowicz, M. (2023). Judicial Control in Integrated Composite Administrative Proceedings – Monism or Duality of Protection of Individual Rights? Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 32(1), 293–319. Online: https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.1.293-319 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "35–58" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8653" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(955) "

This study examines the development of the European Administrative Space through cooperation understood both as a constitutional principle and as a system of everyday interauthority relations. It argues that EU law is implemented through a multi-level, networked administrative structure combining direct and indirect forms of public administration, in which composite administrative procedures play a central role. Using a theoretical and doctrinal methodology, the article analyses the structural features of these procedures and identifies persistent gaps in legal remedies that pose risks to the rule of law. Particular attention is paid to the impact of digitalisation, showing how interoperability and automation simultaneously enhance administrative efficiency while introducing new forms of procedural uncertainty. The study presents European administrative cooperation as an evolving but still incomplete legal and institutional Framework.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Erzsébet Csatlós" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(65) "Gaps, Challenges and Digital Transformations in EU Administration" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(25) "Tracing an Unfinished Arc" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11339) ["email"]=> string(27) "Drcsatloserzsebet@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8778) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-6189" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "University of Szeged" ["hu_HU"]=> string(79) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:53:"Szegedi Tudományegyetem Állam-és Jogtudományi Kar";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Csatlós" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Erzsébet" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Erzsébet" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Csatlós" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Erzsébet Csatlós" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(17) "loyal cooperation" [1]=> string(29) "European Administrative Space" [2]=> string(19) "composite procedure" [3]=> string(15) "judicial review" [4]=> string(14) "digitalisation" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#790 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47103) ["id"]=> int(6781) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8778) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#118 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8573) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11012) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8448) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(13143) "Acharya, M. (2025, May 5). Corporate Social Responsibility Under Section 135 of Companies Act 2013. Online: https://cleartax.in/s/corporate-social-responsibility African Union (2023). Policy for Establishing a Viable SME Business Ecosystem in Africa. Special Economic Zones Contribution to the SME Integration and Local Economic Development Toward a Pragmatic Approach. African Union. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yawvs5cm Arise Integrated Industrial Platforms (2022, September 12). Special Economic Zones in Africa: Upcoming Challenges. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3tx895yt Ashurov, S., Musse, O. S. & Abdelhak, T. (2024). Evaluating Corporate Social Responsibility in Achieving Sustainable Development and Social Welfare. BRICS Journal of Economics, 5(2), 77–102. Online: https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.5.e121429 Bawa, S., Rani, J., Nisar, S. & Somaiya, S. (2025). Bridging Values: The Influence of Indian Ethos on Corporate Social Responsibility Practices. Edumania, 3(1), 95–129. Online: https://doi.org/10.59231/edumania/9100 Bedoya, M., Román, E., Gutiérrez, S., Pérez, E., Zapata, C., Castro-Gómez, J. & Jaramillo, J. (2025). The Impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility on Internal Organisational Processes to Create Shared Value. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2418420 Cahyaningsih, A. P., Deanova, A. K., Pristiawati, C. M., Ulumuddin, Y. I., Kusumaningrum, L. & Setyawan, A. D. (2022). Review: Causes and Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on Mangrove Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia. International Journal of Bonorowo Wetlands, 12(1), 12–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w120102 Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why Would Corporations Behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An Institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility. The Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 946–967. Online: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275684 Carroll, A. B. (1979). A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497–505. Online: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1979.4498296 Carroll, A. B. (1991). The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organisational Stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. Danja, I. I. & Wang, X. (2024). Matching Comparative Advantages to Special Economic Zones for Sustainable Industrialisation. Heliyon, 10(14). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34411 Dartey-Baah, K. & Amponsah-Taiwah, K. (2011). Exploring the Limits of Western Corporate Social Responsibility Theories in Africa. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(18), 126–137. Online: http://197.255.68.203/handle/123456789/21545 Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed.). Sage. DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organisational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101 ElAlfy, A., Palaschuk, N., El-Bassiouny, D., Wilson, J. & Weber, O. (2020). Scoping the Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Research in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Era. Sustainability, 12(14). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145544 Elishi, I. (2019). An Assessment of the Impacts of Export Processing Zones on Namibia’s Socio-Economic Growth. MBA Thesis, University of Namibia. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2812 Endjala, M. (2024, March 26). Special Economic Zone Bill Will Shape Namibia’s Economic Landscape. Windhoek Observer. Online: https://tinyurl.com/37kyw45e Government of India (2011). National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business. Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Government of India (2013). Companies Act 2013. Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Online: https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/CompaniesAct2013.pdf Hoekstra, A. J. A. (2023, February 28). Finding a Role for Government in Indigenous Benefit Agreement Negotiations for Mining Projects. Cassels. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2bmerj59 Inekwe, M., Hashim, F. & Yahya, S. B. (2021). CSR in Developing Countries – The Importance of Good Governance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Africa. Social Responsibility Journal, 17(2), 226–242. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2019-0336 Jamali, D. & Karam, C. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries as an Emerging Field of Study. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(1), 32–61. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12112 Jawad, M. A. (2021). Modular Special Economic Zone (SEZ) & Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A Case Study. MSc Thesis, Polytechnic University of Turin. Online: https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/19533 Kaittani, N. (2023). Corporate Social Responsibility: Where Did It Originate from, How Has It Evolved and Why Is It Important? A Literature Review of the History and Evolution of CSR. BBA Thesis, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. Online: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/797662 Kelkar, V. & Katole, H. J. (2023). An Overview of Non-Financial Reporting Practices around the World. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 11(2), 2699–2710. Online: https://www.tojdel.net/journals/tojdel/articles/v11i02c/v11i23-08.pdf Khan, A., Afzal, I., Naseer, R. & Nadir, F. (2024). The Global Perspective of SEZs, EZs and EPZs: A Critical Evaluation of Regular Frameworks and Policies in the Context of KP. International Journal of Social Science Archives, 7(1), 28–43. Online: https://ijssa.com/index.php/ijssa/article/view/192 Lund-Thomsen, P., Lindgreen, A. & Vanhamme, J. (2016). Industrial Clusters and Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: What We Know, What We Do Not Know, and What We Need to Know. Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 9–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2372-8 Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S. & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder Theory. Journal of Business Research, 166. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114104 Makwara, T., Dzansi, D. Y. & Chipunza, C. (2023). Contested Notions of Ubuntu as a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Theory in Africa: An Exploratory Literature Review. Sustainability, 15(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076207 Marenga, R. (2017). Prospects and Challenges for Sustainable Foreign Direct Investment in Namibia: A Comparative Exploration of Ramatex Textiles Namibia and Ohorongo Cement. MPA Thesis, University of Namibia. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2018 Matten, D. & Moon, J. (2008). “Implicit” and “Explicit” CSR: A Conceptual Framework for a Comparative Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 404–424. Online: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.31193458 Mutunga, S. M. & Namusonge, E. (2024). Strategic Procurement Practices and Performance of Export Processing Zone Firms in Machakos County, Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 2(3), 163–183. Online: https://doi.org/10.61108/ijsshr.v2i3.134 Myanmar Times (2018, February 22). Dawei SEZ Is for the Few, Not the Many. Online: https://data.unhcr.org/ar/news/20697 Ncube, T. (2023). An Assessment of the Special Economic Zone Policy in South Africa. MA Thesis, University of Johannesburg. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/10210/512456 Ndhikwa, C. (2025, September 5). NBC Digital News. Online: https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1BcmtpMWjN/ Niruban Projoth, T. & Jeyapaul, R. (2024). A Comprehensive Analysis on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programmes in India for Educational Improvement. Library Progress International, 43(2), 2060–2076. Online: https://doi.org/10.48165/bapas.2024.44.2.1 North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678 OECD (2023). OECD Economic Surveys: Thailand. OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/4815cb4b-en Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A. P. C., Yu, Y., Chen, C., Ke, Y. & Tijan, B. (2019). Social Responsibility Initiatives for Public-Private Partnership Projects: A Comparative Study between China and Ghana. Sustainability, 11(5). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051338 Ostrom E. (1990). Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763 Owuondo, J. (2024). Assessing the Influence of Participatory Communication on the Implementation of Special Economic Zone Projects. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences, 8(3s), 4853–4860. Online: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.803357S Porter, M. & Kramer, M. (2011). The Big Idea: Creating Shared Value. How to Reinvent Capitalism and Unleash a Wave of Innovation and Growth. Harvard Business Review, 89(1–2), 62–77. Quaye, J. N., Halsall, J. P., Winful, E. C., Snowden, M., Opuni, F. F., Hyams-Ssekasi, D., Afriyie, E. O., Opoku-Asante, K., Ocloo, E. C. & Fairhurst, B. (2024). Social Enterprises and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Means to an End. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(9). Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05359-x Reid, A., Ringel, E. & Pandelton, S. M. (2024). Transparency Reports as CSR Reports: Motives, Stakeholders, and Strategies. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(1), 81–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2023-0134 Rela, I. Z., Awang, A. H., Ramli, Z., Taufik, Y., Md Sum, S. & Muhammad, M. (2020). Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Community Resilience: Empirical Evidence in the Nickel Mining Industry in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sustainability, 12(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041395 Republic of Kenya (2015). The Special Economic Zones Act 16 of 2015. Government Printers. Online: https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/2015/16/eng@2024-12-27 Republic of Namibia (1995). Export Processing Zones Act 9 of 1995. Government Printers. Online: https://tinyurl.com/6y2rx77b Republic of Namibia (2007). Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007. Government Printers. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4eezb48p Republic of Namibia (2022). National Policy on Sustainable Special Economic Zones (2022–2027). Ministry of Industrialisation and Trade. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students (8th ed.). Pearson. Shayan, N. F., Mohabbati-Kalejahi, N., Alavi, S. & Zahed, M. A. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Sustainability, 14(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031222 Shikongo, A. N. (2016). Towards Transformation of the Export Processing Zone Regime in Namibia: A Case for Review of the Enabling Law. LLM Thesis, University of Pretoria. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58741 Shilongo, G. M. (2023). Evaluating the Implementation of Environmental, Social and Governance Factors in the Mining Sector: A Case Study of Namibia. MPhil Thesis, Stellenbosch University. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/127154 Shipena, J. (2025, April 2). Special Economic Zones Framework in Final Stages. The Villager. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2hw8ae6d Silva, L. C., Macedo, I. M. & Thompson, M. (2024). Revisiting the Debate on Institutions, the State and Institutional Change: The Relevance of Institutional Theory to Public Administration Teaching. Teaching Public Administration, 42(1), 73–94. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/01447394231159985 De Toni, A. & Morello, E. (2025). Sustainable Regeneration of Industrial Areas Through Enterprise Engagement in Collaborative Design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 494. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144936 UN Habitat (2019). The Story of Shenzhen. Its Economic, Social and Environmental Transformation. UN Habitat. Online: https://tinyurl.com/rzy2adpm Wei, T., Zhu, Q. & Liu, W. (2024). The Effect of Market-Based Environmental Regulations on Green Technology Innovation – The Regulatory Effect Based on Corporate Social Responsibility. Sustainability, 16(11). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114719 Wirba, A. V. (2024). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Role of Government in Promoting CSR. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(2), 7428–7454. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01185-0 Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications. Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. Zhang, K. & Hao, X. (2024). Corporate Social Responsibility as the Pathway towards Sustainability: A State-of-the-Art Review in Asia Economics. Discover Sustainability, 5. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00577-9 Zeng, D. Z. (2021). The Past, Present, and Future of Special Economic Zones and Their Impact. Journal of International Economic Law, 24(2), 259–275. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab014 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "59–82" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8448" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1116) "

This paper assesses the integration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the policy framework of Namibia’s Sustainable Special Economic Zones (SSEZs). As Namibia transitions from the underperforming Export Processing Zones (EPZs) to SSEZs, the paper raises the question of whether the new policy sufficiently addresses the CSR deficiencies of its predecessor. Using a qualitative, interpretive methodology, the paper highlights significant policy and institutional gaps impeding effective CSR implementation, such as the absence of regulatory mandates, inadequate accountability mechanisms and disjointed governance. It suggests a multitiered intervention strategy comprising policy reforms, legal requirements and participatory governance mechanisms, to integrate CSR into the SSEZs design and operations. Drawing on international best practices, the paper presents a contextualised framework to improve social sustainability within Namibia’s industrial policy. The results emphasise the need to reconceptualise CSR as a fundamental and strategic component of sustainable economic development.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Ralph Marenga" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(94) "Accentuating Corporate Social Responsibilities in Namibia's Sustainable Special Economic Zones" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#794 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11012) ["email"]=> string(16) "rmarenga@unam.na" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8573) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "NA" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-9362" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(21) "University of Namibia" ["hu_HU"]=> string(272) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:245:"Senior Lecturer PhD, Department of Public Management and Political Studies, School of Business Management, Governance and Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Management and Law, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Windhoek, Namibia.";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(119) "

Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Management and Political Studies, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Marenga" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Marenga" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Ralph" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Ralph" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(31) "corporate social responsibility" [1]=> string(34) "sustainable special economic zones" [2]=> string(11) "development" [3]=> string(10) "governance" [4]=> string(7) "Namibia" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#796 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47104) ["id"]=> int(6695) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8573) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#771 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8560) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10983) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(8435) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(18233) "Acharya, A. (2011). Engagement or Entrapment? Scholarship and Policymaking on Asian Regionalism. International Studies Review, 13, 12–17. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.00993.x Acharya, A. (2012). Foundations of Collective Action in Asia: Theory and Practice of Regional Cooperation. ADBI Working Paper, 344. Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo. Online: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156199/adbi-wp344.pdf Adams, R. D. & McCormick, K. (1987). Private Goods, Club Goods, and Public Goods as a Continuum. Review of Social Economy, 45(2), 192–199. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00346768700000025 Asian Development Bank (2000). Technical Assistance for the Roll Back Malaria Initiative in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Online: https://tinyurl.com/57cu3yrd Asian Development Bank (2005). Technical Assistance to the Greater Mekong Subregion for Strengthening Malaria Control for Ethnic Minorities. Online: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents//tar-oth-39040.pdf Atta, H. & Zamani, G. (2008). The Progress of Roll Back Malaria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Over the Past Decade. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 14, S82–S89. Online: https://tinyurl.com/y5s9pmab Aung, P. P., Thein, Z. W., Hein, Z. N. M., Aung, K. T., Mon, N. O., Linn, N. Y. Y., Thi, A., Wai, K. T. & Maung, T. M. (2020). Challenges in Early Phase of Implementing the 1–3–7 Surveillance and Response Approach in Malaria Elimination Setting: A Field Study from Myanmar. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-0632-7 Bärnighausen, T., Bloom, D. E. & Humair, S. (2013). Global Health Governance and Tropical Diseases. IZA Policy Paper, 58. Online: https://docs.iza.org/pp58.pdf Birdsall, N. & Diofasi, A. (2015). Global Public Goods for Development: How Much and What for? CGD NOTE. Center for Global Development. Online: https://tinyurl.com/9m2bn6ec Buchholz, W. & Sandler, T. (2021). Global Public Goods: A Survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 59(2), 488–545. Online: https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20191546 Burci, G. L. (2014). Ebola, the Security Council and the Securitization of Public Health. Questions of International Law, 10, 27–39. Online: https://www.qil-qdi.org/ebola-security-council-securitization-public-health Campbell, K. M. & Doshi, R. (2020). The Coronavirus Could Reshape Global Order: China Is Maneuvering for International Leadership as the United States Falters. Foreign Affairs. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yjjn2hd7 Coll-Seck, A. M. (2008). A Golden Age for Malaria Research and Innovation. Malaria Journal, 7(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-S1-S2 Cooley, A., Nexon, D. H., De Carvalho, B. & Leira, H. (2015). Undermining Hegemony? Building a Framework for Goods Substitution. Policy Brief 33. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2434908 Cornes, R. & Sandler, T. (1996). The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174312 Cross, M. K. D. (2013). Re-thinking Epistemic Communities Twenty Years Later. Forthcoming Review of International Studies, 39(1), 137–160. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210512000034 Cui, L., Yan, G., Sattabongkot, J., Cao, Y., Chen, B., Chen, X., Fan, Q., Fang, Q., Jongwutiwes, S., Parker, D., Sirichaisinthop, J., Kyaw, M. P., Su, X., Yang, H., Yang, Z., Wang, B., Xu, J., Zheng, B., Zhong, D. & Zhou, G. (2012a). Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Heterogeneity and Complexity. Acta Tropica, 121(3), 227–239. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.016 Cui, L., Yan, G., Sattabongkot, J., Chen, B., Cao, Y., Fan, Q., Parker, D., Sirichaisinthop, Su, X., Yang, H., Yang, Z., Wang, B. & Zhou, G. (2012b). Challenges and Prospects for Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Acta Tropica, 121(3), 240–245. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.006 Delacollette, C., D’Souza, C., Christophel, E., Thimasarn, K., Abdur, R., Bell, D., Dai, T. C., Gopinath, D., Lu, S., Mendoza, R., Ortega, L., Rastogi, R., Tantinimitkul, C. & Ehrenberg, J. (2009). Malaria Trends and Challenges in the Great Mekong Subregion. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 40(4), 674–691. Dodgson, R., Lee, K. & Drager, N. (2002). Global Health Governance: A Conceptual Review. Discussion Paper 1. Centre on Global Change & Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Online: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/68934 Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T. & Balogh, S. (2012). An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur011 Feachem, R. (2018). Roll Back Malaria: An Historical Footnote. Malaria Journal, 17. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2582-0 Fidler, D. P. (1998). Microbialpolitik: Infectious Diseases and International Relations. American University International Law Review, 14(1), 1–53. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198268512.003.0010 Fidler, D. P. (2005). From International Sanitary Conventions to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations. Chinese Journal of International Law, 4(2), 325–392. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmi029 Finnemore, M. (1996). Norms, Culture and World Politics: Insights from Sociology’s Institutionalism. International Organization, 50(2), 325–347. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028587 Gardini, G. L. & Malamud, A. (2018). Debunking Interregionalism: Concepts, Types and Critique – With a Pan-Atlantic Focus. In F. Mattheis & A. Litsegård (Eds.), Interregionalism across the Atlantic Space (pp. 15–31). United Nations University Series on Regionalism. Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62908-7_2 Gartner, D. (2012). Global Public Goods and Global Health. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 22, 303–318. Online: https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol22/iss3/1 Goldizen, F. C. (2016). From SARS to Avian Influenza: The Role of International Factors in China’s Approach to Infectious Disease Control. Annals of Global Health, 82(1), 180–188. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.01.024 Greater Mekong Subregion Secretariat. (2017). First Meeting of the GMS Working Group on Health Cooperation (WGHC-1). Online: https://www.greatermekong.org/wghc-1 Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization, 46(1), 1–35. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300001442 Hettne, B. (1997). Development, Security and World Order: A Regionalist Approach. The European Journal of Development Research, 9(1), 83–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09578819708426678 Hewitt, S., Delacollette, C. & Poirot, E. (2013). Malaria Control in the Greater Mekong Subregion: An Overview of the Current Response and its Limitations. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 44(1), 249–305. Holst, J. & De Pas, R. V. (2023). The Biomedical Securitization of Global Health. Global Health, 19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00915-y Ikenberry, J. (1992). A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement. International Organization, 46, 289–321. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830000151X Kaul, I. & Faust, M. (2001). Global Public Goods and Health: Taking the Agenda Forward. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(9), 869–874. Online: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/74980 Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. & Stern, M. (1999). Defining Global Public Goods. In I. Kaul, I. Grunberg & M. Stern (Eds.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (pp. 2–19). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195130529.003.0001 Kejžar, K. Z. & Ponikvar, N. (2023). Global Public Goods in Light of the New Paradigm of Sustainable Development under the Challenges Facing Today’s World. In E. Latoszek & A. Kłos (Eds.), Global Public Goods and Sustainable Development in the Practice of International Organizations: Responding to Challenges of Today’s World (pp. 21–41), Brill. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004687264_003 Kentikelenis, A., Seabrooke, L. & Sending, O. J. (2023). Global Health Expertise in the Shadow of Hegemony. Studies in Comparative International Development, 58, 347–368. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-023-09405-z Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in World Political Economy. Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7sq9s Keohane, R. O. & Nye, J. (2000). Introduction. In J. Nye & J. Donahue (Eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World (pp. 1–41). Brookings Institute Press. Khamsiriwatchara, A., Sudathip, P., Sawang, S., Vijakadge, S., Potithavoranan, T., Sangvichean, A., Satimai, W., Delacollette, C., Singhasivanon, P., Lawpoolsri S. & Kaewkungwal, J. (2012). Artemisinin Resistance Containment Project in Thailand. (I): Implementation of Electronic-Based Malaria Information System for Early Case Detection and Individual Case Management in Provinces along the Thai–Cambodian Border. Malaria Journal, 11. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-247 Kickbusch, I. (2016). Global Health Governance Challenges 2016 – Are We Ready? International Journal of Health Policy Management, 5(6), 349–353. Online: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2016.27 Lee, K. & Kamradt-Scott, A. (2014). The Multiple Meanings of Global Health Governance: A Call for Conceptual Clarity. Globalization and Health, 10. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-28 Manzoni, G., Try, R., Guintran, J. O., Christiansen-Jucht, C., Jacoby, E., Sovannaroth, S., Zhang, Z., Banouvong, V., Shortus, M. S., Reyburn, R., Chanthavisouk, C., Linn, N. Y. Y., Thapa, B., Khine, S. K., Sudathip, P., Gopinath, D., Thieu, N. Q., Ngon, M. S., Cong, D. T., Hui, L., Kelley, J., Kesar Valecha, N. N., Bustos, M. D., Rasmussen, C. & Tuseo, L. (2024). Progress Towards Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Perspectives from the World Health Organization. Malaria Journal, 23. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04851-z Marks, G. (1993). Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC. In A.W. Cafruny & G. Rosenthal (Eds.), The State of the European Community: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond (pp. 391–410). Lynne Rienner Publishers. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685856540-024 Mendoza, R. U., Hartigan-Go, K., Brillantes, A. Jr. & Valenzuela, S. (2024). Beyond Vaccine Nationalism: A Public Goods Strategy for Pandemic Preparedness. ASOG WORKING PAPER 24-009. Ateneo de Manila University-School of Government. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4876942 Moon, S. (2008). Medicines as Global Public Goods: The Governance of Technological Innovation in the New Era of Global Health. Global Health Governance, 2(2), 1–23. Online: https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366522 Mueller, I., Vantaux, A., Karl, S., Laman, M., Witkowski, B., Pepey, A., Vinit, R., White, M., Barry, A., Beeson, J. G. & Robinson, L. J. (2022). Asia-Pacific ICEMR: Understanding Malaria Transmission to Accelerate Malaria Elimination in the Asia Pacific Region. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 107(4), 131–137. Online: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1336 Novotny, T. E., Kickbusch, I. & Told, M. (2013). 21st Century Global Health Diplomacy. World Scientific Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1142/8178 Owens, S. (2014). Malaria and the Millennium Development Goals. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(1), 53–56. Online: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305441 Phommasack, B., Jiraphongsa, C., Oo, M. K., Bond, K. C., Phaholyothin, N., Suphanchaimat, N., Ungchusak, K. & Macfarlane, S. B. (2013). Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance (MBDS): A Trust-based Network. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 6(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19944 Pich, C. (2022). The Mekong Subregional Cooperation Framework: A Geopolitical Dilemma and the Ways Forward. Asia Policy, 17(2), 57–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2022.0027 Pongvongsa, T., Ha, H., Thanh, L., Marchand, R. P., Nonaka, D., Tojo, B., Phongmany, P., Moji, K. & Kobayashi, J. (2012). Joint Malaria Surveys Lead towards Improved Cross-Border Cooperation between Savannakhet Province, Laos and Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Malaria Journal, 11. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-262 Prothero, R. M. (1999). Malaria, Forests and People in Southeast Asia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 20(1), 76–85. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9493.00044 RAI Regional Steering Committee (2023). Regional Artemisinin‑Resistance Initiative: Eliminating Malaria in the Mekong. Online: https://tinyurl.com/44ejhxty Ress, M. A. (2013, August 23). Global Public Goods, Transnational Public Goods: Some Definitions. Knowledge Ecology International. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yhv9674v Rosenau, J. N. (1992). Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics. In J. N. Rosenau & E. Czempiel (Eds.), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (pp. 1–29). Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521775.003 Sandberg, K. I., Faid, M. & Andresen, S. (2016). State Agency and Global Health Governance: The Foreign Policy and Global Health Initiative. Global Health Governance, 10(2), 80–91. Online: http://blogs.shu.edu/ghg/files/2016/10/Fall-2016-Issue-1.pdf#page=80 Slaughter, A.-M. (2004). A New World Order. Princeton University Press. Smith, R., Beaglehole, R. & Woodward, D. (2003). Global Public Goods for Health: A Health Economic and Public Health Perspective. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198525448.001.0001 Sovannaroth, S., Ngor, P., Khy, V., Dunn, J. C., Burbach, M. K., Peng, S., Mak, S., Siv, K., Manzoni, G., Guintran, J. O., Tuseo, L. & Huy, R. (2022). Accelerating Malaria Elimination in Cambodia: An Intensified Approach for Targeting At-Risk Populations. Malaria Journal, 21. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04234-2 Stiglitz, J. E. (1995). The Theory of International Public Goods and the Architecture of International Organizations. United Nations. Online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/768013/files/1022435.pdf Stiglitz, J. E. (1999). Knowledge as a Global Public Good. In I. Kaul, I. Grunberg & M. A. Stern (Eds.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195130529.003.0015 Taylor, W. R. J., Thriemer, K., Von Seidlein, L., Yuentrakul, P., Assawariyathipat, T., Assefa, A., Auburn, S., Chand, K., Chau, N. H., Cheah, P. Y.,∙Dong, L. T., Dhorda, M., Degaga, T. S., Devine, A., Ekawati, L. L., Fahmi, F., Hailu, A., Hasanzai, M. A., Hien, T. T., Khu, H., Ley, B., Lubell, Y., Marfurt, J., Mohammad, H., Moore, K. A., Naddim, M. N., Pasaribu, A. P., Pasaribu, S., Promnarate, C., Rahim, A. G., Sirithiranont, P., Solomon, H., Sudoyo, H., Sutantor, I., Thanh, N. V., Tuyet-Trinh, N. T., Waithira, N., Woyessa, A., Yamin, F. Y., Dondorp, A., Simpson, J. A., Baird, J. K., White, N. J., Day, N. P. & Price, R. N. (2019). Short-Course Primaquine for the Radical Cure of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria: A Multicentre, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial. The Lancet, 394(10202), 929–938. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31285-1 The Lancet (2008). Rolling Back Malaria – The Next 10 Years. The Lancet, 372(9645), 1193. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61494-4 Traoré, F. N. (2005). Rolling Back Malaria: Opportunities and Challenges. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(6), 403–406. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.02.002 United States General Accounting Office (GAO) (2001). Global Health: Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems. Online: https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-01-722.pdf Wang, Q., Yu, C., Zhang, H., Zheng, S., Song, J. & Deng, C. (2021). China’s Foreign Aid for Global Poverty Alleviation: Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies Against Malaria in Togo. Global Health Journal, 5(3), 144–148. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2021.07.002 World Health Organization & UNICEF (2005). World Malaria Report. Online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241593199 World Health Organization (2000). Roll Back Malaria: Progress Report by the Secretariat. Online: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/79113 World Health Organization (2006). Revised Strategy for Malaria Control in the South-East Asia Region. Online: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/127628 World Health Organization (2007). Monitoring Resistance of P. Falciparum and P. Vivax to Antimalarial Drugs in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Online: https://tinyurl.com/376e4p54 World Health Organization (2010). Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Regional and Country Profiles. Online: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/205432 World Health Organization (2015). Strategy for Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion (2015–2030). Online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/208203/9789290617181_eng.pdf World Health Organization (2022a). WHO Guidelines for Malaria. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2vn34cj5 World Health Organization (2022b). The Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme: Accelerating Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong. Online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UCN-GMP-MME-2022.01 World Health Organization (2024). World Malaria Report: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response. Online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240104440 Xu, J-W., Li, Y., Yang, H-L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z-X., Yang, Y-M., Zhou, H-N., Havumaki, J., Li, H-X., Liu, H., Zhou, H., Xie, X-Y., Dong, J-X., Zhang, Y., Sun, X-Y., Li, B., Li, J-Y., Tian, Y-H., Wang, P-Y. & Li, B-F. (2016). Malaria Control along China–Myanmar Border During 2007–2013: An Integrated Impact Evaluation. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 5. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0171-4" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "83–104" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8435" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1428) "

In recent years, the world has been facing global issues such as the spread of pandemic and global warming. Countermeasures for these problems have been discussed using the concept of global public goods (GPGs). This article explores the necessity of establishing complex arrangements and governance structures for addressing global public goods, with an emphasis on the public health context, and combating infectious disease threats in particular. The article conceptualises malaria prevention and control as a global public good and suggests that its governance is likely to be more effective and sustainable if based on three multi-level settings: international rule-forming institutions; regionally embedded knowledge networks; and national cross-border infrastructures. Using the Mekong Countries as an empirical case, it evaluates the actor–recipient dynamics leveraging public health goods, and highlights the importance of adaptive, governance-rooted strategies for addressing epidemiological challenges. The article further argues that international norms must be activated and operationalised through both regional plurilateral and national bilateral pathways to build collaborative mechanisms and implement pragmatic health policies, thereby achieving effectiveness and sustainability. These findings contribute to cumulative theoretical insights into the transforming landscape of global health governance.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(23) "Kuang-Ho Yeh, Sicong Li" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(91) "An Applied Research on Collaborative Malaria Prevention and Control in the Mekong Countries" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(29) "Governing Global Public Goods" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#806 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10983) ["email"]=> string(16) "ry1207@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8560) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "TW" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4505-4670" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Nanjing University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(44) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:18:"Nanjing University";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(118) "

Doctoral Researcher, Institute of International Relations, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(3) "Yeh" ["hu_HU"]=> string(3) "Yeh" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Kuang-Ho" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Kuang-Ho" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#795 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10984) ["email"]=> string(21) "Chinalisc@outlook.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8560) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "CN" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7365-8506" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Nanjing University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(134) "

PhD Candidate, Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(2) "Li" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Sicong" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(19) "global public goods" [1]=> string(24) "global health governance" [2]=> string(30) "malaria prevention and control" [3]=> string(16) "Mekong Countries" [4]=> string(16) "interregionalism" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#801 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47105) ["id"]=> int(6702) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8560) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#774 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8689) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11213) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(8564) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(9765) "Aidt, T., Veiga, F. J. & Veiga, L. G. (2011). Election Results and Opportunistic Policies: A New Test of the Rational Political Business Cycle Model. Public Choice, 148(1–2), 21–44. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9644-3 Alesina, A. (1987). Macroeconomic Policy in a Two-party System as a Repeated Game. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(3), 651–678. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1884222 Alt, J. & Lassen, D. D. (2006). Transparency, Political Polarization, and Political Budget Cycles in OECD Countries. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 530–550. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00200.x Asatryan, Z., Christofzik, D. I. & Nover, J. (2026). Doubling Down Political Budget Cycles: The Role of State‐Owned Enterprises. Economics & Politics, 38(1), 306–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.70025 Azevedo, V. M. (2012). Ciclos Político Economicos no Índice Bolsista Português. Master’s Thesis, University of Aveiro. Online: https://ria.ua.pt/handle/10773/10603 Balaguer-Coll, M. T. & Brun-Martos, M. I. (2013). El efecto del gasto público sobre las posibilidades de reelección de los gobiernos. Revista de Contabilidad, 16(1), 74–80. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1138-4891(13)70008-6 Baleiras, R. N. & da Silva Costa, J. (2002). To Be or Not to Be in Office Again, That Is the Question: Political Business Cycles with Local Governments. Online: https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/pe/papers/0302/0302009.pdf Baleiras, R. N. & da Silva Costa, J. (2004). To Be or Not to Be in Office Again: An Empirical Test of a Local Political Business Cycle Rationale. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(3), 655–671. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.07.002 Blais, A. & Nadeau, R. (1992). The Electoral Budget Cycle. Public Choice, 74(4), 389–403. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00137686 Block, S. (2001). Elections, Electoral Competitiveness, and Political Budget Cycles in Developing Countries. CID Working Paper Series, 78. Online: https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/39611569 Budzeń, D. & Wiśniewski, M. (2023). The Political Budget Cycle in Local Government Finance: A Balance Sheet Approach on the Example of Cities with Poviat Rights. Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, (50), 179–194. Online: https://doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2023.50.10 Cardoso, A. S. (2012). Os Ciclos Político Económicos e o Poder Local: Análise de 1997 a 2009. Master’s Thesis, University of Aveiro. Online: https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/699 Carvalho, J. S. (1996). O Processo Orçamental das Autarquias Locais. Livraria Almedina. Castro, V. & Martins, R. (2018). Politically Driven Cycles in Fiscal Policy: In Depth Analysis of the Functional Components of Government Expenditures. European Journal of Political Economy, 55, 44–64. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.11.003 Castro, V., Queiroz, S. F., Filho, S. F. & Valle, P. A. (2016). Ciclos Político-Econômicos: Uma Análise Empírica para o Estado de Goiás. Revista Eletrônica de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, 12(2), 311–332. Online: https://files.cercomp.ufg.br/weby/up/118/o/TD_057.pdf CFP (2024). Conselho de Finanças Públicas. Online: https://www.cfp.pt/pt/glossario/despesa-corrente Coelho, C. A. (2004). Ciclos Político Económicos e o Poder Local. Master’s Thesis, University of Minho. Online: https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/699 Coelho, C., Veiga, F. J. & Veiga, L. G. (2006). Political Business Cycles in Local Employment: Evidence from Portugal. Economics Letters, 93(1), 82–87. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.03.048 Correia, E. G. & Casonato, L. (2018). Ciclos políticos econômicos oportunistas ou partidários? uma aproximação empírica para os municípios brasileiros entre 2000 e 2012. Economia & Região, 6(1), 7–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.5433/2317-627x.2018v6n1p7 DGAL (2024). Direção Geral das Autarquias Locais. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2s4zss6x Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), 135–150. Online: https://doi.org/10.1086/257897 Drazen, A. & Eslava, M. (2010). Electoral Manipulation Via Voter-friendly Spending: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 92(1), 39–52. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.01.001 Félix, M. A. (2020). Modificações Orçamentais nos Municípios Portugueses: Análise da Magnitude e Determinantes. Master’s Thesis, University of Minho. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/1822/69729 Fernandes, B. E. (2015). Ciclos Político-Económicos: Análise sobre Portugal. Master’s Thesis, University of Minho. Online: https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/36446 Fialho, T. M. (1999). Ciclos políticos: uma resenha. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 19(2), 381–400. Online: https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571999-1016 Hibbs, D. (1977). Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy. American Political Science Review, 71(4), 1467–1487. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1961490 Katsimi, M. & Sarantides, V. (2012). Do Elections Affect the Composition of Fiscal Policy in Developed, Established Democracies? Public Choice, 151(1–2), 325–362. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9749-8 Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Royal Economic Society. Online: https://tinyurl.com/bddztfxh Klein, F. A. & Sakurai, S. N. (2015). Term Limits and Political Budget Cycles at the Local Level: Evidence from a Young Democracy. European Journal of Political Economy, 37, 21–36. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.008 Marques, S. R., Rosa, M. C. & Natário, M.M.S. (2022). Diagnóstico do Território Beiras e Serra da Estrela no Âmbito dos três Domínios Chave do Quadro Estratégico Comum 2020. Public Policy Portuguese Journal, 7(1), 52–74. Marx, K. (1887). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. 1. Progress Publishers. Online: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf Miguel, J. L. (2020). Ciclos político económicos nos municípios portugueses: fatores explicativos e implicações de uma política orçamental oportunista (2003–2017). PhD Dissertation, University of Lisbon. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22320 Nordhaus, W. D. (1975). The Political Business Cycle. The Review of Economic Studies, 42(2), 169–190. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2296528 Persson, T. & Tabellini, G. (2003). The Economic Effects of Constitutions. The MIT Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2591.001.0001 Pordata (2024). Estatística sobre Portugal e Europa. Online: https://www.pordata.pt/db/municipios/ambiente+de+consulta/tabela Preussler, A. P. (2001). Um estudo empírico dos ciclos político-econômicos no Brasil. Master’s Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10183/1804 Rodrigues, J. I. (2021). A Gestão Orçamental e os Ciclos Eleitorais nos Municipios de Portugal Continental. Master’s Thesis, Instituto Politécnico do Porto. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/17685 Rogoff, K. (1990). Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles. The American Economic Review, 80(1), 21–36. Online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006731 Rogoff, K. & Sibert, A. (1988). Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles. The Review of Economic Studies, 55(1), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297526 Rosenberg, J. (1992). Rationality and the Political Business Cycle: The Case of Local Government. Public Choice, 73(1), 71–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00142917 Schuknecht, L. (1998). Fiscal Policy Cycles and Public Expenditure in Developing Countries. WTO Working Papers, (06). Online: https://doi.org/10.30875/11fd21d5-en Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles. McGraw-Hill. Online: https://tinyurl.com/ybrt5ds9 Schumpeter, J. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203857090 Shi, M. & Svensson, J. (2006). Political Budget Cycles: Do They Differ Across Countries and Why? Journal of Public Economics, 90(8–9), 1367–1389. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.009 Shmuel, A. (2025). Populist Leaders and the Political Budget Cycle. Electoral Studies, 96. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2025.102965 Siqueira, F. F. (2016). Ciclo Político: Uma Revisão Literária. Informações Fipe – Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas, 427, 57–65. Online: https://downloads.fipe.org.br/publicacoes/bif/bif427-57-66.pdf Snowdon, B. & Vane, H. R. (2005). Modern Macroeconomics. Its Origins, Development and Current State. Edward Elgar. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3wsycenf Stein, E. H. & Streb, J. M. (2004). Elections and the Timing of Devaluations. Journal of International Economics, 63(1), 119–145. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00040-0 Veiga, L. G. & Veiga, F. J. (2004). Ciclos Político-Económicos nos Municípios Portugueses. II Conferência do Banco de Portugal “Desenvolvimento Económico Português no Espaço Europeu”. Lisboa. Online: https://www.bportugal.pt/sites/default/files/anexos/03_lfveiga.pdf Veiga, L. G. & Veiga, F. J. (2005). Eleitoralismo nos municípios portugueses. Análise Social, 40(177), 865–889. Online: https://tinyurl.com/bdamz3ce Veiga, L. G. & Veiga, F. J. (2007). Does Opportunism Pay Off? Economics Letters, 96(2), 177–182. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.12.026 Wyse, M. N., Machado, D. P., Gomes, D. G. & Fernandez, R. N. (2022). Influência dos Ciclos Políticos nos Gastos Públicos e seu efeito sobre a Dívida Pública. Revista Gestão & Conexões, 11(3), 55–73. Online: https://doi.org/10.47456/regec.2317-5087.2022.11.3.38335.55-73" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "105–124" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8564" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1034) "

This article aims to assess the existence of opportunistic behaviour among mayors during election years within the framework of Political Economic Cycles (PEC). Therefore, the trajectory of some public expenditure over four electoral cycles is analysed in the municipalities belonging to the Intermunicipal Community of Beiras and Serra da Estrela (CIMBSE) in Portugal. The study covers the period from 2008 to 2022 in a data panel that encompasses the fifteen municipalities belonging to CIMBSE. The data includes total, current, capital and investment expenditure, and it has been statistically analysed to compare spending trends in election years and non-election years. The empirical tests carried out showed the existence of opportunistic behaviour among mayors during election years, manifesting itself in terms of municipal spending, namely total and current spending, both overall and per capita. Nevertheless, no cases of opportunistic behaviour have been identified with regard to capital and investment expenditure.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(83) "Marta Alexandra Rico Pereira, Maria Manuela Santos Natário, Amândio Pereira Baía" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(12) "A Case Study" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(94) "Political Economic Cycles in Electoral and Non-Electoral Years in Local Government in Portugal" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#799 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11213) ["email"]=> string(26) "martaricopereira@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8689) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "PT" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(32) "Instituto Politécnico da Guarda" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(99) "

MA Student, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal

 

 

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Pereira" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "Marta Alexandra Rico" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#809 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11212) ["email"]=> string(16) "m.natario@ipg.pt" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8689) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "PT" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-8399" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(32) "Instituto Politécnico da Guarda" ["hu_HU"]=> string(58) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:32:"Instituto Politécnico da Guarda";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(134) "

Associate Professor, Departament of Management and Economics, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, CICF, GOVCOPP, Guarda, Portugal

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Natário" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Natário" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "Maria Manuela Santos" ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Maria Manuela" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(29) "Maria Manuela Santos Natário" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11214) ["email"]=> string(11) "baia@ipg.pt" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8689) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "PT" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-0313" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(32) "Instituto Politécnico da Guarda" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(119) "

Associate Professor, Departament of Management and Economics, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Baía" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(16) "Amândio Pereira" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(14) "local finances" [1]=> string(16) "municipal budget" [2]=> string(25) "Political Economic Cycles" [3]=> string(16) "electoral cycles" [4]=> string(19) "public expenditures" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#812 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47106) ["id"]=> int(6814) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8689) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#797 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8730) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11269) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(8605) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(18884) "Algemene Rekenkamer (2023). Handleiding doelmatigheids- en doeltreffendheidsonderzoek. Den Haag: Sdu. Anderson, R. (2006). Tussen schakelen en switchen. Gildeprint. Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. (2017). Improving Policy Implementation through Collaborative Policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3), 467–486. Online: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317x14972799760260 Anthony, R. & Young, D. (2004). Management Control in Non-Profit Organisations. McGraw-Hill. Arensman, B. & van Wessel, M. (2018). Negotiating Effectiveness in Transnational Advocacy Evaluation. Evaluation, 24(1), 51–68. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389017733210 Askim, J. & Christensen, T. (2025). Crisis Decision-making Inside the Core Executive: Rationality, Bureaucratic Politics, Standard Procedures and the Covid-19 Lockdown. Public Policy and Administration, 40(1), 151–169. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767221129676 BADO (2020). Notitie Rechtmatigheidsverantwoording. Commissie Bedrijfsvoering Auditing Decentrale Overheden (BADO). Barkhuysen, T., van den Brink, J. E., Drahmann, A., den Ouden, W. & Tjepkema, M. K. G. (2022). Bestuursrecht in het Awb-tijdperk. Wolters Kluwer. Benz, A. (2005). Public Administrative Science in Germany: Problems and Prospects of a Composite Discipline. Public Administration, 83(3), 659–668. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00468.x Blay, S. & Piotrowicz, R. (2001). The Awfulness of Lawfulness: Some Reflections on the Tension between International and Domestic Law. Australian Year Book of International Law, 21(1), 1–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/26660229-021-01-900000002 Bokhorst, A. & de Goede, P. (2014). De effectiviteit van (horizontaal) toezicht. Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht, (254). Borgdorff, A. (1992). Bestuurlijk-juridische aspecten van publiek-private samenwerking. Gemeentestem, (6954), 1–12. Bovaird, T. & Löffler, E. (2003). Evaluating the Quality of Public Governance: Indicators, Models and Methodologies. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69(3), 313–328. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852303693002 Bovens, M. (2007). Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework. European Law Journal, 13(4), 447–468. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x Brown, P. R. (2021). Public Value Measurement vs. Public Value Creating Imagination – the Constraining Influence of Old and New Public Management Paradigms. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(10), 808–817. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1903498 Bröring, H. & de Graaf, K. (Eds.). (2016). Bestuursrecht 1. Systeem, bevoegdheid, bevoegdheidsuitoefening, handhaving. Boom Uitgevers. Bulgarelli, A. & Gori, E. (2004). Information Systems for the Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Vocational Training Programmes. Evaluation, 10(2), 217–235. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389004046293 Colon, D. W. & Swagerman, D. M. (2015). Enhanced Relationship Preparedness in a Dutch Multinational Context: A Tax Control Framework. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 7(1), 13–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.5897/JAT2014.0129 Conn, P. H., Meltz, D. B. & Press, C. (1973). The Concept of Political Rationality. Polity, 6(2), 223–239. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/3234008 Coșpănaru, I. M. (2019). Phased Overview of a New Compliance System’s Development for Good Administration in Romanian Public Institutions. Academic Journal of Law and Governance, (7), 77–106. Dasgupta, P. (1990). Positive Freedom, Markets, and the Welfare State. In D. Helm (Ed.), The Economic Borders of the State (pp. 110–126). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198286066.003.0006 Dunleavy, P. (1991). Democracy, Bureaucracy, and Public Choice. Economic Approaches in Political Science. Prentice-Hall. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315835228 Egeberg, M. & Trondal, J. (2018). An Organizational Approach to Public Governance: Understanding and Design. In An Organizational Approach to Public Governance. Understanding and Design (pp. 1–29). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0001 Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3), 253–290. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100 Fimreite, A. L. & Lægreid, P. (2009). Reorganizing the Welfare State Administration. Public Management Review, 11(3), 281–297. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030902798198 Hanberger, A. (2001). What Is the Policy Problem? Methodological Challenges in Policy Evaluation. Evaluation, 7(1), 45–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890122209513 Hartwig, R. (1978). Rationality and the Problems of Administrative Theory. Public Administration, 56(2), 159–179. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1978.tb00317.x Haselbekke, A., Klaassen, H., Ros, A. & in ’t Veld, R. (1990). Prestaties tellen: Kengetallen als instrument vooreen bedrijfsmatig(er) bestuur en beheer van decentrale overheden. VNG Uitgeverij. Hoge Raad (1978). BNB 1978/135, ECLI:NL:HR:1978:AM4447, 12 April 1978. Hong, S. (2019). A Behavioral Model of Public Organizations: Bounded Rationality, Performance Feedback, and Negativity Bias. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(1), 1–17. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy048 Hood, C. (1991). A Public Management for All Seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x Hoogerwerf, A. (1995). Politiek als evenwichtskunst. Dilemma’s rond overheid en markt. Samsom H. D. Tjeenk Willink. Hovik, S. & Hanssen, G. S. (2015). The Impact of Network Management and Complexity on Multi-Level Coordination. Public Administration, 93(2), 506–523. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12135 Howlett, M. (2015). Policy Analytical Capacity: The Supply and Demand for Policy Analysis in Government. Policy and Society, 34(3–4), 173–182. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.09.002 Howlett, M. & Ramesh, M. (2016). Achilles’ Heels of Governance: Critical Capacity Deficits and Their Role in Governance Failures. Regulation & Governance, 10(4), 301–313. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12091 Huisman, P. & van Ommeren, F. (2015). De bijzondere positie van de overheid in het Nederlandse privaatrecht. Preadviezen Vereniging voor de Vergelijkende Studie van het Recht, 2015(1), 1–44. Online: https://doi.org/10.5553/pvvr/266671262015009001002 In ’t Veld, R. & Kruiter, A. (2012). Botsende rationaliteiten, samenwerking en checks and balances. KWINK Groep. Janssens, F. J. G. & de Wolf, I. F. (2009). Analyzing the Assumptions of a Policy Program: An Ex-ante Evaluation of “Educational Governance” in the Netherlands. American Journal of Evaluation, 30(3), 411–425. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214009341016 Jones, B. D. (2002). Bounded Rationality and Public Policy: Herbert A. Simon and the Decisional Foundation of Collective Choice. Policy Sciences, 35(3), 269–284. Online: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021341309418 Jones, B. D. (2017). Behavioral Rationality as a Foundation for Public Policy Studies. Cognitive Systems Research, 43, 63–75. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.01.003 Jørgensen, T. B. & Bozeman, B. (2007). Public Values: An Inventory. Administration & Society, 39(3), 354–381. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707300703 Jurgens, G. T. J. M. (2011). Onaanvaardbare doorkruising of misbruik van bevoegdheid? Overheid en Aansprakelijkheid, (2), 84–93. Klaassen, H., Anderson, R. & Maks, H. (2010). Doelmatigheid: Puzzel voor het openbaar bestuur. In D. Verlet & C. Devos (Eds.), Efficiëntie en effectiviteit van de publieke sector in de weegschaal (pp. 27–57). Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering. Kuruvilla, S. & Dorstewitz, P. (2010). There Is No “Point” in Decision-Making: A Model of Transactive Rationality for Public Policy and Administration. Policy Sciences, 43(3), 263–287. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9098-y Langer, J. (2022). Bureaucracy and the Imaginal Realm: Max Weber, Rationality and the Substantive Basis of Public Administration. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 5(2), 122–134. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvab033 Lee, J. H. (2019). Understanding the Crisis of Bureaucracy: A Search for the Equilibrium Between Rationality and Efficiency. Korean Public Administration Review, 53(1), 1–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.18333/KPAR.53.1.1 Lemire, S., Peck, L. R. & Porowski, A. (2020). The Growth of the Evaluation Tree in the Policy Analysis Forest: Recent Developments in Evaluation. Policy Studies Journal, 48(S1), S47–S70. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12387 Long, N. E. (1954). Public Policy and Administration: The Goals of Rationality and Responsibility. Public Administration Review, 14(1), 22–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/972965 Manea, G. (2022). Non-Compliance with the Principles of Real Estate Advertising: Violation of Public Administration Principles. Academic Journal of Law and Governance, 9(2), 85–104. Matland, R. E. (1995). Synthesizing the Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 5(2), 145–174. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a037242 Meier, K. J., Compton, M., Polga-Hecimovich, J., Song, M. & Wimpy, C. (2019). Bureaucracy and the Failure of Politics: Challenges to Democratic Governance. Administration & Society, 51(10), 1576–1605. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399719874759 Merchant, K. A. & Otley, D. T. (2006). A Review of the Literature on Control and Accountability. In C. S. Chapman, A. G. Hopwood & M. D. Shields (Eds.), Handbooks of Management Accounting Research Vol. 2 (pp. 785–802). Elsevier. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1751-3243(06)02013-X Meussen, G. (2002). De wetgever moet afzien van vage en open normen in de fiscale wetgeving. Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht, (603). Michelon, C. (2018). Lawfulness and the Perception of Legal Salience. Jurisprudence, 9(1), 47–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2017.1352321 Ministry of Finance (2025) Rijksbegrotingsvoorschriften 2025. Ministerie van Financiën. Online: https://rbv.rijksfinancien.nl/sites/default/files/pdf/Rijksbegrotingsvoorschriften%202025%20%285%29%20%283%29.pdf Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating Public Value. Strategic Management in Government. Harvard University Press. Moore, M. H. (2014). Public Value Accounting: Establishing the Philosophical Basis. Public Administration Review, 74(4), 465–477. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12198 Mukherjee, I., Coban, M. K. & Bali, A. S. (2021). Policy Capacities and Effective Policy Design: A Review. Policy Sciences, 54(2), 241–269. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09420-8 Nabatchi, T. (2009). Radical Individualism, Instrumental Rationality, and Public Administration. Public Performance & Management Review, 32(4), 585–591. Online: https://doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576320408 O’Toole, L. J. (1997). Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research-Based Agendas in Public Administration. Public Administration Review, 57(1), 45–52. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/976691 Otley, D. (1999). Performance Management: A Framework for Management Control Systems Research. Management Accounting Research, 10(4), 363–382. Online: https://doi.org/10.1006/mare.1999.0115 Overkleeft-Verburg, G. (1998). Zelfsturing en zelfregulering, over de verhouding van bestuurskunde en (bestuurs)recht. In W. van de Donk & P. Frissen (Eds.), Over bestuur, recht en informatisering: Opstellen aangeboden aan prof. mr. dr. I. Snellen (pp. 253–270). Lelystad. Perlman, B. J., Reddick, C. & Demir, T. (2023). A Compliance–Integrity Framework for Ethics Management: An Empirical Analysis of Local Government Practice. Public Administration Review, 83(4), 823–837. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13610 Peters, B. G., Capano, G., Howlett, M., Mukherjee, I., Chou, M.-H. & Ravinet, P. (2018). Designing for Policy Effectiveness. Defining and Understanding a Concept. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108555081 Pierre, J. (2000). Debating Governance. Authority, Steering, and Democracy. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198295143.001.0001 Polak, J. E. M., Sanders, T. N., Roozendaal, B. J. P. G. & Reneman, A. M. (2019). De toekomst van de formele rechtskracht. Boom Juridisch. Online: https://verenigingbestuursrecht.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/162.pdf Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (1999). Public Management Reform. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198295969.001.0001 Rajan, M. V. & Reichelstein, S. (2006). Subjective Performance Indicators and Discretionary Bonus Pools. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(3), 585–618. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679x.2006.00212.x Rethemeyer, R. K. & Hatmaker, D. M. (2007). Network Management Reconsidered: An Inquiry into Management of Network Structures in Public Sector Service Provision. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 617–646. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum027 Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding Governance. Policy Networks, Governance and Accountability. Open University Press. Rogers, T. J. (2018). Justice as Lawfulness. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 4(2), 262–278. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.22 Rothgang, M. & Lageman, B. (2021). The Unused Potential of Process Tracing as Evaluation Approach: The Case of Cluster Policy Evaluation. Evaluation, 27(4), 527–543. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890211041676 Rutgers, M. R. & van der Meer, H. (2010). The Origins and Restriction of Efficiency in Public Administration: Regaining Efficiency as the Core Value of Public Administration. Administration & Society, 42(7), 755–779. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399710378990 Scheltema, M. (2009). Doorwerking van het publiekrecht in het privaatrecht in drievoud. Vermogensrechtelijke Analyses, 2, 12–57. Schlössels, R. J. N. (2021). De beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur bij ‘privaat bestuur’. Algemene normen, gevarieerde rechterlijke toetsing en organisatorische breuklijnen. In R. J. N. Schlössels & C. Jansen (Eds.), De polsstok van de beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur. Export en reflexwerking? (pp. 11–45). Wolf Legal Publishers. Online: http://www.recht-in-dialoog.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/gepubliceerdeinhoud-bundel-II-1.pdf Schotman, E. (2017). Ethiek en recht in kort bestek. Boom Juridisch. Schreurs, P. (2002). Symposium: Rationality and Public Administration: Introduction. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 24(2), 279–286. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029363 Schroten, K. (2000). De overheidsstichting op het niveau van de centrale overheid. Doctoral Dissertation, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Deventer. Snellen, I. (2002). Conciliation of Rationalities: The Essence of Public Administration. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 24(2), 323–346. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029357 Stern, E. (2009). Evaluation Policy in the European Union and Its Institutions. New Directions for Evaluation, (123), 67–85. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.306 Stevens, L. (2007). Durf te vertrouwen op open normen. Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht, (1090). Stoker, G. (2006). Public Value Management. The American Review of Public Administration, 36(1), 41–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074005282583 Teisman, G. (1992). Complexe Besluitvorming. Vuga. Ter Bogt, H. J. (2003). Performance Evaluation Styles in Governmental Organizations: How Do Professional Managers Facilitate Politicians’ Work? Management Accounting Research, 14(4), 311–332. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2003.09.003 Ter Bogt, H. J. & van Helden, G. J. (1994). Kwaliteit van prestatiemeting bij gemeentelijke overheden. Bestuurskunde, (1), 2–13. Ter Bogt, H. J. & van Helden, G. J. (2005). A Reflection on Accounting Reforms in Dutch Government. In J. Guthrie, C. Humphrey, L. R. Jones & O. Olson (Eds.), International Public Financial Management Reform: Progress, Contradictions, and Challenges (pp. 247–282). Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-60752-771-820251011 Van Der Meer, F.-B. & Edelenbos, J. (2006). Evaluation in Multi-Actor Policy Processes: Accountability, Learning and Co-operation. Evaluation, 12(2), 201–218. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389006066972 Van der Knaap, P., Pattyn, V. & Hanemaayer, D. (2023). Beleidsevaluatie in theorie en praktijk. Boom Bestuurskunde. Van Erp, J. & Mascini, P. (2011). Waarom zijn sommige vormen van rechtshandhaving effectiever dan andere? In M. Hertogh & H. Weyers (Eds.), Het Recht van Onderop. Inzichten uit de Rechtssociologie (pp. 109–126). Ars Aequi. Van Ommeren, F. (1988). Schakelingen tussen Algemene wet bestuursrecht en Nieuw BW. Ars Aequi, 37(9), 549–555. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/50aed485-dfbe-4067-8ac5-3712f76e3a24 Van Ommeren, F. (2012). Een andere visie op de verhouding tussen publiek- en privaatrecht. Van de ‘gemenerechtsleer’ naar de ‘gemeenschappelijke rechtsleer’. Ars Aequi, 61(7–8), 562–572. Van Twist, M. & Verheul, W. J. (2010). Onvoorziene opbrengsten. Beleid en Maatschappij, 37(4), 285–298. Online: https://doi.org/10.5553/benm/2010037004002 Virtanen, P. & Jalonen, H. (2024). Public Value Creation Mechanisms in the Context of Public Service Logic: An Integrated Conceptual Framework. Public Management Review, 26(8), 2331–2354. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2268111 Vrangbæk, K. (2009). Public Sector Values in Denmark: A Survey Analysis. International Journal of Public Administration, 32(6), 508–535. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690902861704 West, W. F. (1983). Institutionalizing Rationality in Regulatory Administration. Public Administration Review, 43(4), 326–334. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/975835 West, W. F. (1988). The Growth of Internal Conflict in Administrative Regulation. Public Administration Review, 48(4), 758–762. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/975601 Westerman, P. (2006). Een nieuwe stijl van reguleren. Recht der Werkelijkheid, 26(3), 33–51. Widener, S. K. (2007). An Empirical Analysis of the Levers of Control Framework. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(7–8), 757–788. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.01.001 White, R. D. (1999). More Than an Analytical Tool: Examining the Ideological Role of Efficiency. Public Productivity & Management Review, 23(1), 8–23. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/3380789 Workman, S. (2015). The Dynamics of Bureaucracy in the U.S. Government. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107447752 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "125–150" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8605" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1085) "

Evaluation of government organisations in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and compliance is increasingly being mandated in European countries. However, the actual evaluation of government organisations based on these three criteria can be particularly complex in practice. In this contribution, using a municipal case study as an example, the evaluation criteria of effectiveness, efficiency and compliance are situated within political, economic and legal rationalities, respectively. This approach yields a broader and more nuanced understanding of the extent to which a public sector organisation operates effectively, efficiently, or in accordance with the law. On the other hand, positioning the criteria within these three rationalities implies that it is not straightforward to construct a predetermined normative framework, and that in most cases no unequivocal assessment can be reached. The rationalities do not contradict one another: each employs a distinct criterium, and together they complement each other and provide a more comprehensive basis for evaluation.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Rick Anderson" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(28) "A Dutch Municipal Case Study" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(131) "From Unambiguity to Widescreen: Broadening the Evaluation Criteria of Effectiveness, Efficiency and Compliance in the Public Sector" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#803 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11269) ["email"]=> string(25) "rickanderson663@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8730) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "NL" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-5683" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(17) "Leiden University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(43) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:17:"Leiden University";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Anderson" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Anderson" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Rick" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Rick" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Rick Anderson" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(10) "evaluation" [1]=> string(13) "effectiveness" [2]=> string(10) "efficiency" [3]=> string(10) "compliance" [4]=> string(11) "rationality" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#814 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47107) ["id"]=> int(6831) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8730) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#800 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(8636) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11110) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["submissionId"]=> int(8511) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4067) "Budai, B., Gerencsér, B. Sz. & Veszprémi, B. (2018). A digitális kor hazai közigazgatási specifikumai [Specific Features of Public Administration in the Digital Age in Hungary]. Dialóg Campus. Corradini, F., Polini, A. & Re, B. (2015). Inter-organisational Business Process Verification in Public Administration. Business Process Management Journal, 21(5), 1040–1065. Online: http://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2014-0013 Cseh, G. & Czékmann, Zs. (2021). Az e-ügyintézés hazai szabályozása az EU jogalkotásának tükrében. In Medias Res, 10(2), 221–234. Online: https://doi.org/10.59851/imr.10.2.2 Gerencsér, B. & Berkes, L. (2014). Rendszert a rendszerekben! – avagy gondolatok a nyilvántartások rendszertanáról [We Need System in Systems! – Or Thoughts on the Systematics of Records]. Új Magyar Közigazgatás, 7(4), 23–31. Halmos, A., Kriisa, K., Misuraca, G. & Tilesch, Gy. (2023, October 2). MI a társadalomban és a közszolgáltatásokban – Panelbeszélgetés [AI in Society and Public Services – Panel Discussion #4]. Humans in Charge 2023. Responsible Governance in the Age of AI [Conference presentation]. Budapest, Hungary. Online: https://shorturl.at/DiL58 Horváth, I. (1999). Közigazgatási szervezés- és vezetéstan [Public Administration Management]. Dialóg Campus. Ilosvai, A. (2023). Az „egy kártya” koncepció. Az e-személyi igazolvány továbbfejlesztésének lehetőségei [The “One Card” Concept. Possibilities for Further Development of the e-ID Card]. Közjogi Szemle, 16(4), 66–73. Online: https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/7806821 Kisfaludi, A. (2003). Mitől közhiteles a közhiteles nyilvántartás? [What Makes a Public Register Authentic?] Gazdaság és Jog, 11(7–8), 3–15. Online: https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/5223156 Kregel, I., Distel, B. & Coners, A. (2022). Business Process Management Culture in Public Administration and Its Determinants. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 64(2), 201–221. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-021-00713-z Ofoma, C. (2024). Digitalization and Public Value Co-Creation in Public Sector Organizations: The Citizens as Co-Creators. Institutiones Administrationis – Journal of Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 92–103. Online: https://doi.org/10.54201/iajas.98 Patyi, A. & Varga, Zs. A. (2012). Általános közigazgatási jog (az Alaptörvény rendszerében) [General Administrative Law (in the System of the Fundamental Law)]. Dialóg Campus. Sommerville, I. (2016). Software Engineering. 10th ed. Pearson. Online: https://tinyurl.com/mu4merzk Tamás, A. (2014). A közigazgatási jog elmélete [The Theory of Administrative Law]. Szent István Társulat. Torma, A. (2005). Az információs társadalom közigazgatási jogi alapkérdései [Fundamental Issues of Administrative Law in the Information Society]. In M. Fazekas & L. Ficzere (Eds.), Magyar közigazgatási jog. Általános rész [Hungarian Administrative Law. General Part] (pp. 583–633). Osiris. Torres, V., Giner, P., Bonet, B. & Pelechano, V. (2010). Adapting BPMN to Public Administration. In J. Mendling, M. Weidlich & M. Weske (Eds.), Business Process Modeling Notation. Second International Workshop, BPMN 2010 (pp. 114–120). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16298-5_11 Varga, Zs. A. (2017). A közigazgatás és a közigazgatási jog alkotmányos alapjai [The Constitutional Foundations of Public Administration and Administrative Law]. Dialóg Campus. Veszprémi, B. (2018a). Az elektronikus ügyintézés terjedésének gátjai az állami feladatellátásban [Barriers to the Spread of Electronic Administration in the Performance of Public Tasks]. Új Magyar Közigazgatás, 11(1), 63–75. Veszprémi, B. (2018b). Az interoperabilitás kérdésének boncolgatása a közigazgatásban [Examining the Issue of Interoperability in Public Administration]. Pro Bono Publico – Hungarian Public Administration, 6(2), 174–187. Online: https://shorturl.at/j3eF1 Waldo, D. (1955). The Study of Public Administration. Doubleday and Co. Inc. " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "151–168" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8511" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1274) "

The paper examines the digitalisation of Hungary’s public administration registries through an interdisciplinary legal IT lens. It traces the acceleration of records digitisation since the 2000s and identifies fragmentation across sectoral registers as the primary barrier to end-to-end digital services. Methodologically, we combine doctrinal legal analysis with process engineering, using BPMN to model priority procedures and test two questions, namely, 1. whether digitised procedures fit within current Hungarian register law, and 2. what are the challenges that hinder interoperability in both the legal and IT contexts? Our findings demonstrate that BPMN enables verifiable, executable specifications for normative procedures, supporting RPA and rule-based automated decisions. AI and expert systems can extend capabilities where explainability and override are ensured. The paper argues for a technologyneutral code of state registries and enforceable interoperability, i.e. shared identifiers, data contracts and auditability. We are also proposing improvements to risk management, such as addressing biases, ensuring authenticity and preventing model drift. These improvements Will guide the transition to a human-centred, reliable digital administration.

" } ["additionalMetadatafield"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(556) "

Acknowledgements
The research underlying this study was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation’s National Research, Development and Innovation Fund under the National Laboratory for Infocommunications and Information Technology project No. 2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00011, as part of the complex development of national laboratories grant programme. Also, this research project was hosted by IdomSoft Zrt., the company responsible for the management of the state registries, examined in the research.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(143) "Balázs Gerencsér, András Ilosvai, Kristóf Imre Karacs, Gábor Kurunczi, András Oláh, András Attila Sulyok, Kálmán Tornai, Ádám Varga" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(87) "BPMN Modelling, Automation and Interoperability in the Hungarian State Registry Systems" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(49) "When Administrative Law Meets Process Engineering" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(8) { [0]=> object(Author)#821 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11110) ["email"]=> string(28) "gerencser.balazs@jak.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-1313" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Gerencsér" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Gerencsér" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Balázs" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#822 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11111) ["email"]=> string(19) "ilosvaia@icloud.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4526-1898" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Ilosvai" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "András" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#816 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11112) ["email"]=> string(26) "karacs.kristof@itk.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-4465" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Karacs" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Kristóf Imre" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [3]=> object(Author)#817 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11113) ["email"]=> string(26) "kurunczi.gabor@jak.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0654-4514" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Kurunczi" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Gábor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [4]=> object(Author)#828 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11114) ["email"]=> string(23) "olah.andras@itk.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4796-8932" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Oláh" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "András" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [5]=> object(Author)#827 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11115) ["email"]=> string(32) "sulyok.andras.attila@itk.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-868X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Sulyok" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(14) "András Attila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [6]=> object(Author)#825 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11116) ["email"]=> string(25) "tornai.kalman@itk.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1852-0816" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Tornai" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Kálmán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [7]=> object(Author)#811 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11117) ["email"]=> string(22) "varga.adam@jak.ppke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-0195" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "Pázmány Péter Catholic University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Varga" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Ádám" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(17) "process modelling" [1]=> string(4) "BPMN" [2]=> string(23) "artificial intelligence" [3]=> string(22) "digital public records" [4]=> string(25) "automated decision making" [5]=> string(16) "interoperability" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#813 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47108) ["id"]=> int(6876) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8636) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#808 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8978) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-29" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-29 15:54:02" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11631) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(9) ["submissionId"]=> int(8853) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4784) "Alibašić, H. (2019). Brexit by Toby Haynes: Moral and Ethical Irrelevance and Naïve Expectations. Public Integrity, 21(5), 537–542. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1626796 Alibašić, H. (2024). The Post-Factual Polity. Ethical, Governance, Administrative, and Policy Crises in the Disinformation Era. Information Age Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/979-8-88730-661-2 Alibašić, H. & Rose, J. (2019). Fake News in Context: Truth and Untruths. Public Integrity, 21(5), 463–468. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1622359 Bakshy, E., Messing, S. & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. Online: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160 Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. University of Chicago Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226924601.001.0001 Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Algorithmic Accountability: Journalistic Investigation of Computational Power Structures. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 398–415. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976411 Dryzek, J. S. (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond. Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/019925043x.001.0001 Dubois, E. & Blank, G. (2018). The Echo Chamber Is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and Diverse Media. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729–745. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656 European Parliament & Council of the European Union (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng European Parliament & Council of the European Union (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a single market for digital services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L 277, 1–102. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065 Floridi, L. (2011). The Philosophy of Information. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232383.001.0001 Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet. Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions that Shape Social Media. Yale University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300235029 Guess, A. M., Malhotra, N., Pan, J., Barberá, P., Allcott, H., Brown, T., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., Gentzkow, M., González-Bailón, S., Kennedy, E., Kim, Y. M., Lazer, D., Moehler, D., Nyhan, B., Rivera, C. V., Settle, J., Thomas, D. R., Thorson, E. A., Wang, X., Wojcieszak, M., Tucker, J. A. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2023). How Do Social Media Feed Algorithms Affect Attitudes and Behavior in an Election Campaign? Science, 381(6656), 398–404. Online: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abp9364 Habermas, J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (W. Rehg, Trans.). MIT Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1564.001.0001 Hosseinmardi, H., Ghasemian, A., Clauset, A., Mobius, M., Rothschild, D. M. & Watts, D. J. (2021). Examining the Consumption of Radical Content on YouTube. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32). Online: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101967118 Landemore, H. (2013). Democratic Reason. Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155654.001.0001 Levy, R. (2021). Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment. American Economic Review, 111(3), 831–870. Online: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191777 Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379–423. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x Statista (2024). Number of Daily Active Facebook Users Worldwide [Data set]. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/346167/facebook-global-dau/ Yadav, S. (2025). The European Union A.I. Act 2024: Understanding the Context and Exploring its Future (ORF Occasional Paper No. 486). Observer Research Foundation. Yeung, K. (2018). Algorithmic Regulation: A Critical Interrogation. Regulation & Governance, 12(4), 505–523. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12158 Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs. " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(673) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "169–190" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8853" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1293) "

Artificial intelligence systems increasingly shape not only what information citizens access but the interpretive frameworks through which they perceive public affairs, posing a governance challenge that public administration scholarship has yet to theorise. Through conceptual and normative analysis, the paper develops the construct of perceptual infrastructure – the cognitive and informational substrate of democratic deliberation – drawing on information theory, public administration and regulatory-governance scholarship, and tests it against the EU regulatory architecture. The analysis shows that the algorithmic construction of perceptual frameworks constitutes a distinct governance domain that the EU AI Act and the Digital Services Act do not reach, owing primarily to a regulatory omission rather than an implementation deficit: existing provisions take systems, use cases and identifiable harms as their object, not the cumulative, longitudinal construction of perception. An accountability framework is proposed – incorporating aggregate transparency, perceptual sovereignty as a citizen right, proportional responsibility and meta-perceptual literacy – with concrete implications for administrative accountability, regulatory capacity and democratic resilience.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(16) "Haris Alibašić" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(59) " Public Administration in the Age of Algorithmic Perception" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(39) "Governing the Perceptual Infrastructure" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#824 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11631) ["email"]=> string(26) "dr.harisalibasic@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8978) ["seq"]=> int(9) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "US" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-0411" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "University of West Florida" ["hu_HU"]=> string(52) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:26:"University of West Florida";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Alibašić" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Alibašić" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Haris" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Haris" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(13) "AI governance" [1]=> string(26) "algorithmic accountability" [2]=> string(21) "democratic governance" [3]=> string(21) "public administration" [4]=> string(25) "perceptual infrastructure" [5]=> string(9) "EU AI Act" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#823 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47109) ["id"]=> int(6877) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8978) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }