object(Publication)#803 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7897) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-27" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-27 21:43:04" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9983) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7773) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3338) "Bray, H. (2023, January 20). We Ignore Musk’s ‘Twitter Files’ at Our Peril. The Boston Globe. Online: https://tinyurl.com/ms2h4nz3 Broadwater, L. (2023, May 16). Officials Who Cast Doubt on Hunter Biden Laptop Face Questions. The New York Times. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4ba6bnne Crowley, D. & Heyer, P. (2010). Communication in History. Technology, Culture, Society (6th ed.). Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315664538 Folkenflik, D. (2020, October 17). Analysis: Questionable ‘N.Y. Post’ Scoop Driven by Ex-Hannity Producer and Giuliani. National Public Radio. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yys4kykd Glendon, W. R. (1996). The Trial of John Peter Zenger. New York State Bar Journal, 68(8), 48–52. Goldberg, M. (2020, October 21). Is the Trump Campaign Colluding with Russia again? International New York Times. Kaplan, M. L. (1997). The Culture of Slander in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. Ketcham, R. (ed.) (1986). The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates. Signet Classics. Krauss, S. D. (1998). An Inquiry into the Right of Criminal Juries to Determine the Law in America. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 89(1), 111–214. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2a4vkmkc Mayton, W. T. (1982). Toward a Theory of First Amendment Process: Injunctions of Speech, Subsequent Punishment, and the Costs of the Prior Restraint Doctrine. Cornell Law Review, 67(2), 245–282. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2mr5w4u3 Mayton, W. T. (1984). Seditious Libel and the Lost Guarantee of a Freedom of Expression. Columbia Law Review, 84(1), 91–142. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1122370 Montesquieu, Baron de C. (2011). The Spirit of Laws. Transl. by T. Nugent. Cosimo Classics. O’Laughlin, M. J. (2002). Exigent Circumstances: Circumscribing the Exclusionary Rule in Response to 9/11. UMKC Law Review, 70(3), 707–732. Paine, T. (1997). Common Sense. Dover Publication. Roose, K. (2018, November 7). Facebook Thwarted Chaos on Election Day. It’s Hardly Clear That Will Last. The New York Times. Online: https://tinyurl.com/fxysmk3s Rosenberg, N. L. (1986). Protecting the Best Men. An Interpretive Theory of the History of Libel. University of North Carolina Press. Simon, S. (2022, April 9). More Details Emerge in Federal Investigation into Hunter Biden. Weekend Edition Saturday. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yck72pdf Stephens, B. (2021, October 7). An Ethically Challenged Presidency. International New York Times. Watson, C. A. (2018). Information Literacy in a Fake/False News World: An Overview of the Characteristics of Fake News and its Historical Development. International Journal of Legal Information, 46(2), 93–96. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/jli.2018.25 Weaver, R. L. (2024). From Gutenberg to the Internet. Free Speech, Advancing Technology, and the Implications for Democracy (3rd ed.). Carolina Academic Press. Weaver, R. L. & Hancock, C. (2023). The First Amendment. Cases, Problems, and Materials (7th ed.). Carolina Academic Press. Weaver, R. L., Kenyon, A., Partlett, D. F. & Walker, C. (2006). The Right to Speak Ill. Defamation, Reputation and Free Speech. Carolina Academic Press. Woodruff, J. (2020, October 16). Are Trump Allies Sharing Russian Disinformation about Biden? PBS News Hour. Online: www.pbs.org/video/warning-signs-1602880956/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "5–20" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7773" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(499) "

The development of the internet, along with the creations of social media platforms, has created a unique opportunity for governmental officials to control freedom of expression. This article examines how the Biden Administration requested, encouraged, pressured and even threatened social media platforms to censor certain types of speech, and even to ban certain individuals from their platforms, and it analyses the Biden Administration’s actions in light of U.S. free speech principles.

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The author wishes to thank the University of Louisville’s Distinguished University Scholar program for supporting his research, as well as Andrew Denning for helping him with the notes and references.

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Professor of Law, Distinguished University Scholar, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.12.004 Bork, R. H. (1990). The Tempting of America. The Political Seduction of the Law. Macmillan. Brown, M. L. (2022). The Political Seduction of the Church. How Millions of American Christians Have Confused Politics with the Gospel. Leadership Books. Cabral, S. (2021, February 14). Capitol Riots: Did Trump’s Words at Rally Incite Violence? BBC. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55640437 Chin, Y. S. & Zanuddin, H. (2024). What Motivates University Students to Counter Fake News? Examining Situational Perceptions, Referent Criterion, and New Media Literacy. KOME – An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 12(2), 111–132. Online: https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.of.16 Craven, S., Brown, S. & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of Literature and Theoretical Considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601069414 Elon University (2024). Imagining the Digital Future Project. National Public Opinion Poll of Adults: AI & Politics ’24. 19–21 April 2024. Online: https://imaginingthedigitalfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ITDF-ElonPoll_AIpolitics_5-15-24.pdf Franke-Ruta, G. (2012, June 18). Rielle Hunter and the Techniques of Political Seduction. The Atlantic. Online: https://tinyurl.com/38ysmduh HG.org. [s. a.]. Home -Wrecker Laws: Alienation of Affection and Criminal Conversation. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2vzmz7zj Iqbal, M., Susanto & Nunna, B. P. (2023). Sexual Gratification as a Serious Threat in Modern Criminal Reasoning on Aspects of Judges’ Considerations in Court Judgment. Jurnal Jurisprudence, 13(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v13i2.1819 James, E. L. (2012). Fifty Shades of Grey. Vintage Books. Lorenzo-Dus, N., Kinzel, A. & Di Cristofaro, M. (2020). The Communicative Modus Operandi of Online Child Sexual Groomers: Recurring Patterns in Their Language Use. Journal of Pragmatics, 155, 15–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.09.010 Losavio, M. M. (2024). AI Accountability & Social-Technical Solutions for the Regulation of Internet Free Speech. University of the Pacific Law Review, 55(2), 243–259. Online: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uoplawreview/vol55/iss2/11 Manheim, K. & Kaplan, L. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: Risks to Privacy and Democracy. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 21, 106–188. Online: https://yjolt.org/sites/default/files/21_yale_j.l._tech._106_0.pdf Mayer, M. & Till, J. E. (1996). The Internet: A Modern Pandora’s Box? Quality of Life Research, 5(6), 568–571. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439230 New American Standard Bible (2020). Lockman. NIJ (2024, May 8). Unconventional Wisdom: Research Shakes Up Assumptions about Sex Trafficking Clues in Online Escort Ads. National Institute of Justice. Online: https://tinyurl.com/2kz6fx7r Panditharatne, M. & Giansiracusa, N. (2023). How AI Puts Elections at Risk — And the Needed Safeguards. Brennan Center for Justice. Online: https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/howai-puts-elections-risk-and-needed-safeguards Pollack, D. & MacIver, A. (2015, November 1). Understanding Sexual Grooming in Child Abuse Cases. Child Law Practice Today. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4mzjetck Trauth-Goik, A. (2018, November 26). The Internet: Pandora’s Box or the Horn of Cornucopia? The Digital Age Calls for an Internet Etiquette. Digital Culturist. Online: https://tinyurl.com/467ba9yf Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 U.S. Federal Communications Commission (2024, February 2). Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies on Protecting Consumers from Unwanted Robocalls and Robotexts. CG Docket No. 23-362, Declaratory Ruling. Online: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/09/10/2024-19028/implicationsof-artificial-intelligence-technologies-on-protecting-consumers-from-unwanted-robocalls Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D. & Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk Factors, Coping Strategies and Associations with Cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628–633. Online: https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/4064.pdf Winters, G. M. & Jeglic, E. L. (2017). Stages of Sexual Grooming: Recognizing Potentially Predatory Behaviors of Child Molesters. Deviant Behavior, 38(6), 724–733. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197656 FOSTA-SESTA Acts (2018). The Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) and the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act (SESTA), Public Law No. 115–164. (US) The Michigan Penal Code, Act 328 of 1931 750.532 Seduction; punishment. Section 532." 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Online and algorithmic systems can promote the emotional, intellectual and political seduction of people. The power and scope of these systems may create new threats against which traditional means of protection may be overwhelmed. We discuss possible legal and technical ways to combat such misconduct as to protect the innocent and the autonomy of the individual.

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Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Justice and Instructor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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object(Publication)#154 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8063) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-27" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-27 21:43:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10240) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(7939) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4424) "Armijo, E. (2021). Speech Regulation by Algorithm. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 30(2), 245–263. Online: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol30/iss2/3 Casey-Maslen, S. (2024). Hybrid Warfare under International Law. Hart Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509979608 Cetina Presuel, R. (2021). Un estira y afloja: La definición de las reglas para la libre expresión en las plataformas de redes sociales. Jurídicas CUC, 17(1), 499–556. Online: https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.17.1.2021.18 Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (2018). Resolution 2217. Legal Challenges Related to Hybrid War and Human Rights Obligations. Online: https://tinyurl.com/44xk6jbd Ducaru, S. D. (2016). The Cyber Dimension of Modern Hybrid Warfare and its Relevance for NATO. Europolity, 10(1), 7–23. Online: https://tinyurl.com/zzdhwpew European Commission (2024, May 17). Commission Welcomes New Sanctions against Disinformation and War Propaganda. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_2682 European Council (2021, June 21). Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Coordinated EU Response to Hybrid Campaigns. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/21/council-conclusions-on-a-framework-for-a-coordinated-eu-response-to-hybrid-campaigns Fogt, M. M. (2021). Legal Challenges or ‘Gaps’ by Countering Hybrid Warfare. Building Resilience in Jus ante Bellum. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 27(1), 28–100. Fridman, O., Kabernik, V. & Pearce, J. C. (Eds.). (2018). Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare. New Labels, Old Politics. Lynne Rienner. Friedland, S. (2024, June). Speech Labels and Bias. Paper presentation. Free Speech Discussion Forum in Budapest, 13-14 June, 2024, Budapest. Galeotti, M. (2022). The Weaponisation of Everything. A Field Guide to the New Way of War. Yale University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv28bqm27 Grant, J. P. & Barker, J. C. (2009). Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195389777.001.0001 Hoffman, F. G. (2018). Examining Complex Forms of Conflict: Gray Zone and Hybrid Challenges. Prism, 7(4), 30–47. Jovanovski, Z. (2021). Challenges of International Humanitarian Law in Regulating Conflicts from the Era of Hybrid Warfare. Balkan Social Science Review, 18, 149–167. Online: https://doi.org/10.46763/bssr2118149j NATO (2024, May 7). Countering Hybrid Threats. Online: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm NATO Allied Command Transformation (s. a.). Cognitive Warfare. Online: https://www.act.nato.int/activities/cognitive-warfare/ Ó Fataigh, R. & Voorhoof, D. (2022). Freedom of Expression and the EU’s Ban on Russia Today: A Dangerous Rubicon Crossed. Communications Law, 27(4), 186–193. Quintais, J. P., Appelman, N. & Fahy, R. (2023). Using Terms and Conditions to Apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation. German Law Journal, 24(5), 881–911. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.53 Ronzitti, N. (2021). Diritto internazionale dei conflitti armati. Giappichelli. Rühle, M. (2021). NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats. In D. P. Jankowski & T. Stępniewski (Eds.), NATO in the Era of Unpeace. Defending Against Known Unknowns (pp. 59–80). Instytut Europy Środkowej. Sassi, S. (2022). La soft war dell’Unione Europea: il caso RT-France c. Consiglio. Il Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 38(6), 1199–1259. Saul, B. (2022, July). The Law of the Jungle: Western Hypocrisy over the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Australian Book Review, (444). Online: https://tinyurl.com/26y8z3zd Vigevani, G. E. (2023). Piattaforme digitali private, potere pubblico e libertà di espressione. Rivista di diritto costituzionale, 61(1), 41–54. Wagner, B., Kettemann, M. C., Tiedeke, A. S., Rachinger, F. & Sekwenz, M.-T. (2024). Mapping Interpretations of the Law in Online Content Moderation in Germany. Computer Law & Security Review, 55. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106054 Weissmann, M., Nilsson, N., Palmertz, B. & Thunholm, P. (Eds.). (2021). Hybrid Warfare. Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations. I.B. Tauris. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781788317795 Zeno-Zencovich, V. (2024). The EU’s Regulation of Speech: A Critical View. University of the Pacific Law Review, 55(2), 175–183." 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Long ago one used to say: “In a war truth is the first casualty.” The saying now should go: “In a modern war the first shot is a speech.” This paper wishes to point out how, over the last decade, informational activities have been classified as a form of “hybrid warfare” that should be countered and defeated. It analyses how traditional propaganda is now qualified as hybrid warfare and what are its consequences under international law, what does one mean for “disinformation” or “misinformation”, and how and who can determine it, as well as what are the consequences of the weaponisation of informational activity in a democratic system and in its public debate. The paper argues that a hybrid warfare is a catch-all expression which can include any kind of activity deemed as “hostile” by a country, the notion of disinformation is misleading and fuzzy, and is apt to include any sort of speech, from simple facts to statements of opinion, finally, the emphasis on hostile speech as a form of hybrid warfare has a spillover effect in domestic public debate with a powerful silencing effect on non-conventional views.

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The author is grateful to Professor Giulio Bartolini whose assistance was of invaluable help in correcting a series of flaws in the first draft of this paper.

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Full Professor of Comparative Law, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

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China’s legal education plays a unique and vital role in the national strategy to modernise its legal system, a foundation that has underpinned the country’s rapid ascent. This paper analyses this often-overlooked facet of China’s development by situating legal education within the broader framework of governmental initiatives. Faced with the challenge of establishing a functional legal infrastructure with extremely limited resources, China’s policymakers have adopted two primary approaches since the late 1970s. First, they have concentrated most legislative efforts on the large-scale transplantation of Western laws. Second, they have effectively transformed law schools into hubs for generating legislative knowledge and training legal professionals. The Foreign-Related Rule of Law initiative, the latest manifestation of the state-directed strategy, continues to shape legal education by introducing new objectives and challenges. This paper argues that to fully comprehend China’s path to modernisation, one must understand how legal education is embedded within its grand national development strategy.

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This paper is part of a research project funded by the China Law Society (grant number: CLS [2021] ZDWT 31-2). The author wishes to thank Müslüm Yilmaz and Feng Weimin for their helpful comments, and Zheng Xiaoye and Shang Ziyu for their excellent research assistance.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Hao Qian" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(49) "China’s Strategy for Governance and Development" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(35) "Legal Education in a Globalised Era" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#884 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(9948) ["email"]=> string(20) "qian.hao@cupl.edu.cn" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7871) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "CN" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0618-7352" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(45) "China University of Political Science and Law" ["hu_HU"]=> string(45) "China University of Political Science and Law" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(129) "

Associate Professor, School of Rule of Law and Government at China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China

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Online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 YETU (2025, January 24). Relatório e Contas. YETU. Online: https://tinyurl.com/cw63uc4x " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "63–82" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7735" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1067) "

Effective change management creates value for firms prepared to respond to market challenges robustly and forthrightly to gain competitive advantage. This study identifies the role of effective change management in promoting the capabilities of firms to remain sustainable and resilient amid economic crises. After engaging with the concept of crises and change management, this study analyses the banking sector in Angola with a particular focus on commercial banks. The financial statements of banks were scrutinised over the period between 2013 and 2023 with a view to determine the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR), which is considered an indicator of sustainability and resilience. Only four banks managed to successfully navigate through the roller-coaster period of crisis with a positive SGR throughout the period of analysis. This case study attempts to bridge theories and praxis to inform both scholars and practitioners. The study concludes by identifying four important contributions and suggesting opportunities for further research and application.

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Public Values Concepts and Criteria: The Case for “Progressive Opportunity” as a Criterion. Paper presentation. Center for Integrative Leadership. Creating Public in a Multi-Sector, Shared-Power World, Minneapolis, MN. Breivik, P. S. & Gee, E. G. (1989). Information Literacy. Revolution in the Library. American Council on Education/Macmillan. Calarusse, C. & Raffel, J. A. (2007, May–June). Transforming Public Affairs Education through Accreditation. Paper presentation. Leading the Future of the Public Sector: The Third Transatlantic Dialogue conference, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA, May–June 2007. De Graaf, G., Huberts, L. & Smulders, R. (2014). Coping with Public Value Conflicts. Administration & Society, 48(9), 1101–1127. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399714532273 Denhardt, R. B. (2001). The Big Questions of Public Administration Education. Public Administration Review, 61(5), 526–534. Denhardt, R. B. & Denhardt, J. V. (2000). The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6), 549–559. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00117 Frederickson, G. H. (1990). Public Administration and Social Equity. Public Administration Review, 50(2), 228–237. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/976870 Haras, C. & Brasley, S. S. (2011). Is Information Literacy a Public Concern? A Practice in Search of a Policy. Library Trends, 60(2), 361–382. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2011.0041 Henry, N., Goodsell, C. T., Lynn, L. E., Jr., Stivers, C. & Wamsley, G. L. (2009). Understanding Excellence in Public Administration: The Report of the Task Force on Educating for Excellence in the Master of Public Administration Degree of the American Society for Public Administration. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(2), 117–133. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2009.12001548 Jørgensen, T. B. & Bozeman, B. (2007). Public Values: An Inventory. Administration & Society, 39(3), 354–381. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707300703 Kaufman, H. (1956). Emerging Conflicts in the Doctrines of Public Administration. American Political Science Review, 50(4), 1057–1073. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1951335 Kernaghan, K. (2003). Integrating Values into Public Service: The Values Statement as Centerpiece. Public Administration Review, 63(6), 711–719. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00334 Lipsky, M. (1980). Street Level Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell Sage Foundation. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713 Mandell, M. B. (2009). Public Values as a Core Element of NASPAA. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 15(3), 261–267. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2009.12001560 Molina, A. D. & McKeown, C. L. (2012). The Heart of the Profession: Understanding Public Service Values. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 18(2), 375–396. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2012.12001689 Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA) (2009, October 16). Accreditation Standards for Master’s Degree Programs. Online: https://www.naspaa.org/accreditation/doc/NS2009FinalVote10.16.2009.pdf NASPAA (2007). Surveys. Online: http://www.naspaa.org/naspaa_surveys/main.asp Norman-Major, K. (2011). Balancing the Four Es; or Can We Achieve Equity for Social Equity in Public Administration? Journal of Public Affairs Education, 17(2), 233–252. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2011.12001640 Obama, B. (2009, October 1). Presidential Proclamation National Information Literacy Awareness Month. Online: https://tinyurl.com/v2xupxrn Perry, J. L. (1989). The Effective Public Administrator. In J. L. Perry (Ed.), Handbook of Public Administration (pp. 575–601). Jossey-Bass. Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. Free Press. Shafritz, J. M. & Russell, E. W. (1997). Introducing Public Administration. Addison Wesley Longman. Shapiro, J. J. & Hughes, S. K. (1996). Information Literacy as a Liberal Art: Enlightenment Proposals for a New Curriculum. Educom Review, 31(2), 1–6. Online: http://net.educause.edu/apps/er/review/reviewArticles/31231.html Svara, J. H. (2009). Introduction to the Symposium: The Nature of Public Professionalism and the Future of ASPA. Public Administration Review, 69(6), 1037–1039. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02060.x Svara, J. H. & Brunet, J. R. (2004). Filling in the Skeletal Pillar: Addressing Social Equity in Introductory Courses in Public Administration. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 10(2), 99–109. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2004.12001351 Turner, A. H. (2015). Instilling Public Service Values and Professionalism through Information Literacy. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 21(1), 41–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2015.12001815 Witesman, E. & Walters, L. (2014). Public Service Values: A New Approach to the Study of Motivation in the Public Sphere. Public Administration, 92(2), 375–405. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12000 Wooldridge, B. (1998). Protecting Equity While Reinventing Government: Strategies for Achieving a Fair Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of the Public Sector. Journal of Public Management and Social Policy, 4(1), 67–80. Wooldridge, B. & Gooden, S. (2009). The Epic of Social Equity: Evolution, Essence and Emergence. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 31(2), 222–234. Online: https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806310205" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "83–102" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7734" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1063) "

This paper introduces the concept of Value-Informed Public Service, emphasising the critical interrelationship between public service values, professionalism and information literacy in 21^st century public administration. Using a conceptual analytical methodology, the study explores how public administrators operate in complex environments characterised by competing values and discretionary decision-making. Key findings highlight that effective public service requires integrating individual value orientations, professional standards and information literacy to guide context-specific decision-making while maintaining legitimacy with citizens and colleagues. The paper recommends institutionalising this integrated framework within public affairs education to prepare competent civic professionals. The originality of this study lies in bridging the theoretical and practical elements of these often separately acknowledged concepts, providing an enduring framework that advances both the scholarship and practice of public administration.

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Professor of Public Policy & Administration, Faculty Associate for Assessment, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA

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Vol. 1: Međunarodni naučni skup “Izazovi i perspektive razvoja pravnih sistema u XXI vijeku” (pp. 91–100). Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci. Breen, C., Krutzinna, J., Luhamaa, K. & Skivenes, M. (2020). Family Life for Children in State Care: An Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ Reasoning on Adoption Without Consent. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(4), 715–747. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-28040001 Brucato, G. (2023). Children after War: From Moral Development Claims to Welfare and Agency Rights. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 64(1), 115–133. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2023.00437 Burgund Isakov, A., Zegarac, N. & Markovic, V. (2023). Surviving their Journey: A Trauma-informed Approach to Migrant Children’s Experiences of Violence on the Western Balkan Route. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 9(2), 89–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v9i2.1116 Cantwell, N. (2011). Are Children’s Rights Still Human? In A. Invernizzi & J. Williams (Eds.), The Human Rights of Children. From Visions to Implementation (pp. 37–59). Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315095769-4 Council of Europe (2010). Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-Friendly Justice. Council of Europe. Online: https://search.coe.int/cm?i=09000016804b2cf3 Dzuráková, D. (2022). Implications of Digitalization during the Covid-19 Pandemics. Institutiones Administrationis. Journal of Administrative Sciences, 2(1), 36–47. Online: https://doi.org/10.54201/iajas.v2i1.30 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) (2022). Handbook on European Law Relating to the Rights of the Child. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Council of Europe. Online: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/handbook-european-law-child-rights ECtHR Press Unit (2023, April). Factsheet – Children’s Rights. European Court of Human Rights. 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Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100073" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "103–120" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7702" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(906) "

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a key human rights treaty ratified by all EU member states and beyond. Although it does not focus specifically on children, it includes relevant provisions and obliges states to protect the rights of all individuals, including children. Moreover, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC) is ratified by all ECHR member states, which presumably contributed to the greater focus to the increase of child rights reasoning. This paper explores how ECHR provisions – particularly Article 8 on the right to privacy and family life, Article 3 on the prohibition of torture and other forms of cruel, degrading treatment, and Article 14 on non-discrimination – and recent European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rulings contribute to the wider protection of children’s rights, analysing their use as rhetorical arguments in legal reasoning.

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The research for this paper was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (grant ID: NKFIH FK 138346, ‘Legal Argumentation in the 21^st Century’), and a Bolyai János Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Research Fellow, HUN-REN Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Legal Studies, Budapest, Hungary; Associate Professor, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Rights and Politics, Budapest, Hungary

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High Breakdown-Point and High Efficiency Robust Estimates for Regression. The Annals of Statistics, 15(2), 642–656. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176350366 Zhang, P., Zhang, M., Zhou, Q. & Zaidi, S. A. H. (2022). The Relationship among Financial Inclusion, Non-performing Loans, and Economic Growth: Insights from OECD Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. Online: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939426" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "121–136" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8114" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1180) "

Non-performing loans (NPLs) are widely recognised as key indicators of the health of banks and, by extension, the broader economy. This study examines the impact of NPLs on the profitability of banks in Türkiye from 2003 to 2020, using Return on Assets (ROA) as the primary profitability measure. Panel data from 15 deposit banks were analysed using a robust least squares regression (with M-estimation) to address outliers and heteroscedasticity. Key variables include the NPL ratio, ownership concentration (OC), bank size, deposit ratio, consumer price index (CPI) and gross domestic product growth rate. The analysis shows a significant negative relationship between NPLs and ROA, indicating that higher NPL levels are associated with lower ROA. OC and CPI also exhibit negative effects on ROA, whereas bank size, deposit ratio and GDP growth rate have positive impacts on profitability. These findings underscore the need for effective NPL management to maintain the financial health of banks. The results highlight the importance of internal management efficiency, macroeconomic stability and robust regulatory frameworks in improving bank profitability in Türkiye.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(16) "Kalkan Göktürk" } ["prefix"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(3) "The" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "Evidence from Türkiye" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(52) "Impact of Non-performing Loans on Bank Profitability" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#902 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10491) ["email"]=> string(21) "gkalkan@gantep.edu.tr" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8238) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "TR" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3631-8179" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "Gaziantep University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(46) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:20:"Gaziantep university";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(167) "

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Gaziantep University İslahiye Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Gaziantep, Türkiye

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Kalkan" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "kalkan" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Göktürk" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "göktürk" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(20) "Non-performing loans" [1]=> string(18) "bank profitability" [2]=> string(16) "return on assets" [3]=> string(23) "panel robust regression" [4]=> string(8) "Türkiye" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#901 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(40923) ["id"]=> int(6401) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8238) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#907 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8232) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-27" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-27 21:43:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10484) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(9) ["submissionId"]=> int(8108) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(9191) "Alibašić, H. (2025). Administrative Legacy of Ibn Khaldûn: A Comparative Study of Historical Influences in Contemporary Governance Practices. Institutiones Administrationis. Journal of Administrative Sciences, 5(1), 25–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.54201/iajas.142 András, E. (2020). Hatalmi konstrukció: a kánon [Construct of Power: The Canon]. Műértő, 23(2), 7–8. Online https://amu.hvg.hu/2022/02/22/kanon/ Arendt, H. (1954). What Is Authority? Online: https://tinyurl.com/32pkxzka Arendt, H. (1958). What Was Authority? In C. J. Friedrich (Ed.), Authority. Nomos 1 (pp. 81–112). Harvard University Press. Schröder, A., Busse, U. & Schneider, R. (Eds.). (2012). Codification, Canons and Curricula. Description and Prescription in Language and Literature. Aisthesis. Balázs, Á. (2013). Tekintély, autoriter hatalom és zsarnokság [Authority, Authoritarian Power and Tyranny]. Élet és Irodalom, 57(3). Bentham, J. (1952). Handbook of Political Fallacies [Book of Fallacies (1824) rev. ed. H. A. Larrabee] (pp. 17–42). Johns Hopkins University Press. Berggrav, E. (1951). Authority. In Man and State (pp. 97–113). Trans. by G. Aus. Muhlenberg Press. Bergholtz, G. (1989). Ratio et Auctoritas: A Comparative Study of the Significance of Reasoned Decisions with Special Reference to Civil Cases. Scandinavian Studies in Law, 33, 11–48. Bjarup, J. (1978). Skandinavischer Realismus: Hägerström–Lundstedt–Olivecrona–Ross. Karl Alber. Bork, R. H. (1997). Slouching towards Gomorrah. Modern Liberalism and American Decline. Regan Books. Faralli, C. (1982). 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Alliance between Church and State: or, the Necessity and Equity of an Established Religion and a Test-law Demonstrated, From the Essence and End of Civil Society, upon the Fundamental Principles of the Law of Nature and Nations. Fletcher Gyles. Wołpiuk, W. J. (2019). Władza a kultura [Culture and Authority]. Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem, 11(1), 335–360. Online: https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.288" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(625) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "137–149" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8108" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(974) "

Authority is a fundamental tool of social integration. By selecting the most laudable and exemplary patterns, behaviours, actions or events – whether real or merely imagined – from the entire range of potentialities, it creates a community capable of communal action, by transforming an undifferentiated mass of independent individuals into a somewhat cohesive social group able to find common ground on matters vital for their shared existence, thus turning mere quantity into quality. It is thus evident that the existence of a certain degree of authority is also the basis for the viability of public administration, public policy and public management – to name but a few – in any given society. This paper will examine the conditions, manifestations and correlations of authority in the various domains of its social context, in order to provide a comprehensive account of its existence, its inevitability, but also the dangers inherent in its weakening.

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Research Professor Emeritus, HUN-REN Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Legal Studies, Budapest, Hungary. Professor Emeritus, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Law, Department of Legal Philosophy, Budapest, Hungary

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