object(Publication)#1056 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(8109) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-11-10 16:30:20" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10308) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(7985) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(8619) "Acharya, K. K. (2018). Local Governance Restructuring in Nepal: From Government to Governmentality. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 12, 37–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v12i0.22178 Acharya, K. K. (2021). Federalism Practice in Nepal: Does it Move in the Expected Course? Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 15(1), 20–34. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v15i01.41923 Acharya, K. K. & Zafarullah, H. (2022). Whither Demarginalization, Inclusion and Effectiveness? Challenges of Local Government Planning in Nepal. Millennial Asia, 15(2), 216–235. 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Implementation of Federalism in Nepal: Insights from Karnali Province. Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 1–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v25i1.75768 Benton, J. E. (2020). Challenges to Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations and Takeaways Amid the Covid-19 Experience. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 536–542. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941698 Benz, A. (2009). Intergovernmental Relations in German Federalism: Joint Decision-Making and the Dynamics of Horizontal Cooperation. In Seminario internacional la federalización en España: Los déficit de la cooperación intergubernamental (pp. 1–28). Fundación Manuel Giménez Abad de Estudios Parlamentarios y del Estado Autonómico. Bhal, R. W., Timofeev, A. & Yilmaz, S. (2022). Implementing Federalism: The Case of Nepal. Public Budgeting & Finance, 42(3), 23–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/pbaf.12314 Bolleyer, N. (2009). Intergovernmental Institutionalization in Canada. 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GoN (2020). Federation, Province, and Local Level (Coordination and Inter-relation) Act, 2020 (2077). Government of Nepal, Nepal Law Commission. Hachard, T. (2022). Capacity, Voice, and Opportunity: Advancing Municipal Engagement in Canadian Federal Relations. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, 27, 102–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.vi27.8480 Hausing, K. K. S. (2023). Intergovernmental Relations and the Territorial Management of Ethnic Diversity in India. India Review, 22(4), 397–432. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2023.2236462 Jha, P. C. (2007). Decentralization and Federalism in Brazil. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 68(1), 157–171. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858828 Kincaid, J. & Cole, R. L. (2016). Is the Teaching of Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations Dead or Alive in U.S. Public Administration? Journal of Public Affairs Education, 22(4), 515–530. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2016.12002264 Krane, D. & Leach, R. H. (2018). Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations: Theories, Ideas, and Concepts. In W. B. Hildreth, G. Miller & J. W. Rabin (Eds.), Handbook of Public Administration. 3rd edition (pp. 485–500). Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093215-12 Leonardy, U. (1998). The Institutional Structures of German Federalism. In C. Jeffery (Ed.), Recasting German Federalism. The Legacies of Unification (pp. 3–22). Bloomsbury Publisher. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies. A Comparative Exploration. Yale University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300158182 Malan, L. P. (2012): Intergovernmental Relations in South Africa: A Revised Policy Approach to Co-operative Government. African Journal of Public Affairs, 5(3), 115–124. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/21842 McLaughlin, A. (1918). The Background of American Federalism. American Political Science Review, 12(2), 215–240. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1943600 Menzies, J. (2013). Reducing Tensions in Australian Intergovernmental Relations through Institutional Innovation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(3), 382–389. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12036 Osborne, S. P. (2010). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203861684 Painter, M. (2001). Multi-level Governance and the Emergence of Collaborative Federal Institutions in Australia. Policy & Politics, 29(2), 137–150. Online: https://doi.org/10.1332/0305573012501260 Phillimore, J. (2013). Understanding Intergovernmental Relations: Key Features and Trends. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(3), 228–238. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12025 Rai, R. K. J. (2025). Issues of Federalism in Nepal: A Political Analysis of Success Factors. NPRC Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6), 180–192. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/nprcjmr.v2i6.80894 Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding Governance. Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Open University Press. Rose, S. & Bowling, C. J. (2015). The State of American Federalism 2014–15: Pathways to Policy in an Era of Party Polarization. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 45(3), 351–379. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjv028 Rosenthal, D. B. (1980). Bargaining Analysis in Intergovernmental Relations. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 10(3), 5–44. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/3329681 Subedi, G. (2021). Interprovincial Relations in Formative Phase of Federal Nepal. Journal of Political Science, 21, 9–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i0.35259 Subedi, G. (2025). Practices and Key Aspects of Intergovernmental Relations in Nepal: Major Challenges and Way Forward in Advancing Federalism. The Academia: An Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 5(1), 53–69. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/ta.v5i1.77114 Wright, D. S. (1974). Intergovernmental Relations in America Today. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 416(1), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627441600102" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7985" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1598) "

This study investigates the complexities and obstacles associated with intergovernmental relations (IGR) in Nepal’s emerging federal system. By conducting interviews with government officials and analysing key IGR mechanisms, the research identifies substantial obstacles to the effective cooperation, coordination and coexistence of federal, provincial and local governments. Some of the significant issues are a lack of genuine autonomy for subnational entities, fiscal imbalances, inactive dispute resolution bodies and an ambiguous division of responsibilities. The study uses a qualitative approach, analysing authority, resources and responsibilities in Nepal through 29 key informant interviews with government officials. It identifies themes related to coordination, power devolution and service delivery, and uses secondary sources to contextualise Nepal’s federal experiment within broader theoretical and comparative contexts. The study reveals that centralised control, political interference and ineffective institutions continue to hinder Nepal’s IGR framework, despite the constitutional provisions. The findings have significant implications for federal governance in Nepal, emphasising the necessity of overcoming structural obstacles, promoting genuine collaboration among government echelons, and empowering subnational entities. More broadly, the study contributes to the literature on federalism and IGR in developing democracies by illustrating the difficulties associated with translating constitutional principles into functional multi-level governance systems.

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Visiting Faculty, Kathmandu University School of Management, Kathmandu, Nepal

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Full Professor, Department of Sociology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

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This study critically analyzes Indonesia's national licensing reform, pivoting governance to the Risk-Based Approach (RBA) via the Online Single Submission (OSS) system, governed by the Law on Job Creation (UUCK) and PP 5/2021. The reform aims to boost economic competitiveness by simplifying licensing, notably by integrating environmental permits into Environmental Approvals. This simplification sparks debate, as critics argue it weakens the preventive control of environmental law and compromises legal
certainty and ecosystem protection. The study finds that despite successfully streamlining formal procedures, OSS-RBA implementation is severely hampered by vertical and horizontal regulatory disharmony, a critical lack of data synchronization, and fundamental instability of the OSS digital infrastructure. The reform's long-term success is critically dependent on the competence of public administrators to exercise proper discretion when addressing high-risk activities. Therefore, the RBA framework requires continuous structural and institutional evaluation to ensure investment facilitation does not compromise legal certainty and environmental sustainability.

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