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This study investigates the complexities and obstacles associated with intergovernmental relations (IGR) in Nepal’s emerging federal system. By conducting interviews with government officials and analysing key IGR mechanisms, the research identifies substantial obstacles to the effective cooperation, coordination and coexistence of federal, provincial and local governments. Some of the significant issues are a lack of genuine autonomy for subnational entities, fiscal imbalances, inactive dispute resolution bodies and an ambiguous division of responsibilities. The study uses a qualitative approach, analysing authority, resources and responsibilities in Nepal through 29 key informant interviews with government officials. It identifies themes related to coordination, power devolution and service delivery, and uses secondary sources to contextualise Nepal’s federal experiment within broader theoretical and comparative contexts. The study reveals that centralised control, political interference and ineffective institutions continue to hinder Nepal’s IGR framework, despite the constitutional provisions. The findings have significant implications for federal governance in Nepal, emphasising the necessity of overcoming structural obstacles, promoting genuine collaboration among government echelons, and empowering subnational entities. More broadly, the study contributes to the literature on federalism and IGR in developing democracies by illustrating the difficulties associated with translating constitutional principles into functional multi-level governance systems.

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Visiting Faculty, Kathmandu University School of Management, Kathmandu, Nepal

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Full Professor, Department of Sociology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

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III. negyedév végi pénzügyi helyzetét jellemző főbb adatok, 2024 [SAO Analysis of the Key Data on the Financial Situation of Local Governments, 2024, Third Quarter]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/dokumentumok/Elemzes_onk_2024_III_pu_helyzet.pdf State Audit Office of Hungary (2024b). Jelentés. Az önkormányzatok működésének és gazdálkodásának ellenőrzése. Balmazújváros Város Önkormányzata, 2024 [SAO Report on the City of Balmazújváros, 2024]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/jelentesek State Audit Office of Hungary (2025). Jelentés. Az önkormányzatok gazdálkodásának célvizsgálata. Az önkormányzatok ellenőrzése – a pénzforgalomban megjelenő kiadások teljesítésének és elszámolásának megfelelősége. Hugyag Község Önkormányzata, 2025 [SAO Report on the Municipality of Hugyag, 2025]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/jelentesek Szabó, L. (1993). Az önkormányzatok törvényességi ellenőrzésének fejlesztése [The Improvement of Legal Control of Local Governments]. Magyar Közigazgatás, 43(8), 466–473. Varga, Zs. A. (2019). From Ideal to Idol? The Concept of the Rule of Law. Dialóg Campus. Veszprém County Government Office (2023). Beszámoló a Veszprém Vármegyei Kormányhivatal 2022. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Veszprém County Government Office, 2022]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/m7ydeyky" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "27–46" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8290" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(974) "

The study focuses on the financial segment of the legal supervision of local governments in Hungary. It examines the experience of legality supervision, with a special focus on professional assistance and financial instruments, based on the reports of government offices. Drawing on the academic literature, it examines the general means of supervision, the main international approaches to financial supervision and the experience of Hungarian financial control. In the latter context, it relies on the analyses and reports of the State Audit Office of Hungary and takes stock of the debt resolution procedures that have occurred in Hungary after 2014, which the paper hypothesises may, in some cases, point to the limits of the means of legal supervision in the financial field. The study assesses recent legislative proposals and notes the importance of preventive instruments. It further points out that the most severe instruments often have a preventive effect.

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The study was supported by the Foundation for the Development of Democratic Local Governance.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "Zsuzsanna Árva" } ["prefix"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "The " } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(105) "Experience of Legal Supervision of Hungarian Local Governments in the Light of Debt Settlement Procedures" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#798 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10717) ["email"]=> string(28) "arva.zsuzsanna@law.unideb.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8414) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-3505" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "University of Debrecen" ["hu_HU"]=> string(79) "Debreceni Egyetem, Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, Közigazgatási Jogi Tanszék" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(98) "

Full Professor, Department of Administrative Law, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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oktatási dékánhelyettes, intézetvezető, tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár

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(2005). Modeling Inflation Dynamics in Transition Economies: The Case of Ukraine. Eastern European Economics, 43(6), 66–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8755430604 Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8 Valogo, M. K., Duodu, E., Yusif, H. & Baidoo, S. T. (2023). Effect of Exchange Rate on Inflation in the Inflation Targeting Framework: Is the Threshold Level Relevant? Research in Globalization, 6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100119 World Bank (2024). GDP per capita (current US$) – Uzbekistan. Online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=UZ Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). Bounds Test Approach to Cointegration and Causality between Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India. Energy Policy, 38(1), 52–58. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.053 Zainidinov, M. (2021). How Much Does Fiscal Policy Contribute to Explaining Inflation in Kyrgyzstan? MA thesis. Central European University." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "47–68" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8308" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1146) "

This paper seeks to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship between price level and monetary, non-monetary and external factors of inflation in Uzbekistan, from January 2016 to August 2025. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to examine the link between money (M), interest rate (R), exchange rate (FX), producer price index (PP), import volume (IM), global food prices and the consumer price index (CPI). The estimates of the bound test found the cointegrating associations among the variables. The alternative Johansen test confirmed the existence of such a long-run relationship. Additionally, M, FX and PP have long-run relationships with the CPI, while the elasticity of the CPI with respect to R and IM is not statistically significant in the long run. The error correction term (ECM) has a value of –0.18, which means that 18% of the deviation is corrected in each month. Moreover, R and FX have a positive and statistically significant effect on the CPI in the short run. Finally, the Toda and Yamamoto causality test established the bidirectional causality between M and the CPI in Uzbekistan.

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Project No. TKP2021-NVA-16 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NVA funding scheme. This study was conducted at the Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab of the Ludovika University of Public Service.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(42) "Elyor Davlaton, Csaba Lentner, Judit Sági" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "The Case of Uzbekistan" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(58) "Analysis of Inflation Dynamics in Post-Communist Economies" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#807 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10739) ["email"]=> string(31) "davlatov.elyor@o365.u-szeged.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8432) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-430X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "University of Szeged" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(79) "

PhD Student, University of Szeged, Doctoral School in Economics, Hungary

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Corresponding Author. Full Professor, Head of the Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab, Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

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Associate Professor, Department of Controlling, Budapest University of Economics and Business, Budapest, Hungary; Visiting Researcher, Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab, Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

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The Nexus between Human Development, Official Development Assistance, Carbon Emissions, and Governance in Developing Countries for the Realization of Sustainable Development Goals. Cogent Economics and Finance, 12(1), 1–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2024.2330452 Fasenfest, D. (2010). Government, Governing, and Governance. Critical Sociology, 36(6), 771–774. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920510378192 Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). Sage Publications. Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12035 Garcia-Sanchez, I. M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. & Frias-Aceituno, J. (2013). Determinants of Government Effectiveness. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(8), 567–577. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.772630 Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2020). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. Online: https://tinyurl.com/5hawfsu8 Halásková, M., Linhartova, V., Gavurova, B. & Niroda, P. (2023). Indicators of Government Effectiveness in European Countries: Empirical Analysis Using Panel Data. Transformations in Business and Economics, 22(1), 280–298. Online: http://www.transformations.knf.vu.lt/58/article/indi Howes, S. (2019, August 26). Poor Governance in the Pacific: The Forgotten Issue. Devpolicy Blog. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3y76bwhy Hufty, M. (2011). Governance: Exploring Four Approaches and Their Relevance to Research. In U. Wiesmann & H. Hurni (Eds.), Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives (pp.165–183). NCCR North-South/Geographica Bernensia. Isser, D. H., Raballand, G. & Watts, M. J. (2024). Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 21st Century. Four Trends and an Uncertain Outlook. The World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10713 Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. Policy Research Working Paper, (5430). Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5430 Langbein, L. & Knack, S. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Six, One, or None? The Journal of Development Studies, 46(2), 350–370. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902952399 La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R. (1999). The Quality of Government. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222–279. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222 Lynn, L. E. Jr., Heinrich, C. J. & Hill, C. J. (2000). Studying Governance and Public Management: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 233–261. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024269 Magalhães, P. C. (2014). Government Effectiveness and Support for Democracy. European Journal of Political Research, 53(1), 77–97. 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This study analyses the effectiveness of government, which is crucial for a stable society, and it examines whether government effectiveness (GE) varies significantly across global regions and income groups. Using the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) data over 2023, the study compares differences in GE scores among seven geographic regions and three income groups based on the ANOVA approach and Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests. Due to its comprehensive and up-to-date comparison, the study offers new insights into institutional performance. Results indicated that the quality of GE differs significantly by region and income level. High GE scores consistently belong to high-income countries, whereas low-income countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, tend to be less effective in this regard. Regional differences also exist, with Europe, Central Asia and North America being more effective than other regions. These results suggested the need for policy enhancement and institutional development in the countries of the underperforming regions. Improving governance there is crucial for promoting inclusive growth, enhancing service delivery and achieving certain Sustainable Development Goals.

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The author extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA, for funding this research work through the project number “NBU-FFR-2025-2512-2”. Additionally, the author would like to acknowledge the use of Grammarly and QuillBot to enhance the article’s readability, language and sentence structure. These technologies were applied with the author’s oversight and control through the author’s careful review and editing.

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Associate Professor, Department of Law, College of Business Administration, Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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(2016). Resistance of Public Personnel to Open Government: A Cognitive Theory View of Implementation Barriers towards Open Government Data. Public Management Review, 18(9), 1335–1364. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1103889 Zagrapan, J. & Spáč, P. (2022). Factors of Proactive Disclosure of Information at the Local Level. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(6), 1346–1370. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2101494 Zaltman, G. & Duncan, R. (1977). Strategies for Planned Change. Wiley." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "91–114" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8362" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(898) "

This study focuses on the extent to which Dutch municipalities’ decisions to make personal policy views public actually lead to greater transparency. The research finds that council members perceive increased transparency as a consequence of such decisions. However, the study also observes that administrative resistance may arise against the decision to disclose personal policy views. This resistance has various causes and can take different forms. Some forms of resistance are recognised by council members, while others are not. In the latter case, a degree of apparent transparency may emerge. The use of these unnoticed forms of resistance is strongly associated with the type of disclosure decision that is made. For example, in all cases where the decision was taken to actively disclose all communication, certain information is emphasised, and oral consultation is intensified.

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Lecturer, Institute of Public Administration, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands

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This study aims to analyse the factors that influence fraud in government procurement in the context of the central government in Indonesia. By using a mixed method, this research uses a sequential explanatory design involving two stages: a quantitative research using 128 respondents’ data on the one hand, and qualitative research with 9 informants and 132 respondents on the other hand, supported by the use of agency theory and rent-seeking theory enriched with normative studies as an approach to explain types of procurement fraud in Indonesia. Through multiple linear regression on the data of 128 respondents processed using the SPSS application, this study demonstrates that procurement governance is negatively related to procurement fraud, just as the role of effective APIP is negatively related to procurement fraud. In contrast, economic-political pressure is positively related to procurement fraud. Meanwhile, the impact of research findings on procurement regulators’ issuance of related policies underscores first the relationship between law enforcement and APIP. Second, the handling of procurement objections that ensure the confidentiality of whistleblowers through APIP. Third, a procurement clearing house to handle strategic procurement packages involving three areas of expertise: procurement, law and supervision. And fourth, procurement digitisation leading to open data platforms and the use of artificial intelligence in fraud detection.

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Program in Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

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(2021). Corruption Control, Shadow Economy, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100774 Usman, N., Griffiths, M. & Alam, A. (2025). FinTech and Money Laundering: Moderating Effect of Financial Regulations and Financial Literacy. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 27(3), 301–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-04-2024-0068 Wang, Z. (2022). Informal Economy and Institutional Quality. BCP Business & Management, 18, 18–23. Online: https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v18i.530 Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics. A Modern Approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. World Bank (2022). Western Balkans Labour Market Brief 2022. World Bank. Online: https://tinyurl.com/y3hj36hv World Bank (2024). Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 26, Fall 2024. Retaining the Growth Momentum. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/42267 World Bank (2025). Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 27, Spring 2025. Adapting for Sustainable Growth. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/43132 World Economics (2025). Informal Economy Sizes. Informal Economy Size as a Percentage of GDP. World Economics. Online: https://www.worldeconomics.com/Informal-Economy/ Yao, J. (2024). Unveiling the Informal Economy: An Augmented Factor Model Approach. IMF Working Papers, (110), 1–39. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400277160.001" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "137–156" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8422" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1340) "

The informal economy has been a consistent threat to development policy, particularly in Southeastern Europe, where institutional vulnerability and macroeconomic fluctuations are common. This paper examines institutional and macroeconomic factors behind informality across 2012–2024, denoting control of corruption, effectiveness of anti-money laundering, inflation, unemployment, contract enforcement, and economic freedom. Employing panel data from well-regarded international sources, the paper estimates the econometric result using the Arellano–Bover and Blundell–Bond System GMM estimator, which incorporates the endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and the dynamic effects. Results reveal strong path dependence, as lagged informal activity is statistically significant. Corruption control and the enforcement of contracts lead to lesser informality, whereas AML controls, surprisingly, enhance informality; hence, there are gaps in institution implementation. Inflation and unemployment heighten the informal behaviour, whereas economic freedom checks such behaviour. The research gap discussed is the lack of a combination of institutional and macroeconomic approaches to informality in the post-transition economy. The results presented provide practical implications for strengthening and formalising institutions.

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Full Professor, Bank, Finance and Accounting, Faculty of Economics, University Isa Boletini, Mitrovica, Kosova

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Assistant Professor, Management, Business and Economics, University for Business and Technology, Prishtina, Kosovo

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Associate Professor, Department of Law, Management Science and Economics, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia

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DBA Candidate, Business Studies, University of East London, London, U.K.

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Algorithmic Governance, Public Participation and Trust. Citizen–State Relations in a Smart City Project. Social Anthropology, 32(4), 13–30. Online: https://doi.org/10.3167/saas.2024.320402 Busuioc, M. (2021). Accountable Artificial Intelligence: Holding Algorithms to Account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825–836. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13293 Canel, M. J. & Luoma-Aho, V. (2018). Public Sector Communication. Closing Gaps Between Citizens and Public Organizations. Wiley. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135630 Chan, J., Choi, F., Saha, K. & Chandrasekharan, E. (2025). Examining Algorithmic Curation on Social Media: An Empirical Audit of Reddit’s r/popular Feed. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.20491 Chen, Y.-C., Ahn, M. J. & Wang, Y.-F. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Public Values: Value Impacts and Governance in the Public Sector. Sustainability, 15(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064796 Cobbe, J., Veale, M. & Singh, J. (2023). 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This study investigates the influence of algorithmic interaction on public relations and political participation within public institutions. Digitalisation transforms traditional forms of communication, emphasising data-driven, transparent and accountable structures. The study uses OECD, Eurostat and World Bank data to create a balanced panel dataset for the EU27 countries from 2015 to 2024. Panel regression, causality tests, cointegration analyses and dynamic panel methods were applied. The findings suggest that social media use enhances e-government participation and that these interactions strengthen digital democracy. Furthermore, renewable energy and energy dependency have indirect relationships with digitalisation. The study justifies and stress-tests a proxy for algorithmic content density, documenting dynamic effects using System GMM with transparent instrument reporting. Subsample and interaction analyses reveal heterogeneous returns for OMS versus NMS. Policy recommendations emphasise algorithmic transparency, inclusive access and ethics by design.

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This study was carried out within the scope of the TUBITAK project numbered 224K651 and entitled “Perspective Search for Transformational Change in Digital Public Relations through Big Data Analytics”.

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Full Professor, Public Relations and Publicity Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University. Bolu, Turkey. Affiliated Researcher, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan

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