Az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának ítélete az államosított magántulajdon visszaszolgáltatásáról
After the fall of the communist regime, the Romanian State adopted a series of laws to redress the violations of property rights caused by that regime. Romania has been condemned in numerous restitution cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights, because the implementation of property restitution legislation has proceeded exceedingly slowly. This paper aims to investigate the main causes of this delay taking into consideration the new legislative framework of Property Restitution and the new judgements of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) against Romania.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(585) "After the fall of the communist regime, the Romanian State adopted a series of laws to redress the violations of property rights caused by that regime. Romania has been condemned in numerous restitution cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights, because the implementation of property restitution legislation has proceeded exceedingly slowly. This paper aims to investigate the main causes of this delay taking into consideration the new legislative framework of Property Restitution and the new judgements of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) against Romania.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(103) "The Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights on the Restitution of Nationalized Private Property" ["hu_HU"]=> string(110) "Az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának ítélete az államosított magántulajdon visszaszolgáltatásáról" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2535) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2316) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Bónis" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Bónis" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Péter" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Péter" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(33) "Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága" [1]=> string(29) "államosított magántulajdon" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(29) "nationalized private property" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7012) ["id"]=> int(1465) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2316) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }A nemzetiségek parlamenti képviseletének elmélete és gyakorlata A nemzetiségi képviselet szempontjából előnyös választási rendszerek általánosságban
As a starting point it could be stated that theoretically (among the basic models of electoral systems—listed, individual, mixed) the listed systems are suitable for the minority’s numerical representation—opposed to the individual system in which frame the “winner takes it all”. The minorities can represent themselves in merit and get a mandate in the listed system, which is suitable to proportion. Since the nationalities are numerical minorities in a given State, in the absence of deeper analysis we could think: the listing system favors nationalities. The solution is not so simple because of the following reasons. A majority list system can be proportional too (and the individual system as well). The fact is that the electoral system is not necessarily proportional just because it is a listed system. Changing the boundaries of electoral districts is fundamentally affecting the outcome of the election. The electoral threshold is also a very important question in the listed systems. The electoral
threshold is the factor, which prevents the fragmentation of the parliamentary mandates, and also the disproportion of the system. We should not ignore if the minorities are concentrated geographically in a State, or they are living dispersed. Below is an overview of some of the special electoral systems in general, taking into account all of the above mentioned criteria.
As a starting point it could be stated that theoretically (among the basic models of electoral systems—listed, individual, mixed) the listed systems are suitable for the minority’s numerical representation—opposed to the individual system in which frame the “winner takes it all”. The minorities can represent themselves in merit and get a mandate in the listed system, which is suitable to proportion. Since the nationalities are numerical minorities in a given State, in the absence of deeper analysis we could think: the listing system favors nationalities. The solution is not so simple because of the following reasons. A majority list system can be proportional too (and the individual system as well). The fact is that the electoral system is not necessarily proportional just because it is a listed system. Changing the boundaries of electoral districts is fundamentally affecting the outcome of the election. The electoral threshold is also a very important question in the listed systems. The electoral
threshold is the factor, which prevents the fragmentation of the parliamentary mandates, and also the disproportion of the system. We should not ignore if the minorities are concentrated geographically in a State, or they are living dispersed. Below is an overview of some of the special electoral systems in general, taking into account all of the above mentioned criteria.
The study is focusing on the aims and operational tools of the renewed Hungarian family subsidising system. After depicting the unfavourable tendencies of the demographic layouts, it is mentioning the main elements of the redistribution and subsidy policies, together with their planned efforts. The authors are interpreting the framework of the study and the applicability of the subsidising policy in the possible broadest context of family relations, child carrying and home settlement, which are the inter-connected and cross-accelerating elements of the system.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(573) "The study is focusing on the aims and operational tools of the renewed Hungarian family subsidising system. After depicting the unfavourable tendencies of the demographic layouts, it is mentioning the main elements of the redistribution and subsidy policies, together with their planned efforts. The authors are interpreting the framework of the study and the applicability of the subsidising policy in the possible broadest context of family relations, child carrying and home settlement, which are the inter-connected and cross-accelerating elements of the system.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(45) "Priorities of Hungarian Family Support System" ["hu_HU"]=> string(50) "A magyar családtámogatási rendszer prioritásai" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2542) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2321) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Lentner" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Lentner" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Csaba" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#769 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2543) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2321) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Sági" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Sági" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Judit" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Judit" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2544) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2321) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tatay" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Tatay" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tibor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Tibor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(18) "családtámogatás" [1]=> string(22) "családok gyarapodása" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(14) "Family Support" [1]=> string(15) "home settlement" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#794 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7025) ["id"]=> int(1472) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2321) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }As the Article 17. of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Article XIII. of the Fundamental Law of Hungary states: every person has the right to own a property. Therefore—based on the Civil Code Act 5:14, section 1—all things of a tangible nature which are capable of appropriation could be owned. The protection of the right of possession (which is a human and a fundamental right) could be interpreted in terms of the land (arable land) as well. However this is a specific case. Although the native legal persons and the foreign legal and natural persons are basically excluded from the possibility to gaining possession of land, the right of property—in general—is still guaranteed. The right of property shall be regarded as a human right—irrespective of the restriction1 mentioned above. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights provides only for the protection of a previously obtained property, and empowers the states to regulate the usage of goods with regard to public interest and to ensure the payment of dues/taxes or fines.2 The Hungarian legislator shall regulate—based upon section 2 Article P, of the Fundamental Law—the acquisition of ownership of land (and the forest), as well as the limits and conditions of its utilization in a cardinal Act. In this perspective, my aim is to outline—with historical view also—the title rights, methods and limits of acquisition and utilization of land, namely, how and with what restrictions it has been and is possible to acquire the ownership and right to the use of land under legal regulations.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1605) "As the Article 17. of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Article XIII. of the Fundamental Law of Hungary states: every person has the right to own a property. Therefore—based on the Civil Code Act 5:14, section 1—all things of a tangible nature which are capable of appropriation could be owned. The protection of the right of possession (which is a human and a fundamental right) could be interpreted in terms of the land (arable land) as well. However this is a specific case. Although the native legal persons and the foreign legal and natural persons are basically excluded from the possibility to gaining possession of land, the right of property—in general—is still guaranteed. The right of property shall be regarded as a human right—irrespective of the restriction1 mentioned above. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights provides only for the protection of a previously obtained property, and empowers the states to regulate the usage of goods with regard to public interest and to ensure the payment of dues/taxes or fines.2 The Hungarian legislator shall regulate—based upon section 2 Article P, of the Fundamental Law—the acquisition of ownership of land (and the forest), as well as the limits and conditions of its utilization in a cardinal Act. In this perspective, my aim is to outline—with historical view also—the title rights, methods and limits of acquisition and utilization of land, namely, how and with what restrictions it has been and is possible to acquire the ownership and right to the use of land under legal regulations.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(59) "Property Policy – Theory and Practice of Land Acquisition" ["hu_HU"]=> string(59) "Birtokpolitika – A földszerzés elmélete és gyakorlata" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#767 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2553) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2326) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Méhes" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Méhes" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Tamás" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Tamás" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(14) "Birtokpolitika" [1]=> string(13) "földszerzés" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(15) "Property Policy" [1]=> string(16) "Land Acquisition" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#796 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7035) ["id"]=> int(1477) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2326) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }As a main rule the right to protection of personal data is a “gender-neutral” right. This guarantees equal rights for every person, male or female. Nonetheless, it does not mean that human dignity of women or women’s human dignity has no relevance in the field of data protection. Specific cases prove that the misuse of certain datas might be in close coherence with the gender of the victim. Digital stalking and digital harassment affect many women in Europe. Although the relevant Hungarian statistics show lower numbers, all stakeholders—including the national DPA—have to be aware of the dangers of the infringements affecting especially young victims.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(678) "As a main rule the right to protection of personal data is a “gender-neutral” right. This guarantees equal rights for every person, male or female. Nonetheless, it does not mean that human dignity of women or women’s human dignity has no relevance in the field of data protection. Specific cases prove that the misuse of certain datas might be in close coherence with the gender of the victim. Digital stalking and digital harassment affect many women in Europe. Although the relevant Hungarian statistics show lower numbers, all stakeholders—including the national DPA—have to be aware of the dangers
of the infringements affecting especially young victims.
Az Egyesült Államok és Kanada alkotmánybíráskodása a decentralizált modell kategóriájába sorolható be, mivel mindkét országban a Legfelsőbb Bíróság látja el az alkotmánybíráskodás jellegű feladatokat. Ebben a tanulmányban egyrészt azt ismertetem, hogy milyen történeti előzményei, elméleti hátterei vannak az amerikai, illetve a kanadai alkotmánybíráskodásnak.
Előbbi tekintetében a természetjogi hagyományok és a Marbury v. Madison ügy, utóbbi vonatkozásában pedig a sajátos közjogi helyzet, és az úgynevezett „élő fa”‒doktrína játszottak szerepet. Másrészt a bíróságok szervezeti felépítése, valamint a testületek hatáskörei kerülnek bemutatásra.
Az Egyesült Államok és Kanada alkotmánybíráskodása a decentralizált modell kategóriájába sorolható be, mivel mindkét országban a Legfelsőbb Bíróság látja el az alkotmánybíráskodás jellegű feladatokat. Ebben a tanulmányban egyrészt azt ismertetem, hogy milyen történeti előzményei, elméleti hátterei vannak az amerikai, illetve a kanadai alkotmánybíráskodásnak.
Előbbi tekintetében a természetjogi hagyományok és a Marbury v. Madison ügy, utóbbi vonatkozásában pedig a sajátos közjogi helyzet, és az úgynevezett „élő fa”‒doktrína játszottak szerepet. Másrészt a bíróságok szervezeti felépítése, valamint a testületek hatáskörei kerülnek bemutatásra.
Between 1 February and 1 June 2017, the Curia of Hungary rendered three important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to property (Article XIII of the Fundamental Law of Hungary), right to participate in referendum [Article XXIII, paragraph (7) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] and right to have one’s affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities [Article XXIV, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary].
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(496) "Between 1 February and 1 June 2017, the Curia of Hungary rendered three important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to property (Article XIII of the Fundamental Law of Hungary), right to participate in referendum [Article XXIII, paragraph (7) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] and right to have one’s affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities [Article XXIV, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary].
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(83) "Fundamental Rights Cases of the Curia of Hungary Between 1 February and 1 June 2017" ["hu_HU"]=> string(24) "A Kúria gyakorlatából" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#800 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2561) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2336) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Berkes" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Berkes" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Bálint" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bálint" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(6) "Kúria" [1]=> string(21) "tulajdonhoz való jog" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(5) "Curia" [1]=> string(17) "right to property" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#805 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7050) ["id"]=> int(1484) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2336) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Court of Justice of the EU ruled in two recent cases on the question of whether the wearing of a religious sign, such as an Islamic headscarf, can be prohibited by employers. In both cases, a female employee was dismissed because of wearing a Muslim headscarf during working hours despite previously having been ordered by her respective employer to refrain from doing that. In its rulings the Court set out, that an internal rule of a company which prohibits the visible wearing of any political, philosophical or religious sign does not constitute direct discrimination. Nevertheless, it can amount to indirect discrimination if it puts at a particular disadvantage persons who adhere to a given religion or belief. However, the Court emphasised that no indirect discrimination can be established where a difference of treatment that is indirectly based on religion or belief is justified by a legitimate aim and if the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary. The Court also pointed out that in the absence of such a company rule, the willingness of an employer to take account of the wishes of a costumer not to get the employer’s services from a worker wearing an Islamic headscarf should be considered direct discrimination.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1261) "The Court of Justice of the EU ruled in two recent cases on the question of whether the wearing of a religious sign, such as an Islamic headscarf, can be prohibited by employers. In both cases, a female employee was dismissed because of wearing a Muslim headscarf during working hours despite previously having been ordered by her respective employer to refrain from doing that. In its rulings the Court set out, that an internal rule of a company which prohibits the visible wearing of any political, philosophical or religious sign does not constitute direct discrimination. Nevertheless, it can amount to indirect discrimination if it puts at a particular disadvantage persons who adhere to a given religion or belief. However, the Court emphasised that no indirect discrimination can be established where a difference of treatment that is indirectly based on religion or belief is justified by a legitimate aim and if the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary. The Court also pointed out that in the absence of such a company rule, the willingness of an employer to take account of the wishes of a costumer not to get the employer’s services from a worker wearing an Islamic headscarf should be considered direct discrimination.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(54) "Restrictions on the Wearing of Religious Signs at Work" ["hu_HU"]=> string(71) "A vallási jelképek munkahelyen történő viselésének korlátozása" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#815 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2567) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2339) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Balázs" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(18) "vallási jelképek" [1]=> string(27) "viselésének korlátozása" [2]=> string(17) "Iszlám fejkendő" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(15) "religious signs" [1]=> string(27) "Restrictions on the wearing" [2]=> string(17) "Islamic headscarf" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#809 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7064) ["id"]=> int(1490) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2339) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }This review intends to present some of the most important decisions adopted by the European Court of Human Rights in the period of 1 February to 15 March 2017, in respect of Hungary and other countries. As regards the judgments rendered against Hungary, one of them concerned the application of the September 2015 rules designed to halt the mass influx of migrants and, in particular, certain aspects of the accelerated border zone immigration proceedings. The other one was related to the overhaul of the system of disability allowances in 2012. In so far as cases against other countries are concerned, their subject matter covered, respectively, the obligation to provide written reasons for court judgments, the deprivation of citizenship for terrorist-related activities, the forcible removal of journalists from the press gallery of Parliament, the arrest and prosecution of parents petitioning for a right for their children to receive education in Kurdish and the imposition of special supervision measure on account of alleged dangerousness.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1057) "This review intends to present some of the most important decisions adopted by the European Court of Human Rights in the period of 1 February to 15 March 2017, in respect of Hungary and other countries. As regards the judgments rendered against Hungary, one of them concerned the application of the September 2015 rules designed to halt the mass influx of migrants and, in particular, certain aspects of the accelerated border zone immigration proceedings. The other one was related to the overhaul of the system of disability allowances in 2012. In so far as cases against other countries are concerned, their subject matter covered, respectively, the obligation to provide written reasons for court judgments, the deprivation of citizenship for terrorist-related activities, the forcible removal of journalists from the press gallery of Parliament, the arrest and prosecution of parents petitioning for a right for their children to receive education in Kurdish and the imposition of special supervision measure on account of alleged dangerousness.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(75) "Fundamental Rights Cases – the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg" ["hu_HU"]=> string(70) "Alapjogi jogesetek – a strasbourgi Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#808 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2569) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2344) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Mohácsi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Mohácsi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Máté" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Maté" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(18) "Alapjogi jogesetek" [1]=> string(33) "Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága" [2]=> string(10) "Strasbourg" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(24) "Fundamental Rights Cases" [1]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [2]=> string(10) "Strasbourg" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#817 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7068) ["id"]=> int(1492) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2344) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }