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International commerce can be determined by the political climate between the exporter and the importer. Arms transfers are a much complex process, where beyond economic factors, alliance ties, security perception and defence planning are also considered. Still, they might not be independent of political relations. This paper aims to capture the arms supplier–recipient relations between the Visegrád countries and Russia, the United States and Germany from 1999 to 2020. More specifically, how do the two factors affect each other: are good political relations necessary for arms deals? Or do arms deals facilitate a friendly political climate? Our conclusion is as follows. On the one hand, a cooperative political climate increases the probability of arms deals, but they are not a necessity, as mutual benefits and security perceptions can override the current political climate. On the other hand, however, arms transfers can deepen cooperation or alleviate the existing differences between the parties.

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Von der Burchard, Hans – Jacopo Barigazzi: Germany Slams Hungary for Blocking EU Criticism of China on Hong Kong. Politico, 10 May 2010. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/german-foreign-minister-slams-hungary-for-blocking-hong-kong-conclusions/ Yoder, Jennifer: Good Neighbourliness in a Tense Neighbourhood: German–Polish Relations, 1990 to the Ukraine Crisis. German Politics, 27, no. 4 (2018). 555–572. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2018.1429409" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2022) ["issueId"]=> int(482) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "21-29" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2022.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1020) "

International commerce can be determined by the political climate between the exporter and the importer. Arms transfers are a much complex process, where beyond economic factors, alliance ties, security perception and defence planning are also considered. Still, they might not be independent of political relations. This paper aims to capture the arms supplier–recipient relations between the Visegrád countries and Russia, the United States and Germany from 1999 to 2020. More specifically, how do the two factors affect each other: are good political relations necessary for arms deals? Or do arms deals facilitate a friendly political climate? Our conclusion is as follows. On the one hand, a cooperative political climate increases the probability of arms deals, but they are not a necessity, as mutual benefits and security perceptions can override the current political climate. On the other hand, however, arms transfers can deepen cooperation or alleviate the existing differences between the parties.

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object(Publication)#187 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(6242) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2022-11-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2022-11-09 11:14:51" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(7682) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(6118) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(8275) "Akintola, Olagoke: What Motivates People to Volunteer? The Case of Volunteer AIDS Caregivers in Faith-Based Organizations in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Health Policy and Planning, 26, no. 1 (2011). 53–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czq019 Al Jazeera: Which Countries Are Sending Military Aid to Ukraine? Al Jazeera, 28 February 2022. Online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/28/which-countries-are-sending-military-aid-to-ukraine Boisen, Martin: The Strategic Application of City Marketing to Middle-Sized Cities. 2007. Online: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35402.67522 Boyd, Stephen – Maharaj V. Reddy – Sandeep Kulshreshtha – Mirela Nica: Post-Conflict Tourism Opportunity Spectrum (POCTOS): A Framework for Destinations Recovering from Conflict. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, (2021). 1–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1993866 Braun, Erik: City Marketing. Towards an Integrated Approach. Rotterdam, Erasmus University, 2008. Causevic, Senija – Paul Lynch: Phoenix Tourism: Post-Conflict Tourism Role. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, no. 3 (2011). 780–800. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.004 Cohen, Erik: The Tourist Guide: The Origins, Structure and Dynamics of a Role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, no. 1 (1985). 5–29. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(85)90037-4 Country Dashboard: Fragile States Index: North Korea. s. a. Online: https://fragilestatesindex.org/country-data/ Deutsch, Barbara: Tourists’ Motivations for Engaging in Dark Tourism. Case Study of Apartheid Memorials in South Africa. Bachelor Thesis. Vienna, Modul University, 2014. European External Action Service: UN General Assembly Demands Russian Federation Withdraw All Military Forces from the Territory of Ukraine. Online: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/112080/un-general-assembly-demands-russian-federation-withdraw-all-military-forces-territory-ukraine_en Forbes Україна: Зеленський: Україна формує чотири спецфонди для відбудови країни. Forbes.ua, 03 June 2022. Online: https://forbes.ua/news/zelenskiy-ukraina-formue-chotiri-spetsfondi-dlya-vidbudovi-kraini-06032022-4259 Global Firepower: 2022 Military Strength Ranking. Online: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php Interfax.ru.: Военная операция на Украине. Interfax.ru., 29 September 2022. Online: https://www.interfax.ru/chronicle/voennaya-operacziya-na-ukraine.html Jayasinghe, J.A.S.C. – C. T. R. Thalgaswatte: An Exploratory Study on Post-War Tourism Marketing in Eastern Province of Sri Lanka and its Implications for Market Segmentation. 2010. Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343055404 Lennon, John: Dark Tourism. In John Lennon (ed.): Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.212 Lexico Dictionaries: Denazification. Online: https://www.lexico.com/definition/denazification Marton, Zsuzsanna – Ildikó Ernszt – Zoltán Birkner: Holidays to the Hells of Earth – Taking Risk as a Dark Tourist? Deturope – The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 12, no. 1 (2020). 136–153. Online: https://doi.org/10.32725/det.2020.008 Memorial and Museum Auschwitz–Birkenau Former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp: 2 million 320 thousand visitors at the Auschwitz Memorial in 2019. News, 07 January 2020. Online: https://www.auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/2-million-320-thousand-visitors-at-the-auschwitz-memorial-in-2019,1400.html Mlaba, Khanyi – Tess Lowery: 28 Meaningful Ways You Can Help Ukraine. Global Citizen, 24 February 2022. Online: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ways-to-help-ukraine-conflict/ Naef, Patrick J.: Travelling through a Powder Keg: War and Tourist Imaginary in Sarajevo. Via Tourism Review, no. 1 (2012). Online: https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.1262 Papp-Váry, Árpád: Country Branding as a Special Type of Place Branding: An Overview of the Related Terminology. 2019. Online: https://www.papp-vary.hu/english/Country_branding_as_a_special_type_of_place_branding_An_overview_of_the_related_terminology.pdf Petkova, Mariya: Ukraine’s Foreign Legion Joins the Battle against Russia. Al Jazeera, 14 March 2022. Online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/14/russia-ukraine-war-international-legion-foreign-fighters Sabbagh, Dan: Researchers Gather Evidence of Possible Russian War Crimes in Ukraine. The Guardian, 02 March 2022. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/researchers-gather-evidence-of-possible-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine SaveEcoBot: Radiological Maps in Ukraine – Radiation Monitoring. Online: https://www.saveecobot.com/en/radiation-maps#8/51.328/30.278/gamma/comp+cams+fire Skoko, Božo – Hrvoje Jakopović – Dejan Gluvačević: Challenges of Branding in Post-Conflict Countries: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Tourism, 66, no. 4 (2018). 411–427. Topp, Stephanie M. – Jessica E. Price – Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo – Drosin M. Mulenga – Mardieh L. Dennis – Mathew M. Ngunga: Motivations for Entering and Remaining in Volunteer Service: Findings from a Mixed-Method Survey among HIV Caregivers in Zambia. Human Resources for Health, 13 (2015). Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-015-0062-y Tóth, Tímea Zsófia – Árpád F. Papp-Váry: From Nuclear Disaster to Film Tourism: The Impact of the Chernobyl Mini-Series on the Exclusion Zone. In Rita Baleiro – Rosária Pereira (eds.): Global Perspectives on Literary Tourism and Film-Induced Tourism. IGI Global, 2021. 280–301. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8262-6 Tózsa, István: City on Sale. An Introduction to Urban Regional Marketing. Budapest, Corvinus University of Budapest, 2011. Online: http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/1958/ Tripadvisor: The 15 Best Things to Do in Berlin – 2022. Online: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g187323-Activities-a_allAttractions.true-Berlin.html Vuignier, Renaud: Place Marketing and Place Branding: A Systematic (and Tentatively Exhaustive) Literature Review. 2016. Online: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340352/document Visit Berlin: Berlin’s Top 10 Attractions. Visit Berlin, 07 February 2013. Online: www.visitberlin.de/en/berlins-top-10-attractions Wearing, Stephen L.: Volunteer Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 28, no. 3 (2003). 3–4. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081411 Wise, Nicholas – Ivo Mulec: Semblances of ‘War Tourism’ in Sarajevo, Post-2005. American Journal of Tourism Management, 3, 1B (2014). 1–9. Online: https://doi.org/10.5923/s.tourism.201402.01 Yezhova, Anastasiia: Theoretical Concept and Definition of City Marketing. Verejná správa a spoločnosť, 21, no. 1 (2020). Online: https://doi.org/10.33542/VSS2020-1-08 ДП – Центр організаційно-технічного і інформаційного забезпечення управління зоною відчуження: Чорнобиль – зона, що притягує. Online: https://cotiz.org.ua/novyny/ Еврейский музей и центр толерантности: Шенген не нужен. Онлайн-прогулка по еврейскому кварталу в Будапеште от Эстер Халас. YouTube. Online: https://youtu.be/omNULILfQIQ Реальное время: Военная операция на Украине: только проверенная информация. Online: https://realnoevremya.ru/stories/157 ТАСС: Военная операция на Украине. Онлайн. ТАСС, 03 July 2022. Online: https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/13995879?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com Центральна виборча комісія: Вибори народних депутатів України 2019. Online: https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp300pt001f01=919.html Центральна виборча комісія: України – «Вибори Президента України 2019». Online: https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=719.html" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2022) ["issueId"]=> int(482) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "31-45" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2022.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1369) "

The Russian Federation invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Now there are active hostilities, but despite this, the government of Ukraine is already thinking ahead by creating various recovery funds for restoration in the post-war period. This article examines the tourism sector and how it can be adjusted to post-war realities. Moreover, planning in this area is viewed through the prism of city marketing, which is characterised by a clear segmentation of the audience, analysis of the resources available and a study of the target audiences’ needs. This work answers the following question: what are the main tasks of post-war tourism in the framework of city marketing after the war in Ukrainian cities considering visiting motives of the potential tourists? In the process of analysing international and domestic tourism experience in post-conflict and post-disaster territories, we can argue that it is necessary to determine the concept of a touristic campaign (the author recommends the Phoenix Tourism concept), attract volunteers, maintain communication through telegram channels, conserve war-damaged buildings as a touristic site, conduct guides training with an emphasis on their mentor functions, etc. At the end of the article, the author raises questions in the field of post-war city marketing that require further attention from researchers.

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Belhaven Press, 1990. Ashworth, Gregory – Mihalis Kavaratzis: Beyond the Logo: Brand Management for Cities. Journal of Brand Management, 16, no. 8 (2007). 520–531. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550133 Anholt, Simon: Competitive Identity. The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727 Anholt, Simon: Brand New Justice. How Branding Places and Products Can Help the Developing World. Oxford, Butterworth–Heinemann, 2005. Capano, Giliberto – Michael Howlett – M. Ramesh: Bringing Governments Back in: Governance and Governing in Comparative Policy Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 17, no. 4 (2015). 311–321. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2015.1031977 Cull, Nicholas J.: The Cold War and the United States Information Agency. American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817151 EC Asamblea Nacional: Constitución de la República del Ecuador 2018. Online: https://bit.ly/3eLSowO EC Banco Central de Ecuador (BCE). Online: https://bit.ly/2VlTmba EC Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización (COOTAD). Online: https://bit.ly/3czprCh EC Consejo Nacional Electoral “Transparencia 2017” CNE. Online: https://bit.ly/2Vot7Rr EC Dp World: Desarrollo Local Posorja. Online: https://bit.ly/2VIYzcb EC Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Provincial de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas (GADPSDT). 2020. APP Puerto Seco Santo Domingo. Online: https://bit.ly/34R4EaA EC Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censo. Online: https://bit.ly/2Vlhjzr EC Pro Ecuador “Exportaciones en Ecuador IED”. Online: https://bit.ly/34UFFU2 EC Ley Orgánica de Incentivos para Asociaciones Público-Privadas y la Inversión Extranjera. 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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, no. 1 (2008). 94–109. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699 Nye, Joseph S., Jr.: Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 88, no. 4 (2009). 160–163. Pérez, Pilar: El presidente Rafael Correa y su política de redención. Ecuador Debate, no. 80 (2010). 77–94. Vásquez, Sandra Ornés: La gestión urbana sostenible: conceptos, rol del gobierno local y vinculación con el marketing urbano. Provincia, no. 31 (2014). 147–171. Online: https://bit.ly/2LQD5p3 Visauta Vinacua, Bienvenido: Análisis estadístico con SPSS para Windows. Madrid, McGraw Hill, 1997." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2022) ["issueId"]=> int(482) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "47-60" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2022.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1337) "

This article addresses the Ecuadorian public diplomacy to the European audience. Public diplomacy is focused on soft power. Socialism of the 21st century background is mentioned in this paper with the aim of the construction of a country image to accelerate the local socio-economic development in the international arena. The conceptual framework of this research was designed to address this correlation between governance, and socio-economic development to contribute to our current understanding of the role of locality in public management and to describe the theory and practice of urban marketing as a greater engagement with Ecuadorian public diplomacy. Urban marketing is a fundamental support for these. Citizens, businesses, governments and employees are a policy priority due to the fact that cities are a key factor for the new industrial scenario to converge all segments of society. In addition, the paper briefly presents the highlight of the former president Rafael Correa Delgado as best national representative of soft power use in an Ecuadorian single country case study from a sociological spectrum. The methodology applied is both primary and secondary sources including various books in Spanish language, the Constitution of Ecuador, journal articles, Ecuadorian government reports and implementation plans.

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The emergence of economic, political, social, and health crises brings to light the fact that, in a globalised world, isolated state responses are insufficient to face upcoming international challenges. Cooperative action, not only between states but also between regions, has become crucial. A salient case is the relationship between the European Union and Latin America. This biregional partnership is characterised by its foundation on common values inherited from a shared historical background. These values are closely related to a liberal standpoint that promotes multilateral cooperation as a way to find solutions to global issues. By studying this case, this paper aims to understand how interregional dialogue can become a driver of multilateralism and how it might reflect a political will to foster multilateral agreements. The expected result is a complex assessment of the EU – Latin American interregional dialogue examining how the official speech on multilateralism has evolved over the years and identifying whether multilateralism is a priority in the biregional agenda.

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Online: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2019/02/12/natos-role-in-cyberspace/index.html Buzzio-Garcia, Jorge – Victor Salazar-Vilchez – Jhonatan Moreno-Torres – Omar Leon-Estofanero: Review of Cybersecurity in Latin America during the Covid-19 Pandemic. A brief Overview. 2021 IEEE Fifth Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM). Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ETCM53643.2021.9590693 CSIRT Americas Platform. s. a. Online: https://cybilportal.org/projects/americas-csirt-network-and-virtual-platform/ Clark, David – Thomas Berson – Herbert S. Lin (eds.): At the Nexus of Cybersecurity and Public Policy. Some Basic Concepts and Issues. Washington, D.C., The National Academies Press, 2014. Creese, Sadie – William H. Dutton – Patricia Esteve-González: The Social and Cultural Shaping of Cybersecurity Capacity Building: A Comparative Study of Nations and Regions. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 25, no. 5 (2021). 941–955. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-021-01569-6 Contreras, Belisario – Kerry-Ann Barrett: Challenges in Building Regional Capacities in Cybersecurity. A Regional Organizational Reflection. In Eneken Tikk – Mika Kerttunen (eds.): Routledge Handbook of International Cybersecurity. London, Routledge, 2020. 214–217. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351038904-20 Estrategia Nacional de Ciberseguridad de la República Argentina. 2019. Online: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/323594_res829-01_pdf/archivo Estratégia Nacional de Segurança Cibernética (E-Ciber). 2020. Online: https://www.gov.br/governodigital/pt-br/estrategias-e-politicas-digitais/estrategia-nacional-de-seguranca-cibernetica Hurel, Louise Marie: Cybersecurity in Brazil: An Analysis of the National Strategy. Igarapé Institute, 15 April 2021. Online: https://igarape.org.br/en/cybersecurity-in-brazil-an-analysis-of-the-national-strategy/ IMD World Digital Competitiveness Index. s. a. Online: https://www.imd.org/centers/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-digital-competitiveness/ International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Ranking. 2021. Online: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx Izycki, Eduardo: National Cyber Security Strategies in Latin America: Opportunities for Convergence of Interests and Consensus Building. RISTI – Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologías de Informacao, E15 (2018). 39–52. Kosévich, Ekaterina: Estrategias de seguridad cibernética en los países de América Latina [Cybersecurity Strategies in Latin American Countries]. Iberoamerica, no. 1 (2020). 137–159. Online: https://doi.org/10.37656/s20768400-2020-1-07 Luiijf, Eric – Kim Besseling – Patrick de Graaf: Nineteen National Cyber Security Strategies. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 9, no. 1–2 (2013). 3–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2013.051608 Marsh and McLennan Companies: Estado del Riesgo Cibernético en Latinoamérica en tiempos de Covid-19. 2020. National Cyber Security Index. s. a. Online: https://ncsi.ega.ee/ncsi-index/ National Cybersecurity Policy (NCSP) 2017–2022. 2017. Online: https://www.unodc.org/e4j/data/_university_uni_/chiles_national_cybersecurity_policy_2017-2022.html?lng=en National Cybersecurity Strategy. 2017. Online: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/399655/ENCS.ENG.final.pdf National Cybersecurity Strategies Repository. s. a. Online: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Pages/National-Strategies-repository.aspx Organization of the American States list of members. s. a. Online: https://www.oas.org/en/member_states/default.asp Política Nacional de Seguridad Digital. 2016. Online: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/3854.pdf Solar, Carlos: Cybersecurity and Cyber Defence in the Emerging Democracies. Journal of Cyber Policy, 5, no. 3 (2020). 392–412. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1820546 Statista: Average Cost of Data Breaches Worldwide as of 2020, by Country or Region (in million U.S. dollars). 2022a. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/463714/cost-data-breach-country/ Statista: Change in Information Technology (IT) Spending in Selected Countries in Latin America in 2021. 2022b. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1190544/latin-america-it-spending/ Statista: Countries in Latin America Most Targeted by Cyber Attacks in 2020. 2022c. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/818412/latin-american-countries-highest-share-cyber-attacks/ Statista: Latin American Countries with the Largest Number of Web Application Attacks Observed in the Public Sector in June 2019. 2022d. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066172/most-targeted-countries-web-application-attacks-public-sector-latin-america/ Statista: Value of the Cybersecurity Market in Latin America in 2019 and 2025. 2022e. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1180184/value-cybersecurity-market-latin-america/ Tikk, Eneken – Mika Kerttunen: Introduction. In Eneken Tikk – Mika Kerttunen (eds): Routledge Handbook of International Cybersecurity. 1–8. London, Routledge, 2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351038904 UNIDIR Cyber Policy Portal. s. a. Online: https://cyberpolicyportal.org/ Zittrain, Jonathan: ‘Netwar’: The Unwelcome Militarization of the Internet Has Arrived. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 73, no. 5 (2017). 300–304. 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Latin American countries begin to develop their national-level cyber policy including their cybersecurity strategy. The paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of the strategy development processes in six Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The methodology is based on a mixed approach. For the quantitative analysis, the National Cyber Security Index and UNIDIR Cyber Policy Portal were used, while for the qualitative analysis a document analysis was carried out on the national strategies. Analysing national data based on the NCSI, Chile stands out overall, however, the country is still in the initial phase in terms of digital and essential service protection, personal data protection and cyber crisis management. Brazil’s position is interesting, standing at 3rd place overall, being the most targeted country by cyberattacks in the region. Brazil stands out in terms of cyber threat analysis and military cyber operations. Based on the document analysis, Chile and Argentina have a more holistic cybersecurity strategy, including factors such as cybersecurity education, cybercrime detection, regulatory framework, and the aim to cooperate with international and industrial partners.

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European Parliament resolution of 16 September 2020 on EU–African security cooperation in the Sahel region, West Africa and the Horn of Africa (2020/2002(INI)). S/2020/754. Action taken by Member States and United Nations entities to address the issue of linkages between terrorism and organized crime. S/RES/2347 (2017) adopted by the Security Council at its 7907th meeting on 24 March 2017. S/RES/2482 (2019) adopted by the Security Council at its 8582nd meeting, on 19 July 2019." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2022) ["issueId"]=> int(482) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "95-116" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2022.1.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(975) "

In the light of recent years’ armed conflicts and the growing level of terrorist activity globally, the link between illicit trafficking of cultural property and terrorism constitutes a growing concern for war-torn regions as well as for the international community as a whole. Identified as a possible form of terrorism-financing in recent years, the illegal trade of artefacts contributes to the fuelling of the spiral of violence and by this, to the undermining of the identity of the targeted populations. Due to the effects of the Arab Spring swiping through several African countries resulting in a still-existing destabilisation, power vacuum and the spread of different terrorist groups, these countries are serving an especially timeous example from this point of view. By presenting some examples from North Africa and the Sahel region, the paper aims to give an initial insight into the issue as an increasingly important international security challenge.

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