object(Publication)#705 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7589) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-17 12:21:50" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9516) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7465) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2779) "AttackIQ Enterprise (2022): What is the Pyramid of Pain? Online: https://www.attackiq.com/glossary/pyramid-of-pain/ Black Cell Ltd. (2023): Sector Specific MITRE ATT&CK Heatmaps for Detection Engineering. Online: https://github.com/blackcellltd/Heatmaps CRESTANI TASCA, Laurence – PIGNATON DE FREITAS, Edison – RECH WAGNER, Flávio (2020): A Study on the Performance Impact of Programmable Logic Controllers Based on Enhanced Architecture and Organization. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 76, 21–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103082 FRENCH, David (2023): From Soup to Nuts: Building a Detection-as-Code Pipeline. Online: https://medium.com/threatpunter/from-soup-to-nuts-building-a-detection-as-code-pipeline-28945015fc38 FRITSCH, Sebastian (2021): IEC 62443-4-2 Use Case Industrial Firewall. Online: https://www.teletrust.de/fileadmin/user_upload/2021-TeleTrusT-IEC_62443-4-2_Use_Case_Industrial_Firewall.pdf GnosisX (2023): pfSense. Online: https://medium.com/@contact_45426/pfsense-3616ceb0ded0 Hexagon AB (2024): Digital Twin Solution for Projects and Operations. Online: https://exploreali.hexagon.com/interactive/digital-twin-solution-for-projects-and-operations International Society of Automation (2024): ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards. Online: https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-standards/isa-iec-62443-series-of-standards LIAGHATI, Christina (2024): MITRE ATLAS Overview. Online: https://www.dau.edu/sites/default/files/2024-03/MITRE%20ATLAS%20Overview%20for%20sharing.pdf MITRE ATT&CK (2024): Enterprise Matrix. Online: https://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/ NABIDOUST, Fatemeh (2024): EMI Filter and PFC (Power Factor Control) Schematic #AltiumDesigner. Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379861549_EMI_Filter_and_PFC_Power_Factor_Control_Schematic_hashtagAltiumDesigner NACHAAT, Mohamed (2022): Study of Bypassing Microsoft Windows Security Using the MITRE CALDERA Framework. F1000Research, 11, 55–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109148.3 SATTA, Abdelwahhab – BENNACER, Samir (2023): Industrial Control Systems Security with Elastic Security and Zeek. Online: https://www.elastic.co/blog/industrial-control-systems-elastic-security-zeek SZABÓ, Gergely Gábor (2022): Mit jelent a mikrogrid és mire használható? Online: https://szgg.hu/mit-jelent-a-mikrogrid-es-mire-hasznalhato/ THOMPSON, Katrina (2024): The 10 Most Common Website Security Attacks (and How to Protect Yourself). Online: https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/most-common-website-security-attacks-and-how-to-protect-yourself WESLEY, Lee (2022): Developing OT Security Monitoring Use Cases. Online: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/developing-ot-security-monitoring-use-cases-wesley-lee/?trk=public_post" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "5-19" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.1" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(826) "

This paper introduces the development of an Operational Technology (OT) security microgrid testbed. The testbed is aligned with the IEC 62443 standard and structured to simulate and mitigate potential security risks within OT systems. It serves as a platform for evaluating cybersecurity strategies through test scenarios and cases, aimed at enhancing the resilience and responsiveness of OT environments to cyber threats. The work described here lays the foundational framework for subsequent research, focusing on cybersecurity measures, including MITRE ATT&CK-based methodologies and detection strategies using machine learning. This initial exploration emphasises the importance of creating a versatile, realistic testing environment to understand and address the unique security challenges faced by OT systems.

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object(Publication)#119 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7631) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-17 12:21:50" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9573) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7507) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4033) "1tv.ge (2023): Hungary Interested in Middle Corridor Development, FM Says. 1tv.ge, 25 November 2023. Online: https://1tv.ge/lang/en/news/hungary-interested-in-middle-corridor-development-fm-says/ BAGHIROV, Orkhan (2022): The Organization of Turkic States’ Economic Potential and Cooperation Prospects among its Members. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 27(1), 53–73. BERNEK, Ágnes (2021): Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st Century. From the Buffer Zone to the Gateway Zone. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Online: https://doi.org/10.3726/b18155 EGERESI, Zoltán (2020): Hungary’s Opening Towards the Turkic World. Avrasya Dünyası, 4(6), 48–54. ELDEM, Tuba (2022): Russia’s War on Ukraine and the Rise of the Middle Corridor as a Third Vector of Eurasian Connectivity. Connecting Europe and Asia via Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Turkey. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2022/C 66. Online: https://doi.org/10.18449/2022C64 Euronews (2022): Hungary, Romania, Georgia, and Azerbaijan Agree to the Black Sea Electricity Project. Euronews, 17 December 2022. Online: https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/17/hungary-romania-georgia-azerbaijan-agree-to-black-sea-electricity-projct FARKAS, Andrew Z. – PAP, Norbert – REMÉNYI, Péter (2016): Hungary’s Place on Eurasian Rail Land Bridges and the Eastern Opening. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 65(1), 3–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.65.1.1 FRANKOPAN, Peter (2015): The Silk Roads. A New History of the World. London: Bloomsbury. KSH (2023): External Trade in Goods in HUF by Countries. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/kkr/en/kkr0007.html Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye (2024): Organization of Turkic States (OTS). Online: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turk-konseyi-en.en.mfa Miniszterelnök (2018): Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 6th Summit of the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States. Online: https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-speech-at-the-6th-summit-of-the-cooperation-council-of-turkic-speaking-states/ Molgroup (2019): Mol Agrees to Purchase a 9.57% Stake in Azerbaijan’s ACG Oil Field and 8.9% in the BTC Pipeline. Molgroup, 4 November 2019. Online: https://molgroup.info/en/investor-relations/investor-news/mol-agrees-to-purchase-a-957-stake-in-azerbaijans-acg-oil-field-and-89-in-the-btc-pipeline NAGYNÉ RÓZSA, Erzsébet (2016): Magyarország és az arab Közel-Kelet. In KOLLER, Boglárka – MARSAI, Viktor (eds.): Magyarország Európában, Európa a világban. Tanulmánykötet Gazdag Ferenc 70. születésnapjára. Budapest: Dialóg Campus, 189–199. Organization of Turkic States (2022): Baghdad Amreyev Is Appointed as the President of the Turkic Investment Fund by the Leaders of OTS. OTS, 12 November 2022. Online: https://www.turkicstates.org/en/news/baghdad-amreyev-is-appointed-as-the-president-of-the-turkic-investment-fund-by-the-leaders-of-ots Organization of Turkic States (2024): Hungary Joins the Turkic Investment Fund. OTS, 28 June 2024. Online: https://www.turkicstates.org/en/news/hungary-joins-the-turkic-investment-fund ROY, Olivier (2005): The New Central Asia. Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. New York: New York University Press. STONE, Norman (2019): Hungary. A Short History. London: Profile Books. TOPUZ, Kılıçarslan A. (2023): Hungary and the Organization of Turkic States: Prospects for the Region and Beyond. Mediterrán és Balkán Fórum, 17(1–2), 2–14. VARGA, Imre (2000):, Development of the Hungarian Foreign Policy in the Last Ten Years: A Comparison of the Foreign Policy Programs of the Post-Transition Hungarian Governments. National Security and the Future 2, no. 1, 117–131. VASA, László – BÁRKÁNYI, Péter (2023): Geopoltical and Geo-Economic Importance of the Middle Corridor: A Comprehensive Overview. Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies, 67(2), 20–32. Online: https://doi.org/10.47703/ejebs.v2i67.295" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "21-34" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1716) "

The present study depicts Hungary’s eastern opening policy as to when and how it was initiated, then analyses Hungary’s increasing economic, transport and energy relations with the Turkic countries, namely, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Türkiye, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In the first part, the reasons and expectations of the Hungarian Government in initiating the eastern opening are explained and the priorities the Hungarian Government put forward in starting this initiative are mentioned. In the second part, the development of the idea of the Organization of Turkic States and the road to institutionalisation is summarised and Hungary’s link into the system, which is a critical element of the Eastern Opening, is delved into. In the following section, the economic benefits that Hungary is seeking to reach in the relations with the Turkic states are underlined and then the increasing trade with Turkic states are put forward as part of the developing commercial relations with special reference to Hungary’s observer status in the Organization of Turkic States. In the fourth part, the increasing significance of the Middle Corridor, which is the route that links China to Europe through Central Asia, is shown and the importance attached to this corridor by the Hungarian Government is summarised. In the fifth part, the energy cooperation between Hungary and the Turkic states is mentioned, with which Hungary exerts efforts to become a hub for energy in Europe. In the conclusion part, after a summary of Hungary’s achievements from the eastern opening policy and the relations with the Turkic countries, the potential of Hungary’s opening to the Turkic world is explained.

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Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/19-821-Hungary-Defense-TIMS-61984-Frank.pdf Agreement on Defense Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Slovak Republic. United States of America, Department of State, 1 April 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22-401-Slovakia-DCA.pdf Al Jazeera (2024): Poland’s Tusk Says Ukraine–Russia War a Fight ‘Between Good and Evil’. Al Jazeera, 22 January 2024. Online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/poland-pm-visits-ukraine-in-latest-show-of-solidarity-in-war-against-russia BACHULSKA, Alicja (2021): What’s Behind Poland’s Sudden Change of Heart About China? China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE), 21 July 2021. Online: https://chinaobservers.eu/whats-behind-polands-sudden-change-of-heart-about-china/ BASORA, Adrian (2011): The Value of the Visegrad Four. Atlantic Council, Issue Brief, 14 February 2011. Online: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/the-value-of-the-visegrad-four/ BAYER, Lili (2023): Orbán Is Telling Ukraine to Quit. Politico, 1 February 2023. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-viktor-orban-is-telling-ukraine-to-quit-russia-war/ BECK, Robert (2024): The Visegrád Four: From Troubled to Broken. Foreign Policy Research Institute, 3 April 2024. Online: https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/04/visegrad-four-from-troubled-to-broken/ BUCKLEY, Chris – HIGGINS, Andrew (2024): Viktor Orban, Hungary’s Leader, Surprises Europe again with Visit to China. The New York Times, 7 July 2024. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/07/world/asia/orban-hungary-china-xi.html CASTLE, Stephen (2018): Former Russian Spy Mysteriously Falls Ill in Britain. Again. The New York Times, 5 March 2018. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/05/world/europe/russian-spy-falls-ill-in-britain-again.html Ceenergy News (2023): SPP Renews Gas Contracts to Strengthen Energy Diversification in Slovakia. Ceenergy News, 13 April 2023. Online: https://ceenergynews.com/oil-gas/spp-renews-gas-contracts-to-strengthen-energy-diversification-in-slovakia/ COOK, Lorne (2024): Hungary Agrees Not to Veto NATO Support to Ukraine as Long as It’s Not Forced to Help out. The Associated Press, 12 June 2024. Online: https://apnews.com/article/nato-ukraine-russia-war-hungary-support-assistance-a08164782c1391076fda550190580a4c CORERA, Gordon (2021): Salisbury Poisoning Suspects ‘Linked to Czech Blast’. BBC News, 18 April 2021. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56790053 DANIŠKA, Jaroslav (2018): Visegrad: From Intellectual Idea to Political Reality. International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 27(1–2), 43–53. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26592068 Euractiv (2014): Slovakia Nurtures Special Ties to Russia, Despite EU Sanctions. Euractiv, 23 May 2014. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-europe/news/slovakia-nurtures-special-ties-to-russia-despite-eu-sanctions/ FIALA, Petr (2022): Czech PM: Ukraine’s Fight Is Our Fight too. Politico, 31 October 2022. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-russia-war-czech-pm/ GOSLING, Tim (2022): The War in Ukraine Undermines Orban’s Illiberal Project. Foreign Policy, 10 May 2022. Online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/10/ukraine-conflict-visegrad-group-orban-hungary-illiberal/ Government Resolution 1163/2020 (IV. 21.) on Hungary’s National Security Strategy. Online: https://honvedelem.hu/hirek/government-resolution-1163-2020-21st-april.html GREILINGER, Gabriela (2023): China’s Growing Foothold in Hungary. The Diplomat, 27 February 2023. Online: https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/chinas-growing-foothold-in-hungary/ GROSZKOWSKI, Jakub (2018): The V4 and the EU. International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 27(1–2), 3–15. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26592065 GYŐRI, Boldizsár (2024): U.S. Says It Is ‘Concerned’ about Hungary’s Relationship with Russia. Reuters, 20 October 2023. Online: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-says-it-is-concerned-about-hungarys-relationship-with-russia-2023-10-20/ HIGGINS, Andrew (2023): No One in Europe Is Telling Poland to ‘Shut Up’ Now. The New York Times, 21 February 2023. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/21/world/europe/poland-russia-ukraine.html HIGGINS, Andrew (2024): Orban Endangers Hungary’s Status as an Ally, U.S. Diplomat Says. The New York Times, 14 March 2024. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/14/world/europe/orban-hungary-nato-us.html HRABOVSKA FRANCELOVA, Nina (2022): Slovak–US Defence Pact Encounters Fierce Resistance. Balkan Insight, 18 January 2022. Online: https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/18/slovak-us-defence-pact-encounters-fierce-resistance/ Integrated Country Strategy: Czech Republic. Department of State, United States of America. March 21, 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ICS_EUR_Czech-Republic_Public.pdf Integrated Country Strategy: Hungary. Department of State, United States of America. May 3, 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ICS_EUR_Hungary_03MAY2022_Public.pdf Integrated Country Strategy: Poland. Department of State, United States of America. June 13, 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ICS_EUR_Poland_Public.pdf Integrated Country Strategy: Slovak Republic. Department of State, United States of America. March 25, 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ICS_EUR_Slovak-Republic_Public.pdf JANICEK, Karel (2021): Czechs Expel 18 Russians Over Huge Depot Explosion in 2014. The Associated Press, 17 April 2021. Online: https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-russia-andrej-babis-c593f724a16622eb6d0a19bae3d710be JANICEK, Karel (2024): Deep Divisions on Russia’s War in Ukraine Were Evident at a Meeting of 4 Central European Countries. The Associated Press, 27 February 2024. Online: https://apnews.com/article/czech-republic-poland-ukraine-war-russia-cb30efe44a452b8e4871aa1d1182ddda JANJEVIC, Darko (2018): Putin and Viktor Orban’s Special Relationship. Deutsche Welle, 18 September 2018. Online: https://www.dw.com/en/vladimir-putin-and-viktor-orbans-special-relationship/a-45512712 JOÓB, Sándor – HORVÁTH KÁVAI, Andrea (2024): Orbán’s Grand Strategy for Hungary during the Impending Change in World Order. Telex, 27 July 2024. Online: https://telex.hu/english/2024/07/27/from-the-rational-russians JUDSON, Jen (2024): Aegis Ashore Poland Enters Maintenance Period Ahead of NATO Acceptance. Defense News, 22 January 2024. Online: https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2024/01/22/aegis-ashore-poland-enters-maintenance-period-ahead-of-nato-acceptance/ KOWALSKI, Bartosz (2023): The Czech Republic Puts Another Dent in China’s Relations with Europe. RUSI, 13 February 2023. Online: https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/czech-republic-puts-another-dent-chinas-relations-europe MCCAUSLAND, Phil (2023): Hungary’s Prime Minister Called U.S. a Main Adversary, Leaked Documents Say. NBC News, 12 April 2023. Online: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/hungary-prime-minister-calls-us-adversary-leaked-documents-rcna79367 Ministry of National Defence, Republic of Poland (2024): Increasing the US Military Presence in Poland. Online: https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/increasing-the-us-military-presence-in-poland MORRIS, Loveday (2023): CIA Leak, Sanctions Highlight Strained Relations between U.S. and Hungary. The Washington Post, 12 April 2023. 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Online: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-slovakia-bratislava-07dfd58fd47d672db840eb37583d8376 ZEMÁNEK, Ladislav (2023): Czech Republic Economy Briefing: Czech–Chinese Economic Relations in Challenging Times. China–CEE Institute Weekly Briefing, 61(2), 1–4. Online: https://china-cee.eu/2023/04/25/czech-republic-economy-briefing-czech-chinese-economic-relations-in-challenging-times/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "35-59" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1803) "

After its summit in Prague on 27 February 2024, the Visegrád Group suffered a breakdown of relations, mainly due to the divergent views of its member states regarding Russia’s war in Ukraine. The V4 countries split into a pro-Ukraine block (Poland and the Czech Republic) and a Ukraine-sceptic block (Hungary and Slovakia), which made it difficult for the group to present a united front on key issues and diminished its ability to influence broader European policy. In addition, the lack of unity weakens the V4’s collective security posture while the Central European region has gained strategic importance as part of NATO’s eastern flank. The deterioration of the security environment also impacted the V4 countries’ bilateral relations with the United States, as the pro-Ukraine countries intend to maintain close cooperation with Washington, while the sceptics are staunch critics of Western policies supporting Ukraine. This paper highlights the fundamental differences between the latest security strategies and foreign policies of the Visegrád Group countries towards the United States, Russia and China, looking at these countries’ latest national security strategies and the 2022 integrated country strategies of the United States Department of State. Our comparative analysis shows that Hungary can be considered an outsider among the V4 countries since the Hungarian Government intends to pursue pragmatic cooperation with Russia and China while U.S.–Hungarian relations are gradually deteriorating. In contrast, the other three member states – especially Poland and the Czech Republic, but also Slovakia regardless of Robert Fico’s return to power in 2023 – favoured closer ties with the United States and shared most of the same concerns over Moscow and Beijing.

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International Relations PhD Candidate, Corvinus University of Budapest

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Állam- és Jogtudomány, 61(3), 115–139. TILL, Szabolcs (2019): A különleges jogrend. In JAKAB, András – FEKETE, Balázs (eds.): Internetes Jogtudományi Enciklopédia. Online: https://ijoten.hu/szocikk/kulonleges-jogrend TILL, Szabolcs Péter (2023): A Magyar Honvédség feladatrendszerének újraszabályozása az új honvédelmi törvény tükrében, Védelmi-Biztonsági Szabályozási és Kormányzástani Műhelytanulmányok, (6), 4–14." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "61-88" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1154) "

Recent years have brought challenges of arguably unprecedented number and scale to the global security and defence policy environment of states and international organisations. It is probably enough to mention, among many other crises, the Russian–Ukrainian conflict, the Covid–19 pandemic, the internationalisation of terrorism, the increased migratory pressure on Europe, as well as climate change or the emerging threats in cyberspace. Both international and national legislators are looking for new types of responses to these novel forms of challenges. Accordingly, in recent years, Hungary has started to build a new legal environment for defence and security. In our study, we will first consider the strategic framework of this new legal framework, followed by a description of the amended special legal order rules of the Fundamental Law and the new laws that implement the renewed organisation of the comprehensive defence and security system. The future of the subject at hand is unfortunately bleak; yet it may be somewhat clearer if the responses to international conflicts and other threats are underpinned by active preparation.

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Assistant Lecturer, Ludovika University of Public Service in Hungary, Faculty of Law Enforcement, Department of Administrative Policing and International Law Enforcement

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Szilvásy" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "György Péter " } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(31) "defence and security regulation" [1]=> string(11) "defence law" [2]=> string(19) "special legal order" [3]=> string(39) "national security and military strategy" [4]=> string(27) "security and defence policy" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#771 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(40699) ["id"]=> int(6374) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7444) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7817) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-17 12:21:50" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9856) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(7693) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(7147) "ADB (2016): African Economic Outlook 2016. Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation. African Development Bank – OECD – United Nations Development Programme. ADU-BOATENG, Afua (2015): Barriers to Climate Change Policy Responses for Urban Areas: A Study of Tamale Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 13, 49–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.001 ARAOS Malcolm – BERRANG-FORD, Lea – FORD, James D. – AUSTIN, Stephanie E. – BIESBROEK, Robbert – LESNIKOWSKI, Alexandra (2016): Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Large Cities: A Systematic Global Assessment. Environmental Science and Policy, 66, 375–382. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.009 BIRKMANN, Joern – WELLE, Torsten – SOLECKI, William – LWASA, Shuaib – GARSCHAGEN, Matthias (2016): Boost Resilience of Small and Mid-Sized Cities. Nature, 537(7622), 605–608. Online: https://doi.org/10.1038/537605a BOATENG, Ama K. (2023a): Localising Centralised Climate Policies in Ghana: Insights from 3 Local Governments. Urban Research & Practice, 16(3), 470–482. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2022.2129173 BOATENG, Ama K. (2023b): Institutionalising Urban Climate Action: Recent Recognitions. ESJ Humanities, 19(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n2p146 FILA, Dennis – FÜNFGELD, Hartmut – DAHLMANN, Heindriken (2023): Climate Change Adaptation with Limited Resources: Adaptive Capacity and Action in Small- and Medium-Sized Municipalities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26, 5607–5627. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-02999-3 FRICK-TRZEBITZKY, Fanny (2017): Crafting Adaptive Capacity: Institutional Bricolage in Adaptation to Urban Flooding in Greater Accra. Water Alternatives, 10(2), 625–647. Government of Ghana (2012): National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Online: http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ghana_national_ HOPPE, Robert (2019): Policy, Governing and Politicality. EPA. European Policy Analysis, 5(2), 150–169. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1074 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2021): Ghana Population and Housing Census 2021. Online: https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ghana-population-and-housing-census-2021 IPCC (2023): Climate Change 2022. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844 MITLIN, David – DODMAN, Diana (2015): The National and Local Politics of Climate Change Adaptation in Zimbabwe. Climate and Development, 7(3), 223–234. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934777 MUSAH-SURUGU, Issah J. – AHENKAN, Albert – BAWOLE, Justice N. (2019): Too Weak to Lead: Motivation, Agenda Setting and Constraints of Local Government to Implement Decentralized Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(2), 587–607. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0049-z MUSAH-SURUGU, Issah J. – AHENKAN, Albert – BAWOLE, Justice N. – DARKWAH, Antwi S. (2018): Vulnerability Here, There, and Everywhere: What Happened to Ghana’s Decentralized Climate Change Adaptation Policy? In ALVES, Fátima – LEAL FILHO, Walter – AZEITEIRO, Ulisses (eds.): Theory and Practice of Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Management. Cham: Springer, 105–123. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72874-2_6 OLAZABAL, Marta – AMORIM-MAIA, Ana T. – ALDA-VIDAL, Cecilia – GOODWIN, Sean (2024): What Is Limiting How We Imagine Climate Change Adaptation? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 71. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2024.101476 OTTO, Antje – KERN, Kristine – HAUPT, Wolfgang – ECKERSLEY, Peter – THIEKEN, Annegret H. (2021): Ranking Local Climate Policy: Assessing the Mitigation and Adaptation Activities of 104 German Cities. Climatic Change, 167. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03142-9 OSTROM, Elinor (2005): Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s7wm OSTROM, Elinor (2011): Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. Policy Studies Journal, 39(1), 7–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00394.x PASQUINI, Lorena – SHEARING, Clifford (2014): Municipalities, Politics, and Climate Change: An Example of the Process of Institutionalizing an Environmental Agenda within Local Government. The Journal of Environment & Development, 23(2), 271–296. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496514525406 PATTERSON, James J. – HUITEMA, Dave (2019): Institutional Innovation in Urban Governance: The Case of Climate Change Adaptation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(3), 374–398. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1510767 RECKIEN, Diana et al. (2018): How Are Cities Planning to Respond to Climate Change? Assessment of Local Climate Plans from 885 Cities in the EU-28. Journal of Cleaner Production, 191. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220 SALVIA, Monica et al. (2021): Will Climate Mitigation Ambitions Lead to Carbon Neutrality? An Analysis of the Local-level Plans of 327 Cities in the EU. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110253 UN-Habitat (2020): World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. Online: https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2020-the-value-of-sustainable-urbanization UN DESA (2019): UN DESA Annual Highlights Report 2019–2020. Online: https://www.un.org/en/desa/highlights-report-2019-2020 VALDIVIESO, Patricio – ANDERSSON, Krister P. – VILLENA-ROLDÁN, Benjamin (2017): Institutional Drivers of Adaptation in Local Government Decision-Making: Evidence from Chile. Climatic Change, 143(1–2),157–171. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1961-9 Further reading ADJAISON, Desmond – AMOAH, Antwi-Boasiako (2024): Assessing Accra’s Climate Action Plan as a Case of Vertical Integration to Achieve Sustainable Development. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05341-7 MUBAYA, Chipo P. – MAFONGOYA, Paramu (2017): The Role of Institutions in Managing Local Level Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe. Climate Risk Management, 16, 93–105. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.003 WISNER, Ben – PELLING, Mark – MASCARENHAS, Adolfo – HOLLOWAY, Ailsa – NDONG, Babacar – FAYE, Papa – RIBOT, Jesse – SIMON, David (2015): Small Cities and Towns in Africa: Insights into Adaptation Challenges and Potentials. In PAULEIT, Stephan – COLY, Adrien – FOHLMEISTER, Sandra – GASPARINI, Paolo – JØRGENSEN, Gertrud – KABISCH, Sigrun –KOMBE, Wilbard J. – LINDLEY, Sarah – SIMONIS, Ingo – YESHITELA, Kumelachew (eds.): Urban Vulnerability and Climate Change in Africa. A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cham: Springer, 153–196. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03982-4_5" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "89-105" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.5" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1118) "

The climate crisis presents significant challenges for many African cities, impacting their economies, ecosystems and the livelihoods of their inhabitants. This paper explores into the various tools and techniques that local government administrations are employing to adapt to these challenges. Using Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana as a case study, a combination of focus group discussions and informal interviews was held with key stakeholders. The findings revealed a multifaceted narrative of vulnerability and adaptation, highlighting the importance of education and capacity building in institutionalising effective climate governance. Ongoing engagement with stakeholders is also considered crucial for refining existing strategies and discovering innovative solutions that address the unique challenges posed by climate change in the region.The paper concludes that incorporating informal practices often deeply rooted in local culture can enhance formal policy initiatives. This integration fosters a more comprehensive and effective approach to climate governance at the sub-national level.

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object(Publication)#750 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(7862) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-17 12:21:50" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9939) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(7738) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(7937) "ASHDOWN, Neil (2024): Unity or Coherence: Shaping Future Civil–Military Intelligence Collaboration in the Cyber Domain. In KWAN, Claire – LINDSTRÖM, Lauri – GIOVANELLI, Davide – PODIŅŠ, Kārlis – ŠTRUCL, Damjan (eds.): CyCon 2024: Over the Horizon. 16th International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Tallinn: NATO CCDCoE, 311–325. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon62501.2024.10685631 ANTONIUK, Daryna (2023): What’s in a NoName? Researchers See a Lone-wolf DDoS Group. The Record, 4 September 2023. Online: https://therecord.media/noname-hacking-group-targets-ukraine-and-allies BREWSTER, Thomas (2022): An ‘Unhappy American’ in the Russia–Ukraine Information War Promises a Huge Leak of Data Stolen from the Kremlin’s Internet Censor. Forbes, 10 march 2022. Online: https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/03/10/dddosecrets-in-the-russia-ukraine-information-war-promises-a-huge-leak-of-data-stolen-from-the-kremlins-internet-censor/ CHAN, Kristy – KHAW, Joseph (2024): Not All Those Who Wander (Over the Horizon) Are Lost: The Applicability of Existing Paradigms of International Law to Cyberspace and the Interpretation of Customary International Law. In KWAN, Claire – LINDSTRÖM, Lauri – GIOVANELLI, Davide – PODIŅŠ, Kārlis – ŠTRUCL, Damjan (eds.): CyCon 2024: Over the Horizon. 16th International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Tallinn: NATO CCDCoE, 177–190. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon62501.2024.10685595 Cyberint Research Team (2023): Behind the Mask of Anonymous Sudan: An Analysis. Online: https://cyberint.com/blog/research/anonymous-sudan-an-analysis/ Cyberknow (2024): CyberTracker Update 26. Russia–Ukraine War. Online: https://cyberknow.substack.com/p/cybertracker-update-26-russia-ukraine FOWLER, Jeremiah (2022): Is Anonymous Rewriting the Rules of Cyberwarfare? Timeline of Their Attacks against the Russian Government. Online: https://www.websiteplanet.com/blog/anonymous-cyberwarfare-report/ FORNUSEK, Martin (2024): Ministry: Ukrainian Hackers Disrupt Transport Services in Russian Cities. The Kyiv Independent, 13 March 2024. Online: https://kyivindependent.com/ministry-ukrainian-hackers-disrupt-payment-system-in-moscow-subway/ Government of France (2018): Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace. Online: https://pariscall.international/en/principles Government of Hungary (2020): Government Resolution 1163/2020 (IV. 21.) on Hungary’s National Security Strategy. Online: https://honvedelem.hu/hirek/government-resolution-1163-2020-21st-april.html Government of Ireland (2019): National Cyber Security Strategy. Online: https://www.ncsc.gov.ie/pdfs/National_Cyber_Security_Strategy.pdf Government of Portugal (2019): Estratégia Nacional de Segurança do Ciberespaço 2019–2023. Online: https://files.diariodarepublica.pt/1s/2019/06/10800/0288802895.pdf?lang=EN GYURÁK, Gábor (2024): A katonai kibertér műveletek lehetséges kapcsolódási pontjai a Pécsi Tudományegyetem kibertérrel kapcsolatos kutatásaihoz. Nemzetközi Katonai Kibertér Műveleti Konferencia, Szentendre, 7 March 2024. HEALEY, Jason – GRINBERG, Olivia (2022): ‘Patriotic Hacking’ Is No Exception. Online: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/patriotic-hacking-no-exception JORDAN, Tim – TAYLOR, Paul A. (2004): Hacktivism and Cyberwars. Rebels with a Cause? London – New York: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203490037 KARATZOGIANNI, Athina (2015): Firebrand Waves of Digital Activism 1994–2014. The Rise and Spread of Hacktivism and Cyberconflict. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317933 KIM-MCLEOD, Riam (2024): Russia–Ukraine War: Telegram-based Hacktivism in 2023. SecAlliance, 27 February 2024. Online: https://www.secalliance.com/blog/russia-ukraine-war-telegram-based-hacktivism-in-2023 KOVÁCS, László – KRASZNAY, Csaba (2010): A Digital Mohács. A Cyber Attack Scenario against Hungary. Nemzet és Biztonság: Biztonságpolitikai Szemle, 3(Special Issue), 49–59. KOVAL, Nikolay (2015): Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine. In GEERS, Kenneth (ed.): Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine. Tallinn: NATO CCDCoE, 55–58. LOWE, Christian (2009): Kremlin Loyalist Says Launched Estonia Cyber-Attack. Reuters, 13 March 2009. Online: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-estonia-cyberspace-idUSTRE52B4D820090313/ OTTIS, Rain (2008): Analysis of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia from the Information Warfare Perspective. Tallinn: NATO CCDCoE. Online: https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Ottis2008_AnalysisOf2007FromTheInformationWarfarePerspective.pdf OTTIS, Rain (2011): A Systematic Approach to Offensive Volunteer Cyber Militia. Tallinn: TUT Press. ROMAGNA, Marco (2019): Hacktivism: Conceptualization, Techniques, and Historical View. In HOLT, Thomas J. – BOSSLER, Adam M. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance. Cham: Springer, 1–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90307-1_34-1 RUFFIN, Oxblood (2010): Hacktivism: From Here to There. Threat Post, 9 December 2010. Online: https://threatpost.com/hacktivism-here-there-120910/74759/ Sekoia TDR – Amaury G. – Maxime A. (2024): NoName057(16)’s DDoSia Project: 2024 Updates and Behavioural Shifts. Sekoia, 1 March 2024. Online: https://blog.sekoia.io/noname05716-ddosia-project-2024-updates-and-behavioural-shifts/ SCHMITT, Michael N. ed. (2017): Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316822524 SCHMITT, Michael N. – VIHUL, Liis (2014): Proxy Wars in Cyber Space: The Evolving International Law of Attribution. Fletcher Security Review, 1(2), 54–73. SMITH, Margaret W. – DEAN, Thomas (2023): The Irregulars: Third-Party Cyber Actors and Digital Resistance Movements in the Ukraine Conflict. In 2023 15th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Meeting Reality (CyCon). Tallinn: IEEE, 103–119. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon58705.2023.10182061 SOESANTO, Stefan (2022): The IT Army of Ukraine: Structure, Tasking, and Eco-System. CSS Cyberdefense Reports, June 2022. Online: https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000552293 SUN TZU (2006): The Art of War. Minneapolis: Filiquarian Publishing. THØGERSEN, Marie (2023): Obligations of Non-participating States When Hackers on Their Territory Engage in Armed Conflicts. In 2023 15th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Meeting Reality (CyCon). Tallinn: IEEE, 39–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon58705.2023.10182021 TUROVSKY, Daniil (2018): “It’s Our Time to Serve the Motherland” How Russia’s War in Georgia Sparked Moscow’s Modern-day Recruitment of Criminal Hackers. Meduza, 7 August 2018. Online: https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/08/07/it-s-our-time-to-serve-the-motherland UCMC (2016): Security Service of Ukraine Possesses Audio Records of Krasnov’s Conversations with his Russian Supervisor. Ukraine Crisis Media Center, 3 March 2016. Online: https://uacrisis.org/en/40837-sbu-3 United Nations General Assembly (2013): Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. A/68/98. New York: United Nations. Online: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/371/66/pdf/n1337166.pdf?token=j2rtp8zdWwLTUkk6bu&fe=true United States District Court for the District of Alaska (2017): United States Versus Peter Yuryevich Levashov. Online: https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/956511/dl U.S. Department of Justice (2018): Russian National Who Operated Kelihos Botnet Pleads Guilty to Fraud, Conspiracy, Computer Crime and Identity Theft Offenses. Office of Public Affairs, 12 September 2018. 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This paper explores the involvement of hacktivists, cyber volunteers and proxy groups in military cyber operations, with a particular focus on their roles in the ongoing Russian–Ukrainian war. The research aims to analyse the participation of these non-state actors, their legal implications, and how their involvement could influence the strategic, operational and tactical practices of small and medium-sized NATO member states, such as Hungary. Drawing from case studies, literature review and in-depth interviews with Hungarian military intelligence and public administration leaders, the paper formulates two hypotheses: 1. Hacktivist groups, unless integrated into a state’s cyber strategy, hinder tactical objectives and raise significant international legal concerns; and 2. Such groups pose a strategic threat to small NATO countries, including Hungary. The findings emphasise the necessity for NATO states to consider how to engage and regulate cyber volunteers effectively, while minimising the risks posed by hacktivist and proxy groups. Additionally, the research underscores the lack of a unified legal framework governing the use of these non-state actors, which complicates their regulation and control in cyberspace conflicts. The paper concludes with recommendations for how NATO states can leverage the openness of civilians to participate in cyber defence while maintaining legal and operational oversight, supporting the involvement of various cyber groups within the framework of international law.

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object(Publication)#786 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7957) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-17 12:21:49" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10089) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(7833) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2813) "ADLER, Emanuel – BARNETT, Michael eds. (1998): Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598661 Belarus MFA (2023a): Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus S. Aleinik at the High-level International Conference “Eurasian Security: Reality and Prospects in a Transforming World”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, 26 October 2023. Online: https://mfa.gov.by/press/news_mfa/d7371731881f8f54.html Belarus MFA (2023b): High-level International Conference “Eurasian Security: Reality and Prospects in a Transforming World”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, 27 October 2023. Online: https://mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/b96e0b311918963e.html Belarus Segodnya (2024): Serbian Deputy PM: Absolute Lack of International Law Is the Biggest Problem in Modern Conditions. Belarus Segodnya, 31 October 2024. Online: https://www.sb.by/en/serbian-deputy-pm-absolute-lack-of-international-law-is-biggest-problem-in-modern-conditions.html CARR, Randolf – KOENIG, Nicole (2024): Dark Clouds and Silver Linings. Key Takeaways from the Munich Security Conference 2024. Debrief Paper, Munich Security Conference. Online: https://doi.org/10.47342/HIQV3321 ISCHINGER, Wolfgang – Stiftung Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz eds. (2014): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Munich Security Conference. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Online: https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666300547 JIANG, Joyce (2024): China’s One-child Policy Hangover: Scarred Women Dismiss Beijing’s Pro-birth Agenda. CNN, 18 August 2024. Online: https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/18/china/china-one-child-policy-hangover-intl-hnk/index.html MSC (2023): Searching for a Common Vision. A Readout from the Munich Security Conference 2023. Munich Security Conference. Online: https://doi.org/10.47342/JPRD3642 Radio Svaboda (2024): Сіярта ў Менску загаварыў па-расейску і выказаў спадзеў, што яго не асудзяць у Брусэлі. [Szijjártó spoke in Russian in Minsk and expressed hope that he would not be condemned in Brussels]. Radio Svaboda, 31 October 2024. Online: https://www.svaboda.org/a/33181768.html TASS (2024a): Eurasian Security Conference in Minsk to Rival Munich Event – Moscow-led Bloc’s Chief. TASS Russian News Agency, 1 July 2024. Online: https://tass.com/world/1810651 TASS (2024b): Slovakia, Hungary Intrigued by the Idea of a New Security Architecture for Eurasia – Lavrov. TASS Russian News Agency, 5 December 2024. Online: https://tass.com/politics/1882827 Xinhua (2024): Minsk Conference Focuses on Eurasian Security, World Multipolarity. People’s Daily Online, 1 November 2024. Online: http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/1101/c90000-20236535.html" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(638) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "125-136" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2024.3.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(978) "

This paper examines the evolution of competing international security dialogue platforms through a comparative analysis of the Munich Security Conference (MSC) and the Minsk Conference (MC) during 2023–2024. Using Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett’s Security Communities framework and Charles Tilly’s network configurations concept, it analyses how these forums represent distinct approaches to organising international security dialogue. The study demonstrates how the established MSC and the emerging Minsk Conference develop different institutional practices, governance structures and engagement patterns. While Munich emphasises multilateral engagement within a rules-based framework, Minsk promotes an alternative model centred on state sovereignty and Eurasian integration. This comparison reveals an emerging divide between Western and Eurasian approaches to international security dialogue, indicating a broader transformation in global security relations.

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