object(Publication)#692 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(8463) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-03-03" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-03-03 10:46:14" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10793) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8339) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(7929) "ADAMOWSKI, Jaroslaw (2024): First F-35 for Poland Rolls Out of Lockheed’s Fort Worth Plant. Defense News, 29 August 2024. Online: https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/08/29/first-f-35-for-poland-rolls-out-of-lockheeds-fort-worth-plant/ ALEXANDRESCU, Mihai (2022): Central Europe as a Regional Security (Sub)Complex in the Interwar Period. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia, 67(1), 101–114. Online: https://doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2022.1.05 AXWORTHY, Lloyd (2001): Human Security and Global Governance: Putting People First. Global Governance, 7(1), 19–23. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-00701004 BARANYAI, Gábor (2024): Így izmosodik a magyar Gripen-flotta. Magyar Nemzet, 23 February 2024. Online:https://magyarnemzet.hu/belfold/2024/02/igy-izmosodik-a-magyar-gripen-flotta BOOTH, Ken (2005): Critical Security Studies and World Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685857356 BOOTH, Ken (2007): Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840210 BORNIO, Jakub (2024): Airspace Violations in Central and Eastern European Countries in the Context of the War in Ukraine. IEŚ Commentaries, 1034(10). Online: https://ies.lublin.pl/en/comments/airspace-violations-in-central-and-eastern-european-countries-in-the-context-of-the-war-in-ukraine/ Business Insider (2021): The Soviet Union is Long Gone, but Russia Still has Soviet-designed Aircraft on the Frontline Around the World. Business Insider. 2021. január 27. 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MARK, Eduard (2016): Defending the West. The United States Air Force and European Security, 1946–1998. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. MCNEIL, Harry (2024): Czech Republic Fortifies Defence with 24 F-35 Lightning IIs in Landmark Deal. Airforce Technology, 30 January 2024. Online: https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/czech-republic-fortifies-defence-with-24-f-35-lightning-iis-in-landmark-deal/ MEARSHEIMER, John J. (2001): The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (2023): Security Strategy of the Czech Republic 2023. Online: https://mzv.gov.cz/file/5161068/Security_Strategy_of_the_Czech_Republic_2023.pdf Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland (2024): Polish Defence in the Perspective of 2032. 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Online: https://defence24.com/armed-forces/east-front-news-14-polish-korean-deals-for-drones-and-rockets-fa-50pl-photos-revealed-us-loan-for-apache RADA, Péter (2019): Megváltozó világunk és a biztonsági kihívások alakulása. In SZÁLKAI, Kinga – BARANYI, Tamás P. – SZARKA, Luca (eds.): Biztonságpolitikai Corvinák. Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont, 1–10. RAJCHEL, Jan – ZAŁĘSKI, Krzysztof (2022): Poland’s Air Force in the Context of Polish and NATO Eastern Flank Security Challenges: Selected Aspects of Technical Modernization. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 35(1), 53–72. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2022.2045802 Reuters (2024): Slovakia Gets First New F-16s to Boost Air Defence. Reuters, 23 July 2024. Online: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/slovakia-gets-first-new-f-16s-boost-air-defence-2024-07-22/ SIPRI (2025): Arms Transfer Database. Online: https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferData SMISEK, Martin (2023): Modernising Slovakia’s Ground-Based Air Defence. ESD, 26 June 2023. Online: https://euro-sd.com/2023/06/news/31806/modernising-slovakias-ground-based-air-defence/ SNYDER, Jack (2004): One World, Rival Theories. Foreign Policy, (145), 52–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/4152944 GYÁRFÁSOVÁ, Olga (2018): Public Opinion in the V4 about Visegrad and Beyond. In STEPPER, Péter (ed.): Central Europe and the Visegrad Cooperation. Historical and Policy Perspectives. Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont, 109–129. STEPPER, Péter ed. (2018): Central Europe and the Visegrad Cooperation. Historical and Policy Perspectives. Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024): The Military Balance 2024. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003485834 TICKNER, Ann J. (1992): Gender in International Relations. Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press. TONG, Michael (2020): Analysis: The Challenge of Defending European Airspace. International Institute for Strategic Studies, 12 February 2020. Online: https://milbalplus.iiss.org/handlers/GetEssayGraphicFile.ashx?ID=663.1&type=2 WIBBEN, Annick T. R. (2004): Feminist International Relations: Old Debates and New Directions. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 10(2), 97–114. WILSON, David – SHERWOOD, Dick eds. (2000): Oceans Governance and Maritime Strategy. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin. WYN, Richard J. (1999): Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. YOUNG, Thomas-Durell (2023): Reinforcing NATO’s Eastern Airspace. The RUSI Journal, 168(1–2), 30–49. 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The study explores the air forces of the Visegrád Group within the broader framework of regional security studies, focusing on their modernisation efforts and strategic importance in Central and Eastern Europe. Emphasising the interplay between national defence priorities and collective NATO goals, the study examines defence spending, procurement trends and operational capabilities. The research seeks to assess how the modernisation of the V4 air forces contributes to regional stability and to what extent disparities in readiness and capabilities influence collective security. Using a comparative analysis based on the Military Balance + and SIPRI databases, the study evaluates current force structures and procurement trajectories. The findings reveal significant differences in modernisation levels, with Poland leading in both scale and diversity, while Slovakia faces pronounced capability gaps. The study argues that air power serves as a vital element in maintaining regional stability, particularly considering escalating geopolitical tensions, including the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict. It also underscores the need for enhanced coordination among the V4 countries to address shared security challenges and strengthen their collective defence posture. This analysis contributes to the discourse on regional security, highlighting the critical role of air force modernisation in fostering resilience and ensuring stability in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Expanding on the conclusions of the first two parts in this series, several aspects of the further capability management process are examined in this article. After having assessed that the recent procurement decisions and the first steps towards a true capability have been prudently taken by the Hungarian Defence Forces, possible options for the way forward are considered and potential future steps proposed. The path towards a solid GBAD capability has been taken; now it will be essential to stay on track and prepare consequent and reasonable steps for the short- and medium-term future.

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The Relevance of the Topic]. In ISASZEGI, János (ed.): Az átfogó megközelítés és a védelmi igazgatás [The Comprehensive Approach and Defence Management]. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó, 11–26. Online: https://hmvedelmiigazgatas.kormany.hu/download/2/f6/31000/04_2013_Az_atfogo_megkozelites_es_vedelmi_igazgatas.pdf TUNYOGI, Dóra – FÖLDI, László (2007): 2006. évi magyarországi árvíz során végzett elhárítási munkálatok elemzése, különös tekintettel a magyar honvédség szerepvállalására [Analysis of Flood Relief Efforts during the 2006 Floods in Hungary, with Particular Regard to the Role of the Hungarian Defence Forces]. Hadmérnök, 2(2), 50–61. Online: http://www.hadmernok.hu/archivum/2007/2/2007_2_tunyogi.pdf U.S. Air Force (2005): Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort Total Force Response. 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Online: https://honvedelem.hu/hirek/government-resolution-1163-2020-21st-april.html - 2021. évi CXL. törvény a honvédelemről és a Magyar Honvédségről [Act CXL of 2021 on National Defence and the Hungarian Defence Forces]. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a2100140.tv - 2021. évi XCIII. törvény a védelmi és biztonsági tevékenységek összehangolásáról [Act XCIII of 2021 on the Coordination of Defence and Security Activities]. Online: https://jogiportal.hu/index.php?id=fns77nqt9gauudk9i&state=20211221&menu=view - 427/2022. (X. 28.) Korm. rendelet a védelmi és biztonsági igazgatás területi és helyi szabályairól [Government Decree 427/2022 (X. 28.) on Regional and Local Rules for Defence and Security Administration]. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a2200427.kor The Fundamental Law of Hungary (2011). Online: https://www.parlament.hu/documents/125505/138409/Fundamental+law/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(676) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "37-59" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2025.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(924) "

The ever-changing security environment and the experience of the war in Ukraine not only underlined the importance of a strong defence force but also highlighted the need for effective national resilience. The development of national resilience, the building and operation of the system cannot be imagined without the support of the Hungarian Defence Forces. At the same time, the use of conventional military capabilities takes resources away from training and preparation that can be highly photogenic in the execution of the basic tasks of the force. At the same time, special operations forces can be an appropriate solution for building national resilience. Effective national resilience can also be a deterrent to conventional armed conflict. Recent legislative changes will make the policy-making process simpler, more transparent and faster and will allow for the effective development of national resilience.

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BÓNUS, Lilla – KOROM, Erzsébet (2022): Mobiltechnológiával támogatott kutatásalapú tanulás [Mobile Technology-supported Research-based Learning]. Magyar Pedagógia, 122(2), 109–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.14232/mped.2022.2.109 CZIGLÉNÉ FARKAS, Katalin (2008): A tanórák előkészítése, óratípusok, vázlat-tervek és a hozzárendelt eszközszükséglet, valamint berendezés [Lesson Preparation, Lesson Types, Lesson Plans and Associated Equipment Requirements, as well as Facilities]. Budapest: Nemzeti Szakképzési és Felnőttképzési Intézet. Online: https://www.nive.hu/Downloads/Szakkepzesi_dokumentumok/Bemeneti_kompetenciak_meresi_ertekelesi_eszkozrendszerenek_kialakitasa/3_1283_011_110131.pdf FALUS, Iván – SZŰCS, Ida (2022): A didaktika kézikönyve [The Handbook of Didactics]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634548454.16 FORGÓ, Sándor – HAUSER, Zoltán – KIS-TÓTH, Lajos (2004): Tanulás tér- és időkorlátok nélkül [Learning without Space or Time Constraints]. Iskolakultúra, 14(12), 123–139. FROMANN, Richárd – DAMSA, Andrei (2016): A gamifikáció (játékosítás) motivációs eszköztára az oktatásban [Gamification as a Motivational Tool in Education]. Új Pedagógiai Szemle, 66(3–4), 76–81. GAÁL, Gabriella – JÁSZI, Éva (2024): Pedagógus-mesterség [The Teaching Profession]. HUNLine Hungarian Online University. Online: http://okt.ektf.hu/data/szlahorek/file/hunline_pedpszi/16_pedagogus_mesterseg/327_hogyan_tantsunk__az_oktats_szervezsi_mdjai.html KORPICS, Márta – MÉHES, Tamás – DOMOKOS, Klaudia (2023): Módszertani kézikönyv a kreatív tanuláshoz [Methodology Handbook for Creative Learning]. Budapest: Ludovika Egyetemi Kiadó. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2024.v72.i8.pp1527-1533 KŐRÖSI, Gábor – NÁMESZTOVSZKI, Zsolt – ESZTELECKI, Péter (2015): M-learning – a jelen vagy a jövő oktatási eszköze? [M-learning – An Educational Tool of the Present or the Future?] Új Pedagógiai Szemle, 65(1–2), 102–109. KRISKA, György – KARKUS, Zsolt (2022): A biológia tanításának elmélete és gyakorlata [The Theory and Practice of Teaching Biology]. ELTE TTK Biológiai Intézet. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634547877 LADA, László (2009): Oktatási módszerek [Teaching Methods]. Online: https://ofi.oh.gov.hu/tudastar/problemak-kerdesek/oktatasi-modszerek MRÁZIK, Julianna (2021): Az e-tanulás segítése. A tanulásszervezés átkeretezése hagyományos és nem hagyományos környezetben [Supporting E-learning. Reframing Learning Organisation in Traditional and Non-traditional Environments]. Képzés és Gyakorlat: Training and Practice, 19(3–4), 64–72. Online: https://doi.org/10.17165/TP.2021.3-4.6 NAGY-CZIROK, Lászlóné (2016): „Az oktatási rendszer csak olyan jó, mint a tanárok, akik alkotják.” Az iskola mint szakmai műhely [“The Education System Is only as Good as the Teachers Who Make It Up.” School as a Professional Workshop]. Új Pedagógiai Szemle, 66(9–12), 45–72. NYÉKI, Lajos (2016): Óratípusok [Types of Classes]. Online: https://docplayer.hu/27178726-Oratipusok-dr-nyeki-lajos-2016.html#google_vignette RADNÓTI, Katalin (2006): Milyen oktatási és értékelési módszereket alkalmaznak a pedagógusok a mai magyar iskolában? [What Teaching and Assessment Methods Do Teachers Use in Hungarian Schools Today?] In KERBER, Zoltán (ed.): Hidak a tantárgyak között. Kereszttantervi kompetenciák és tantárgyközi kapcsolatok [Bridges between Subjects. Cross-curricular Competencies and Interdisciplinary Connections]. Budapest: Országos Közoktatási Intézet, 131–167. VARGÁNÉ KISS, Erika (2009): Tanítási stratégiák. Frontális osztálymunka: amikor a tanár magyaráz… [Teaching Strategies. Frontal Classroom Work: When the Teacher Explains…] Online: https://www.koloknet.hu/iskola/pedagogus/frontalis-osztalymunka-amikor-a-tanar-magyaraz/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(676) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "61-73" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2025.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(502) "

Teaching methods are constantly evolving, and the amount of teaching material is increasing year by year. The more effective acquisition of the expanding range of knowledge and the easier understanding can be greatly facilitated by the illustrative materials and educational aids, produced by 3D printing. In our article, we briefly describe the main characteristics of basic teaching methods and the advantages of using novel 3D technology in education, especially in military officer training.

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object(Publication)#740 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7111) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-03-03" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-03-03 10:46:14" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8826) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(6987) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4255) "Alföld-Planum Kultúrmérnöki Kft. (2014): 12. NMT. 03. Fehér- és Kettős-Körös nagyvízi mederkezelési terve [12 NMT 03 River Basin Management Plan of the Fehér- and Kettős-Körös Rivers]. GALLI, László (1976): Az árvízvédelem földműveinek állékonysági vizsgálata [Stability Testing of Flood Protection Earthworks]. Budapest: General Directorate of Water Management. General Directorate of Water Management (2014): Magyarország árvízvédelmi művei [Flood Protection Works in Hungary]. GÓG, Imre (1983): Szigetelő falak a Kettős-Körös jobb oldali töltésében [Protection Walls on the Right Bank of the Kettős-Körös River]. Magyar Vízgazdálkodás, 23(6), 7–8. SZLÁVIK, Lajos – GALBÁTS, Zoltán – KISS, Attila – KISHÁZI, Péter Konrád – RÁTKY, István (1994): A Fehér-, Fekete- és Kettős-Körös árvízei, árvízvédelmi rendszere és a Kisdelta szükségtározó [The Floods of the Fehér-, Fekete- and Kettős-Körös Rivers, Flood Protection System and the Kisdelta Emergency Reservoir]. Vízügyi Közlemények, 81(4), 543–614. VÖLGYESI, István (2004): Szivárgási tényező, vízmozgás [Leakage Factor, Water Movement]. In NAGY, László – SZLÁVIK, Lajos (eds.): Árvízvédekezés a gyakorlatban [Flood Protection in Practice]. Budapest: Közlekedési Dokumentációs Kft. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.01 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.01]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.02 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.02]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.03 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.03]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.04 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.04]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.05 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.05]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.06 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.06]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.07 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.07]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. Árvízvédelmi tervek. Észlelt árvízi jelenségek JEL-12.08 [Flood Protection Plans. Observed Flood Phenomena JEL-12.08]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 01. Szarvasi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Szarvas Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 02. Mezőberényi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Mezőberény Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 03. Zsófiamajori árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Zsófiamajor Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 04. Dobozi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Doboz Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 05. Mályvádi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Mályvád Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 06. Ecsegfalvai árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Ecsegfalava Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 07. Körösladányi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Körösladány Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]. - 12. 08. Fokközi árvízvédelmi szakasz. Műszaki leírás [Fokköz Flood Protection Section. Technical Description]. KÖVIZIG [Körös Region Water Management Directorate]." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(676) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "75-92" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2025.1.5" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(700) "

Since the regulation of the Körös Rivers, and following the construction of the flood protection systems and their development, several phenomena have developed on the embankments as a consequence of the receding flood waves. The following article presents the phenomena developed on the flood protection lines and flood control structures of the Körös Rivers. This information was collected, structured and categorised to better assess the flood protection lines. With the collected data, as well as with data from other sources (such as geomechanics, modelling) recommendations can be made on where and what kind of investment should be made in order to increase flood protection safety.

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Vízrajzi Monitoring Osztály, csoportirányító

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object(Publication)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(6916) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-03-03" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-03-03 10:46:14" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8557) ["sectionId"]=> int(5) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(6792) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4029) "ANDERSON, Kenneth – WAXMAN, Matthew (2012): Law and Ethics for Robot Soldiers. Hoover Institution. Online: https://www.hoover.org/research/law-and-ethics-robot-soldiers BARR, Michael – MASSA, Anthony (2006): Programming Embedded Systems. With C and GNU Development Tools. O’Reilly Media. BEKEY, George (2017): Autonomous Robots. From Biological Inspiration to Implementation and Control. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. BOULANIN, Vincent (2015): Implementing Article 36 Weapon Reviews in the Light of Increasing Autonomy in Weapon Systems. SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, (1). Online: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/insight/SIPRIInsight1501.pdf BUCHANAN, Robert A. (s. a.): History of Technology. Encyclopedia Britannica. Online: https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology ČAPEK, Karel (2013): R.U.R. Rossum Univerzális Robotjai. Budapest: Quattrocento. DAWES, James (2021): An Autonomous Robot May Have Already Killed People – Here’s How the Weapons Could Be More Destabilizing than Nukes. The Conversation, 29 September 2021. Online: https://doi.org/10.64628/AAI.5untfg7pd Department of Defense (2023): DoD Directive 3000.09. Autonomy in Weapon Systems. Online: https://www.esd.whs.mil/portals/54/documents/dd/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf European Commission (2022): Industry 5.0, a Transformative Vision for Europe. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, 10 January 2022. Online: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/publications/all-publications/industry-50-transformative-vision-europe_en FAHLSTROM, Paul G. – GLEASON, Thomas J. (2012): Introduction to UAV Systems. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118396780 KHILLAR, Sagar (2018): Difference between Droid and Robot. Online: http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-droid-and-robot KUHN, Christopher (2016): Blender 3D Incredible Machines. Design, Model, and Texture Complex Mechanical Objects in Blender. Birmingham: Packt Publishing. Legacy Robots (s. a.): Boston Dynamics. Online: https://www.bostondynamics.com/legacy MIZOKAMI, Kyle (2017, July 19): Kalashnikov Will Make an A.I.-Powered Killer Robot. Popular Mechanics, 19 July 2017. Online: https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a27393/kalashnikov-to-make-ai-directed-machine-guns/ NASU, Hitoshi (2021): The Kargu-2 Autonomous Attack Drone: Legal & Ethical Dimensions. Lieber Institute West Point, 10 June 2021. Online: https://lieber.westpoint.edu/kargu-2-autonomous-attack-drone-legal-ethical/ NBC News (2009): Israel Developing Battlefield Robot Snake. The Associated Press, 11 June 2009. Online: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31255615 NORMAN, Jeremy (2014): Automata Invented by Heron of Alexandria. Online: https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=10 OWEN-HILL, Alex (2021): 10 Industrial Robot Companies that Lead the Industry. RoboDK, 4 October 2021. Online: https://robodk.com/blog/industrial-robot-companies/ RUNDLE, Guy (2014): A Revolution in the Making: 3D Printing, Robots, and the Future. Crikey, 5 March 2014. Online: https://www.crikey.com.au/2014/03/05/rundle-a-revolution-in-the-making-printed-out-in-3d/ ROFF, Heather M. (2013): Killing in War. Responsibility, Liability and Lethal Autonomous Robots. In ALLHOFF, Fritz – EVANS, Nicholas G. – HENSCHKE, Adam (eds.): Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War. Just War Theory in the Twenty-first Century. London – New York: Routledge, 352–364. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107164.ch26 RUTMAN, Jeremy (2021): Iron Beam, Iron Dome, and Laser Defense. The Times of Israel, 28 May 2021. Online: https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/iron-beam-iron-dome-and-laser-defense/ SANDIN, Paul E. (2003): Robot Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Illustrated. New York: McGraw-Hill. Online: https://doi.org/10.1036/007142928X U.S. Air Force (s. a.): MQ-1B Predator. Online: http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator.aspx" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(676) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "93-104" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2025.1.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1072) "

Robotic systems are revolutionising modern warfare, with applications ranging from reconnaissance and bomb disposal to autonomous combat and logistics. While these technologies reduce human casualties and enhance operational efficiency, they raise critical ethical and legal questions about accountability, autonomy, and the future of human-soldier roles. Robots are ideal for use in military operations because they can perform such tasks that are too dangerous for humans. Robots can be used to traverse dangerous terrain, locate and eliminate threats, and support and supply troops on the ground. They can also be used to protect troops from enemy fire and can serve as decoys to draw fire away from troops. In addition, robots can be used to provide intelligence and real-time information on the battlefield that can be used to make strategic decisions. This paper examines the evolution of military robotics, analyses current battlefield applications, and evaluates the moral challenges posed by autonomous systems, advocating for urgent regulatory frameworks.

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