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Nuclear Security Culture Self-Assessment in a Radioactive Material Associated Facility
The following publication summarizes the short history, fundamentals of Interna- tional Atomic Energy Agency’s Nuclear Security Culture programme in general and provides details of the recommended self-assessment methodology.
A preliminary Nuclear Security Culture (NSC) self-assessment is presented on the basis of the 026 Nuclear Security Technical Document (NST) Draft in a special case of a radioactive material associated facility. Besides the purposes described in the 026 NST Draft, to test the level of the NSC level inside the facility and the problems, the roots of the problems and possible conclusions in it, the main goal was to test the conformance of the guidance itself and the preparedness and attitude about the security self-assessment of the facility. Even though the direct answers and the results are not allowed to be publicized, the conclusions will be instructive for associated facilities as well as for competent authorities.
The following publication summarizes the short history, fundamentals of Interna- tional Atomic Energy Agency’s Nuclear Security Culture programme in general and provides details of the recommended self-assessment methodology.
A preliminary Nuclear Security Culture (NSC) self-assessment is presented on the basis of the 026 Nuclear Security Technical Document (NST) Draft in a special case of a radioactive material associated facility. Besides the purposes described in the 026 NST Draft, to test the level of the NSC level inside the facility and the problems, the roots of the problems and possible conclusions in it, the main goal was to test the conformance of the guidance itself and the preparedness and attitude about the security self-assessment of the facility. Even though the direct answers and the results are not allowed to be publicized, the conclusions will be instructive for associated facilities as well as for competent authorities.
Industrial Safety Analysis of Accidents Involving Ammonia, with Special Regard to Cold-Storage Facilities
Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industry and it is one of the most dangerous materials produced, transported and used in largest quantities. From the viewpoint of industrial safety, this material is essential, as it is present at almost every branch office of disaster management, and the number of major industrial accidents involving ammonia has recently increased. In fact, few articles and literature deal with this issue.
The main purpose of the article is to remedy this deficiency as well as to provide professional help for first responders, members of the professional authority and the higher education students in the field of industrial safety.
Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industry and it is one of the most dangerous materials produced, transported and used in largest quantities. From the viewpoint of industrial safety, this material is essential, as it is present at almost every branch office of disaster management, and the number of major industrial accidents involving ammonia has recently increased. In fact, few articles and literature deal with this issue.
The main purpose of the article is to remedy this deficiency as well as to provide professional help for first responders, members of the professional authority and the higher education students in the field of industrial safety.
Thoughts about the “Magyary Programme 2020”
Our aim with this study is that those readers interested in the Hungarian governmental work of 2010–2014, and who intend to assess it but are not familiar with reading in Hungarian shall get an easily understandable overview from an internal perspective of the development of Hungarian public administration. In order to achieve the above this essay is a summary of the new approaches that – regarding the re-thinking of the Magyary Programme – are worth considering at the end of the previous government term and necessary before the EU programming period 2014–2020. To this end it continues to develop and elaborate the concept of the Good State of the Magyary Programme, in short it scans the results and deficiencies in certain intervention areas of the past four years (organization–task–procedure–staff). Finally it summarizes the major challenges of a new type of Magyary Programme 2020 in 7 points, which the Hungarian state and Hungarian public administration, as a part thereof, shall respond to – as far as the author is concerned.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1065) "Our aim with this study is that those readers interested in the Hungarian governmental work of 2010–2014, and who intend to assess it but are not familiar with reading in Hungarian shall get an easily understandable overview from an internal perspective of the development of Hungarian public administration. In order to achieve the above this essay is a summary of the new approaches that – regarding the re-thinking of the Magyary Programme – are worth considering at the end of the previous government term and necessary before the EU programming period 2014–2020. To this end it continues to develop and elaborate the concept of the Good State of the Magyary Programme, in short it scans the results and deficiencies in certain intervention areas of the past four years (organization–task–procedure–staff). Finally it summarizes the major challenges of a new type of Magyary Programme 2020 in 7 points, which the Hungarian state and Hungarian public administration, as a part thereof, shall respond to – as far as the author is concerned.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(47) "Thoughts about the “Magyary Programme 2020”" ["hu_HU"]=> string(47) "Thoughts about the “Magyary Programme 2020”" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2335) ["email"]=> string(16) "gal@igazgatas.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2124) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Gál" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Gál" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "András Levente" ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "András Levente" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(17) "Magyary Programme" [1]=> string(10) "Good State" [2]=> string(10) "government" [3]=> string(21) "public administration" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(17) "Magyary Programme" [1]=> string(10) "Good State" [2]=> string(10) "government" [3]=> string(21) "public administration" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#779 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20403) ["id"]=> int(1292) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2124) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Strategic Culture: The Facets of Foreign Policy and National Security
The Hungarian foreign policy and strategic policy have gone through radical changes in the past twenty-five years. It has deepened since the beginning of the 21st century with the shifts in international politics being on the agenda. There is a new political viewpoint emerging which involves a new philosophy on international security, describing it as being an attribute of the strategic thinking for solving the international crises by bringing forward the re-evaluation of national security. The scope of this paper is to present the changes that occurred on the strategic level, concerning national security, embedded in the strategic culture, which emerge from the transforming foreign and security politics.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(721) "The Hungarian foreign policy and strategic policy have gone through radical changes in the past twenty-five years. It has deepened since the beginning of the 21st century with the shifts in international politics being on the agenda. There is a new political viewpoint emerging which involves a new philosophy on international security, describing it as being an attribute of the strategic thinking for solving the international crises by bringing forward the re-evaluation of national security. The scope of this paper is to present the changes that occurred on the strategic level, concerning national security, embedded in the strategic culture, which emerge from the transforming foreign and security politics.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(69) "Strategic Culture: The Facets of Foreign Policy and National Security" ["hu_HU"]=> string(69) "Strategic Culture: The Facets of Foreign Policy and National Security" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#777 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2338) ["email"]=> string(20) "benedekm18@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2129) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Benedek" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Benedek" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Márta" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Márta" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(8) "strategy" [1]=> string(17) "strategic culture" [2]=> string(14) "foreign policy" [3]=> string(15) "security policy" [4]=> string(17) "national security" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(8) "strategy" [1]=> string(17) "strategic culture" [2]=> string(14) "foreign policy" [3]=> string(15) "security policy" [4]=> string(17) "national security" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#757 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(21262) ["id"]=> int(1294) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2129) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Law as an Instrument of Fighting Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism
This contribution deals with the legal impacts on the protection of population against a specific form of terrorism. As a reference element for exploring the subjected, a regulating mechanism of legal character was selected by the author.
As the assessment of the regulation of all CBRN components are outside of the framework of this article, the author limited his survey to the area of combat chemical agents and industrially dangerous chemicals provided. The survey model applied can be utilised by other means as well.
This contribution deals with the legal impacts on the protection of population against a specific form of terrorism. As a reference element for exploring the subjected, a regulating mechanism of legal character was selected by the author.
As the assessment of the regulation of all CBRN components are outside of the framework of this article, the author limited his survey to the area of combat chemical agents and industrially dangerous chemicals provided. The survey model applied can be utilised by other means as well.
The inspection of a key by an expert mark examiner covers evaluation of technological traces, presumption of origin, falsification related mark examinations, search marks of duplicator and sampler equipment, as well as identification, recognition of shape characteristics and therefore decoding. The author on the basis of his several decades of experience demonstrates that a vehicle key belonging to a car is the most important safeguarding gadget, what kind of marks it may bear, and how it could be read in the aspect of forensic tool mark examination.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(563) "The inspection of a key by an expert mark examiner covers evaluation of technological traces, presumption of origin, falsification related mark examinations, search marks of duplicator and sampler equipment, as well as identification, recognition of shape characteristics and therefore decoding. The author on the basis of his several decades of experience demonstrates that a vehicle key belonging to a car is the most important safeguarding gadget, what kind of marks it may bear, and how it could be read in the aspect of forensic tool mark examination.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(41) "Forensic Mark Examination of Vehicle Keys" ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "Forensic Mark Examination of Vehicle Keys" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#786 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2343) ["email"]=> string(20) "eleki@orfk.police.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2135) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Elek" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Elek" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Imre" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Imre" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(30) "Forensic tool mark examination" [1]=> string(15) "key duplication" [2]=> string(11) "copy traces" [3]=> string(39) "individual characteristic of tool marks" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(30) "Forensic tool mark examination" [1]=> string(15) "key duplication" [2]=> string(11) "copy traces" [3]=> string(39) "individual characteristic of tool marks" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#785 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(21260) ["id"]=> int(1299) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2135) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Role and Security of Money from the Aspect of Cyber Warfare
Security is one of the most basic human needs, which never appears alone, but always in response to an emergency situation. Internal security of a state means the protection of the political, social and economic order, and the elimination of hazards, such as the instrument of economic terrorism, cyber attack.
Cyberspace is a major arena of modern warfare. Attacks against it have made it important for banking systems that IT systems be developed in the most secure manner both inside and outside the organisation.
Security is one of the most basic human needs, which never appears alone, but always in response to an emergency situation. Internal security of a state means the protection of the political, social and economic order, and the elimination of hazards, such as the instrument of economic terrorism, cyber attack.
Cyberspace is a major arena of modern warfare. Attacks against it have made it important for banking systems that IT systems be developed in the most secure manner both inside and outside the organisation.
Király Pál was one of the best-known Hungarian weapon designers, whose name has become a synonym for the submachine guns he constructed. His confusing personality and puzzling career well reflect an eventful and chaotic period of 20th century Hungarian history. When his most successful creations, the Király submachine guns, were being developed, no experience regarding the military usage of such weapons was available at all. Consequently, when designing and manufacturing the weapons, the closely cooperating military supreme command and ammunitions industry faced several initial problems. Although the continuing development proved successful, production capacity fell behind the growing needs of the military for automatic handguns. The present work aims at introducing the famous engineer’s life and activity, as well as the phases of weapon development and production history.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(897) "Király Pál was one of the best-known Hungarian weapon designers, whose name has become a synonym for the submachine guns he constructed. His confusing personality and puzzling career well reflect an eventful and chaotic period of 20th century Hungarian history. When his most successful creations, the Király submachine guns, were being developed, no experience regarding the military usage of such weapons was available at all. Consequently, when designing and manufacturing the weapons, the closely cooperating military supreme command and ammunitions industry faced several initial problems. Although the continuing development proved successful, production capacity fell behind the growing needs of the military for automatic handguns. The present work aims at introducing the famous engineer’s life and activity, as well as the phases of weapon development and production history.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(46) "Király Pál and the Hungarian Submachine Guns" ["hu_HU"]=> string(46) "Király Pál and the Hungarian Submachine Guns" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2347) ["email"]=> string(28) "soos.peter@mail.militaria.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2141) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Soós" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Soós" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Péter" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Péter" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(11) { [0]=> string(15) "weapon designer" [1]=> string(4) "WW I" [2]=> string(14) "submachine gun" [3]=> string(17) "armaments factory" [4]=> string(18) "weapon development" [5]=> string(16) "breech mechanism" [6]=> string(27) "high performance cartridges" [7]=> string(5) "WW II" [8]=> string(16) "feeding problems" [9]=> string(11) "redesigning" [10]=> string(8) "subtypes" } ["en_US"]=> array(11) { [0]=> string(15) "weapon designer" [1]=> string(4) "WW I" [2]=> string(14) "submachine gun" [3]=> string(17) "armaments factory" [4]=> string(18) "weapon development" [5]=> string(16) "breech mechanism" [6]=> string(27) "high performance cartridges" [7]=> string(5) "WW II" [8]=> string(16) "feeding problems" [9]=> string(11) "redesigning" [10]=> string(8) "subtypes" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#793 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(21258) ["id"]=> int(1302) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2141) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }SWOT Analyses of Mapping Activities at the Ministry of Defence Zrínyi Mapping and Communication Servicing Non-Profit Limited Company
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) Zrínyi Mapping and Communication Non-profit Limited Company (Ltd) belonging to the Ministry of Defence was founded 1st January
2013, by uniting the MoD Zrínyi Communication and MoD Mapping Non-profit Limited Company. In order to ensure the most economical operation, the primary aim of the integration defined by the founder was the revision and possible merger of the capabilities existing in parallel in the two companies. The two predecessor firms would now work as one company, preserving all capabilities, on separate premises, as separate branches perform the mapping and communication tasks within the company. The mapping tasks, given their nature, cannot be accomplished market and profit based, therefore state funding is necessary. The support rate needed for the operation changes from year to year and often during the year, which makes the planning of mapping task procedures rather difficult and as a result the fulfilment of tasks is less efficient.
The Ltd basically fulfils state tasks, however, in its spare capacity, business activities are also carried out. These business activities partly provide coverage for public tasks performed by the company, with which the amount of state funding can be lessened. The aim of my research was to examine the significant factors and effects determining the company’s mapping activity and to elaborate the suggestions for the solution of the revealed problems through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analyses.
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) Zrínyi Mapping and Communication Non-profit Limited Company (Ltd) belonging to the Ministry of Defence was founded 1st January
2013, by uniting the MoD Zrínyi Communication and MoD Mapping Non-profit Limited Company. In order to ensure the most economical operation, the primary aim of the integration defined by the founder was the revision and possible merger of the capabilities existing in parallel in the two companies. The two predecessor firms would now work as one company, preserving all capabilities, on separate premises, as separate branches perform the mapping and communication tasks within the company. The mapping tasks, given their nature, cannot be accomplished market and profit based, therefore state funding is necessary. The support rate needed for the operation changes from year to year and often during the year, which makes the planning of mapping task procedures rather difficult and as a result the fulfilment of tasks is less efficient.
The Ltd basically fulfils state tasks, however, in its spare capacity, business activities are also carried out. These business activities partly provide coverage for public tasks performed by the company, with which the amount of state funding can be lessened. The aim of my research was to examine the significant factors and effects determining the company’s mapping activity and to elaborate the suggestions for the solution of the revealed problems through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analyses.
Why Can Russia “Divide and Rule” Central and Eastern Europe in Energy Policy?
The strategic challenge of the dependence of Central European countries in terms of hydrocarbon import, specifically natural gas, has not been resolved in the past 25 years. Despite repeated calls for joint action – developing common policies, designing joint frameworks, supporting the launch of major European energy infrastructure projects together – 25 years after the change of regime period the region still stands vulnerable to Russian economic penetration and political influence stemming from our large-scale dependence on Russian gas import. The paper investigates the roots and causes of this deficiency in order to answer the question: “Why and how can Russia still ‘Divide and Rule’ Central-Eastern Europe in energy policy?” Since we have witnessed the failure of the Nabucco and Southern Stream pipeline projects in recent years, facing the current challenges of the Ukraine crisis, making transit unpredictable, and perceiving a certain dissent among the Visegrád Four (V4) in this regard, the paper is to identify the particular interests and negotiation techniques of the parties in order to explain the reasons of failure.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1160) "The strategic challenge of the dependence of Central European countries in terms of hydrocarbon import, specifically natural gas, has not been resolved in the past 25 years. Despite repeated calls for joint action – developing common policies, designing joint frameworks, supporting the launch of major European energy infrastructure projects together – 25 years after the change of regime period the region still stands vulnerable to Russian economic penetration and political influence stemming from our large-scale dependence on Russian gas import. The paper investigates the roots and causes of this deficiency in order to answer the question: “Why and how can Russia still ‘Divide and Rule’ Central-Eastern Europe in energy policy?” Since we have witnessed the failure of the Nabucco and Southern Stream pipeline projects in recent years, facing the current challenges of the Ukraine crisis, making transit unpredictable, and perceiving a certain dissent among the Visegrád Four (V4) in this regard, the paper is to identify the particular interests and negotiation techniques of the parties in order to explain the reasons of failure.
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The educational level of a society brings about an improvement in the attitude towards health as the increase in wellbeing. Social environment plays an important role in defining mental health. The possibilities I have examined also define the states of mental health. Socialization, the effects of communities, models, strategies also have an influence on the evolution of self-image, managing conflicts, dealing with frustration, and the ability to integrate. In counseling also new techniques are being tried. The educational method of Budo focuses on improving personality, separating the civilian and service life and helping handle emergencies. In Christian counseling the fact of redemption can create the harmonic operation of body-soul-spirit, the development of the appropriate control functions. The comparison may give an insight into the values and deficiencies of different ways of education-learning. As a theologian, I think it is important to study the doctrines of various religions and how they are used in practice.
Both international sources and experience in Hungary prove that the way of processing a catastrophic event and its psychological effects can be very different from person to person, that is why it is good to choose from given methods in counseling.
The educational level of a society brings about an improvement in the attitude towards health as the increase in wellbeing. Social environment plays an important role in defining mental health. The possibilities I have examined also define the states of mental health. Socialization, the effects of communities, models, strategies also have an influence on the evolution of self-image, managing conflicts, dealing with frustration, and the ability to integrate. In counseling also new techniques are being tried. The educational method of Budo focuses on improving personality, separating the civilian and service life and helping handle emergencies. In Christian counseling the fact of redemption can create the harmonic operation of body-soul-spirit, the development of the appropriate control functions. The comparison may give an insight into the values and deficiencies of different ways of education-learning. As a theologian, I think it is important to study the doctrines of various religions and how they are used in practice.
Both international sources and experience in Hungary prove that the way of processing a catastrophic event and its psychological effects can be very different from person to person, that is why it is good to choose from given methods in counseling.
Hungarian Defence Forces and Regime Change in 1989–1990: International and Domestic Background
The role of the armed forces in the regime change could cover as wide scale of topics as learned in history. In Hungary we experienced a peaceful regime change in 1989–1990. However, many questions were raised about the military role in contemporary events.
It is a fact that the Hungarian Defence Forces were affected by many political changes and challenges in the given time period and it is still a controversial question why and how it was possible that it played a stabilizing role.
As a first part of a planned paper series, this article seeks to explain some international and domestic events and influencing factors in the period from 1989 to 1990 with the support of the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
The role of the armed forces in the regime change could cover as wide scale of topics as learned in history. In Hungary we experienced a peaceful regime change in 1989–1990. However, many questions were raised about the military role in contemporary events.
It is a fact that the Hungarian Defence Forces were affected by many political changes and challenges in the given time period and it is still a controversial question why and how it was possible that it played a stabilizing role.
As a first part of a planned paper series, this article seeks to explain some international and domestic events and influencing factors in the period from 1989 to 1990 with the support of the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.