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The The Importance of Statebuilding: Additional Contributions from a Military Perspective
Since the early beginning, stability, prosperity and security have been core values for the members of the transatlantic community. Efforts have been made for reconciliation over human lives lost in war, to understand and to solve dramatic changes in societies, to rebuild economies after heavy losses in goods, and to repair and maintain destroyed basic infrastructure; these are still ongoing concerns that present periodical challenges for all participating states. Statebuilding approaches can be described in many theoretical ways, but in practice – based on historical experience – they can be either peaceful or very bloody. In order to realise unknown and extreme factors and to give them adequate answers there is an urgent need for a stable, reliable and effective system.
The Hungarian Defence Forces has a long history in peace operations, however, the latest missions conducted, especially in the Balkans and in Afghanistan, provided lots of useful experience related to different statebuilding efforts. In this paper the authors explain the basic general relations between state and the military, in normal – or ideal – circumstances, illustrated – as a comparison – with different elements and factors in statebuilding efforts in case of extreme conditions such as war, failing states or even a hypocritical emergence of state-like entities.
Since the early beginning, stability, prosperity and security have been core values for the members of the transatlantic community. Efforts have been made for reconciliation over human lives lost in war, to understand and to solve dramatic changes in societies, to rebuild economies after heavy losses in goods, and to repair and maintain destroyed basic infrastructure; these are still ongoing concerns that present periodical challenges for all participating states. Statebuilding approaches can be described in many theoretical ways, but in practice – based on historical experience – they can be either peaceful or very bloody. In order to realise unknown and extreme factors and to give them adequate answers there is an urgent need for a stable, reliable and effective system.
The Hungarian Defence Forces has a long history in peace operations, however, the latest missions conducted, especially in the Balkans and in Afghanistan, provided lots of useful experience related to different statebuilding efforts. In this paper the authors explain the basic general relations between state and the military, in normal – or ideal – circumstances, illustrated – as a comparison – with different elements and factors in statebuilding efforts in case of extreme conditions such as war, failing states or even a hypocritical emergence of state-like entities.
associate professor
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(22) "egyetemi docens
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Németh" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Németh" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Lajos József" ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Lajos József" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#700 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6813) ["email"]=> string(26) "boldizsar.gabor@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5294) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7641-833X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Boldizsár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Gábor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(13) "statebuilding" [1]=> string(8) "military" [2]=> string(7) "Hungary" } ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(13) "statebuilding" [1]=> string(8) "military" [2]=> string(7) "Hungary" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#736 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20962) ["id"]=> int(4748) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5294) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Official Setup of the Rapid Deployment Forces in Hungary
Nearly two years after the publication of General Elemér Gorondy-Novák’s report, Hungarian Governor Miklós Horthy decided to assemble in one branch the cyclist and mechanised troops, cavalry and armoured units. The measure on the organisation of rapid deployment forces ordered with immediate effect the concentration of all kinds of rapid deployment troops, that is, cyclists, mechanised troops, cavalry and tank units. The uniform tabs of the soldiers that belonged to the new kind of rapid deployment unit became unified (blue), each type of troops had a different emblem. According to the measure, the training program of the officer cadets took place concentrated; however, it was differentiated by the type of troops. The joint exercises and transfers between the different types of troops ensured the cooperation of the officers.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1000) "Csaknem két évvel Gorondy-Novák Elemér tábornok jelentésének2 megszületése után Horthy Miklós kormányzó döntést hozott a kerékpáros és gépkocsizó gyalogság, a lovasság és a páncéloscsapatok egy fegyvernembe történő összevonásáról. A gyorsfegyvernem megszervezéséről szóló rendelkezés3 azonnali hatállyal elrendelte valamennyi kerékpáros és gépkocsizó gyalogos alakulat, a lovasság és a páncéloscsapatok egy fegyvernembe történő összevonását. Az új fegyvernemhez tartozó katonák egyenruha-hajtókája egységes színt (kék) kapott, az egyes csapatnemeket megkülönböztető jelvényekkel látták el. A rendelkezés szerint a fegyvernem tisztjelöltjeinek akadémiai kiképzése összevontan, de csapatnemenként differenciáltan valósult meg, a tisztek együttműködési készségét közös gyakorlatokkal, illetve a csapatnemek közötti átvezénylésekkel célozták meg fejleszteni.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(60) "The Official Setup of the Rapid Deployment Forces in Hungary" ["hu_HU"]=> string(56) "A gyorsfegyvernem hivatalos létrejötte Magyarországon" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Harka Ödön" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#774 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6579) ["email"]=> string(26) "odon.harka@eulerhermes.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5454) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-1262" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "PhD student
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(19) "doktorandusz
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Harka" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Harka" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Ödön" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ödön" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(15) "gyorsfegyvernem" [1]=> string(12) "összevonás" [2]=> string(24) "gépesített hadviselés" [3]=> string(17) "együttműködés" [4]=> string(22) "Gorondy-Novák Elemér" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(21) "rapid deployment unit" [1]=> string(23) "concentration of troops" [2]=> string(18) "mechanised warfare" [3]=> string(11) "cooperation" [4]=> string(22) "Elemér Gorondy-Novák" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#776 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20963) ["id"]=> int(4749) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5454) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Employed Weapon Systems by the Coalition Forces in Yemen – Forced Procurements, Doubtful Results?
The multi-stakeholder Yemen conflict has a lot of elements which are worth analysing. The coalition form military intervention, which occurred in 2015 and consisted of more Arabic states from the region, had interesting experiences in many ways. From military aspects, the two strongest and most active members of the coalition are Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Both of them have deployed almost their entire army, all of the different service branches have been used during the operations. A common characteristic in both forces is the extensive use of state of the art military equipment, mainly from U.S. and European sources. However, the result of their conventional equipment’s deployment is not so obvious: we will see significant criticism regarding the efficiency, accuracy and success. This document will examine the deployed military equipment and the experiences of their use.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1031) "A rendkívül sokszereplős jemeni konfliktus több olyan elemet is hordoz magában, amely elemzésre érdemes. A 2015-ben kezdődött – több térségbeli arab államot is magában foglaló – koalíciós katonai intervenció sok szempontból érdekes tapasztalatokat hozott. A koalíció két legerősebb és műveleti szempontból legaktívabb tagja Szaúd-Arábia és az Egyesült Arab Emirátusok. Mindkét állam hadereje szinte teljes spektrumát felvonultatta, valamennyi haderőnemük kivette részét a műveletekből. A szaúdiak és az Emirátusok részvételében közös pont a nagy mennyiségű és igen fejlett – elsősorban amerikai és európai – haditechnika alkalmazása. A konvencionális fegyverek nagyarányú bevetésének azonban nem egységes a mérlege; a hatékonyság, a pontosság és az eredményesség terén egyaránt komoly kritikák fogalmazódtak meg. A tanulmány a két ország által bevetett haditechnikai eszközöket, valamint azok alkalmazásának tapasztalatait vizsgálja.
" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(42) "– Forced Procurements, Doubtful Results?" ["hu_HU"]=> string(59) "– avagy erőltetett beszerzések, kétséges eredmények?" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(56) "Employed Weapon Systems by the Coalition Forces in Yemen" ["hu_HU"]=> string(82) "A koalíciós haderők által alkalmazott fegyverrendszerek a jemeni konfliktusban" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Lesták Tamás" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#775 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6750) ["email"]=> string(22) "lestaktomi@hotmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5569) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-9585" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(48) "National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing" ["hu_HU"]=> string(44) "Országos Idegenrendészeti Főigazgatóság" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(25) "head of department
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(25) "főosztályvezető
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Lesták" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Tamás" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(5) "Jemen" [1]=> string(14) "Szaúd-Arábia" [2]=> string(26) "Egyesült Arab Emirátusok" [3]=> string(13) "légi csapás" [4]=> string(25) "közeli légi támogatás" [5]=> string(7) "blokád" [6]=> string(22) "járulékos veszteség" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(5) "Yemen" [1]=> string(12) "Saudi Arabia" [2]=> string(20) "United Arab Emirates" [3]=> string(10) "air strike" [4]=> string(17) "close air support" [5]=> string(8) "blockade" [6]=> string(17) "collateral damage" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#777 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20964) ["id"]=> int(4750) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5569) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Biztonságpolitika
The Role of Cyber Defence in the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy
The emergence of cyberspace as a domain of operations raises several issues that require a transformation of strategies and policies, so these trends need to be followed at both national and EU level. One of the characteristics of cyber threats is that they require not only technical responses, but also strategic solutions. These attacks directly or indirectly affect the activities of all member states at all levels. The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is one of the best examples of the need to address cyber threats in a coherent way at a strategic level. This paper seeks to answer how the new EU cyber security strategy contributes to the Common Security and Defence Policy.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1118) "A műveleti térként megjelenő kibertér számos kérdést vet fel, ami a vele kapcsolatos stratégia és politika átalakítását követeli meg, így nemzeti és uniós szinten is szükséges áttekinteni az általa jelentett kihívásokat. A kibernetikai fenyegetések egyik jellegzetessége, hogy nemcsak technikai válaszokat igényelnek, hanem stratégiai megoldásokat is. A számítástechnikai-internetes támadók vagy bűnözők jelentkezhetnek geopolitikai, kulturális és gazdasági síkon egyaránt, ennek megfelelően az egyesült Európa biztonsági és védelmi erőfeszítéseinek valamennyi fent említett területre ki kell terjedniük, mert az ilyen típusú veszélyeztetés közvetlenül vagy közvetve hatással van a tagországok minden szintű tevékenységére. Az Európai Unió közös biztonság- és védelempolitikája példaszerű következetességgel, egységesen kezeli a kiberfenyegetéseket. Jelen írás arra keresi a választ, hogy az EU új kiberbiztonsági stratégiája milyen eszközökkel járul hozzá a kontinens átfogó biztonság- és védelempolitikájához.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(86) "The Role of Cyber Defence in the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy" ["hu_HU"]=> string(90) "A kibervédelem szerepe az Európai Unió közös biztonsági és védelmi politikájában" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Bihaly Barbara" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#733 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6612) ["email"]=> string(18) "b.bihaly@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5471) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2441-7789" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(28) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:3:"NKE";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Bihaly" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Barbara" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(15) "kiberbiztonság" [1]=> string(17) "védelmi politika" [2]=> string(14) "Európai Unió" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(14) "cyber security" [1]=> string(14) "defence policy" [2]=> string(14) "European Union" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#754 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20965) ["id"]=> int(4751) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5471) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Building NATO Collective Defence Capabilities in Northeastern Europe I
The basis of NATO’s existence is the collective defence of Allies, its population and borders. Assurance and deterrence measures and activities implemented in Northeast Europe aim to build NATO’s common defence potential and deter potential aggression against NATO members. Assurance activities began in 2014, defined at the NATO Summit in Wales. They respond to the changed security situation on NATO’s eastern borders with Russian activities, the illegal annexation of Crimea, destabilisation activities and military involvement in eastern Ukraine. Increasing military activities and concentration of Russian military forces near NATO’s eastern borders, accompanied by hybrid warfare activities against the Northeastern European NATO members, followed. After the NATO Summits in Warsaw (2016) and Brussels (2018), NATO assurance and deterrence measures have been launched as a response to perceived threat. They aim to strengthen the Eastern Allies’ defence and deter and prevent any potential aggression while building Allied collective defence capabilities.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1078) "The basis of NATO’s existence is the collective defence of Allies, its population and borders. Assurance and deterrence measures and activities implemented in Northeast Europe aim to build NATO’s common defence potential and deter potential aggression against NATO members. Assurance activities began in 2014, defined at the NATO Summit in Wales. They respond to the changed security situation on NATO’s eastern borders with Russian activities, the illegal annexation of Crimea, destabilisation activities and military involvement in eastern Ukraine. Increasing military activities and concentration of Russian military forces near NATO’s eastern borders, accompanied by hybrid warfare activities against the Northeastern European NATO members, followed. After the NATO Summits in Warsaw (2016) and Brussels (2018), NATO assurance and deterrence measures have been launched as a response to perceived threat. They aim to strengthen the Eastern Allies’ defence and deter and prevent any potential aggression while building Allied collective defence capabilities.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(70) "Building NATO Collective Defence Capabilities in Northeastern Europe I" ["hu_HU"]=> string(70) "Building NATO Collective Defence Capabilities in Northeastern Europe I" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Boros Goran" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#761 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6501) ["email"]=> string(20) "goranboros@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5397) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HR" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1897-2233" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "NUPS " } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Boros" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Boros" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Goran" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Goran" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(4) "NATO" [1]=> string(18) "collective defence" [2]=> string(9) "assurance" [3]=> string(10) "deterrence" [4]=> string(15) "joint exercises" [5]=> string(19) "Northeastern Europe" } ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(4) "NATO" [1]=> string(18) "collective defence" [2]=> string(9) "assurance" [3]=> string(10) "deterrence" [4]=> string(15) "joint exercises" [5]=> string(19) "Northeastern Europe" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#760 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20966) ["id"]=> int(4752) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5397) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Internal Security Challenges in China Current Situation in Xingjiang Province, Inner Mongolia and Tibet
Our series of studies would like to draw attention to the fact that China, which has so far had considerable foreign policy experience, is also forging serious capital from dealing with its own internal conflicts. A diverse, high-spread country is testing the effectiveness of ‘soft power’ in its provinces. Without foreign policy adventures, these locations provided the Chinese Communist Party with adequate experience in resolving certain types of conflicts. Uyghur, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong, Macao embody archetypes of problems that pose a direct threat to the Chinese state. In addition to regional conflicts, we can also consider the problems of the Christian community of about one hundred million. Uyghur is an excellent example of how to achieve results along the fault lines of cultures and religions. The first part of the series of studies shows how Uyghurs with significant separatist traditions have been persuaded to make ‘modern life’ the same as accepting the Chinese order. Through the Uyghurs, China is learning how to refine its methods concerning Muslim countries in Central Asia.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1124) "Our series of studies would like to draw attention to the fact that China, which has so far had considerable foreign policy experience, is also forging serious capital from dealing with its own internal conflicts. A diverse, high-spread country is testing the effectiveness of ‘soft power’ in its provinces. Without foreign policy adventures, these locations provided the Chinese Communist Party with adequate experience in resolving certain types of conflicts. Uyghur, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong, Macao embody archetypes of problems that pose a direct threat to the Chinese state. In addition to regional conflicts, we can also consider the problems of the Christian community of about one hundred million. Uyghur is an excellent example of how to achieve results along the fault lines of cultures and religions. The first part of the series of studies shows how Uyghurs with significant separatist traditions have been persuaded to make ‘modern life’ the same as accepting the Chinese order. Through the Uyghurs, China is learning how to refine its methods concerning Muslim countries in Central Asia.
" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(65) "Current Situation in Xingjiang Province, Inner Mongolia and Tibet" ["hu_HU"]=> string(65) "Current Situation in Xingjiang Province, Inner Mongolia and Tibet" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Internal Security Challenges in China" ["hu_HU"]=> string(37) "Internal Security Challenges in China" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(33) "Kocsi János Gyula, Vukics Ferenc" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#787 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6459) ["email"]=> string(28) "kocsi.janos.gyula@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5360) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-1466" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(32) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:7:"NKE HHK";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Kocsi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Kocsi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(12) "János Gyula" ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "János Gyula" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#773 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6996) ["email"]=> string(24) "vukics.ferenc@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5360) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-0728" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "NKE HHK" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Vukics" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Ferenc" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(36) "China’s domestic policy challenges" [1]=> string(17) "responsible power" [2]=> string(10) "soft power" [3]=> string(17) "global governance" [4]=> string(19) "one China principle" [5]=> string(17) "Xinjiang province" [6]=> string(20) "the Uyghur situation" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(36) "China’s domestic policy challenges" [1]=> string(17) "responsible power" [2]=> string(10) "soft power" [3]=> string(17) "global governance" [4]=> string(19) "one China principle" [5]=> string(17) "Xinjiang province" [6]=> string(20) "the Uyghur situation" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#781 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20967) ["id"]=> int(4753) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5360) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Társadalomtudomány
Change of Military Virtues in the 19th Century in Europe and Hungary
Virtues of members of army – the military virtues – depend on the social and political environment of the army. Europe and as its part Hungary underwent huge changes in the 19th century, which resulted in great changes in the content of the military virtues, like courage, honor, loyalty, charisma (virtue of military leadership), and discipline. There were similarities between the European and the Hungarian virtues, however the differences are more significant. 19th century European military virtues included courage based on love of the country, and honor, loyalty, charisma and discipline based ont he values of national society. In contrary to this, Hungarian virtues contained courage based fear from God (and from military leaders), and honor, loyalty, charisma and discipline based on values of the society ruled by the Catholic king.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(895) "A hadsereg tagjainak erényei, azaz a katonai erények a társadalmi és a politikai környezet függvényei. A 19. században Európa és benne Magyarország jelentős társadalmi és politikai változásokon ment keresztül, aminek következtében a bátorság, a becsület, a hűség, a vezetői erény és a fegyelmezettség a korábbitól eltérő tartalommal töltődött meg. A nyugat-európai és a magyar fejlődés között voltak hasonlóságok, ám a különbségek szembetűnőbbek. Nyugat-Európában a hazaszereteten nyugvó bátorság, a nemzeti társadalomhoz kötődő becsület, hűség, vezetői erény és fegyelmezettség kapott nagyobb szerepet. Magyarországon viszont az istenfélelmen (és a vezetőktől való félelmen) nyugvó bátorság, illetve a katolikus uralkodó vezette társadalomhoz kötődő becsület, hűség, vezetői erény és fegyelmezettség.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(68) "Change of Military Virtues in the 19th Century in Europe and Hungary" ["hu_HU"]=> string(86) "A katonai erények változása a 19. században Nyugat-Európában és Magyarországon" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Boda Mihály" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#703 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6761) ["email"]=> string(22) "Boda.Mihaly@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5574) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-3644" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(60) "Hadtörténelmi, Filozófiai és Kultúrtörténeti Tanszék" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Boda" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Boda" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Mihály" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Mihály" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(16) "katonai erények" [1]=> string(10) "bátorság" [2]=> string(9) "becsület" [3]=> string(24) "vezetői erény (karizma" [4]=> string(16) "fegyelmezettség" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(16) "military virtues" [1]=> string(7) "courage" [2]=> string(5) "honor" [3]=> string(7) "loyalty" [4]=> string(8) "charisma" [5]=> string(19) "military leadership" [6]=> string(10) "discipline" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#737 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20969) ["id"]=> int(4754) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5574) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Evolution of the Military Staff and its Future Prospects
The military staff is an unseparable part of the military organisations’ daily activities from the troop level up to the highest echelon. This study presents, on the one hand, the evolution of the functional military staff in use by NATO and its historical causes, while, on the other hand, provides an overview of the challenges posed by the current structure, and outlines potential future changes.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(512) "A katonai szervezetek életének manapság elválaszthatatlan része a törzs, a végrehajtó alegységek alsó szintjeitől a felsővezetésig elmenően. Jelen tanulmány egyrészt a NATO szövetségi rendszerében ma használt funkcionális törzs szervezeti formájának kialakulását, illetve az azt előidéző történelmi folyamatokat mutatja be, másrészt a kialakult struktúra által támasztott kihívásokat és e működési modell további fejlődésének lehetséges irányát jelöli ki.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(60) "The Evolution of the Military Staff and its Future Prospects" ["hu_HU"]=> string(60) "A katonai törzs evolúciója és fejlődési perspektívái" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Ferenc Fazekas" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#779 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6760) ["email"]=> string(25) "Fazekas.ferenc@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5573) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-1054" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(100) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:74:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Hadtudományi és Honvédtisztkézpző Kar";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Fazekas" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Fazekas" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Ferenc" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ferenc" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(14) "katonai törzs" [1]=> string(21) "törzsek kialakulása" [2]=> string(20) "funkcionális törzs" [3]=> string(26) "mesterséges intelligencia" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(14) "military staff" [1]=> string(18) "evolution of staff" [2]=> string(16) "functional staff" [3]=> string(23) "artificial intelligence" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20970) ["id"]=> int(4755) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5573) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Charitable Activity during the Great War in Hungary as well as in Great Britain and France
In my study, I examine the role of women in charitable activities and charity organisations. I present the activities and significant actions of one of the best-known charity associations, the Augusta Foundation. I will also examine the work of Franciska Apponyi from Fót, one of the most prominent aristocratic ladies in the field of good service. Of the actions of many charities and individuals, I will highlight some of the more significant ones. I present finally a major charitable action of two Entente States, Great Britain and France.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(592) "Tanulmányomban a nők karitatív munkában és a jótékonysági szervezetekben vállalt szerepét vizsgálom. Bemutatom az egyik legismertebb jótékonysági egyesület, az Auguszta-alap tevékenységét és jelentősebb akcióit. Emellett megvizsgálom a jószolgálat terén működő egyik legkiemelkedőbb arisztokrata hölgy, Apponyi Franciska fóti aktivitását. A megannyi karitatív szervezet és személy kezdeményezései közül kiemelek néhány fontosnak tűnőt. Végül két Antant-állam, Nagy-Britannia és Franciaország jelentősebb karitatív akciót mutatom be.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(90) "Charitable Activity during the Great War in Hungary as well as in Great Britain and France" ["hu_HU"]=> string(115) "Karitatív tevékenység a Nagy Háború idején Magyarországon, valamint Nagy-Britanniában és Franciaországban" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Molnár Zoltán" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#769 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6785) ["email"]=> string(21) "molnar.zoltan@kodo.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5588) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0357-8265" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(76) "National University of Public Service, Doctoral School of Military Sciences" ["hu_HU"]=> string(60) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Hadtudományi Doktori Iskola" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "PhD student
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(19) "Doktorandusz
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Molnár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Molnár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(13) "Nagy Háború" [1]=> string(4) "nők" [2]=> string(14) "jótékonyság" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(9) "Great War" [1]=> string(5) "women" [2]=> string(4) "char" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#793 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20971) ["id"]=> int(4756) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5588) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Risks of Return of the Islamic State and Its Effect on Iraqi Minorities
A threat is the possibility of an unwanted event occurring, such a situation in which some damage may not occur for sure, but at some point it could lead to fear and the loss of a sense of security. Unfortunately, many people in Iraq still feel in danger today, because the Islamic State, as a caliphate, has disappeared, but it lives in cells virtually anywhere in the world, and their activities may recur due to their radical views. The issue of a sense of danger is subjective, as one who is not objectively in danger can also perceive a threat. Importantly, in addition to the individual, there is also a community perception when talking about a group of people. It is therefore important to distinguish between real or perceived danger, perceived by an individual or group, especially when dealing with risk analysis. When a challenge or sense of danger arises by a group of people, in most cases there is a real basis for it and the cause and solution must be addressed. Following a review of the theoretical framework, I examine the risks of a resurgence of the Islamic State, particularly in the case of minorities that have previously been a major target for them.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1286) "A veszélyeztetés egy nem kívánt történés bekövetkezésének lehetősége, azaz olyan helyzet, amelyben nem biztosan, de valamikorra eséllyel kialakulhat bizonyos károkozás, s ez félelemhez, a biztonságérzés megszűnéséhez vezet. Sajnos, Irakban még ma is sokan veszélyben érzik magukat, mert az Iszlám Állam mint kalifátus ugyan megszűnt, de sejtekben tovább él tulajdonképpen bárhol a világon, s ezek tagjainak radikális nézeteiből adódóan kiújulhat a tevékenysége. A veszélyérzet szubjektív, hiszen az is érzékelhet fenyegetettséget, aki objektíven nincs veszélyben. Fontos, hogy az egyéni mellett létezik közösségi érzékelés is. Fontos tehát megkülönböztetnünk az egyén vagy csoport által érzékelt valós vagy vélt veszélyeket, különösen, amikor kockázatelemzéssel foglalkozunk. Ha felmerül valamilyen kihívás vagy veszélyérzet egy embercsoport részéről, a legtöbb esetben annak valós alapja van, s foglalkozni kell az okával és a megoldás keresésével. Az alábbiakban az elméleti keretek áttekintését követően az Iszlám Állam újjáéledésének kockázatait vizsgálom meg különösen azokra a kisebbségekre nézve, amelyek korábban fő célpontot jelentettek harcosai számára.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(71) "Risks of Return of the Islamic State and Its Effect on Iraqi Minorities" ["hu_HU"]=> string(77) "Az Iszlám Állam visszatérésének veszélye az iraki kisebbségekre nézve" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(23) "Szilágyi-Kiss Hajnalka" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#786 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6731) ["email"]=> string(17) "kisshaj@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5550) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-0467" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "project manager
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(23) "projektmenedzser
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Szilágyi-Kiss" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Hajnalka" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "Közel-Kelet" [1]=> string(4) "Irak" [2]=> string(10) "biztonság" [3]=> string(9) "kockázat" [4]=> string(8) "veszély" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(11) "Middle East" [1]=> string(4) "Iraq" [2]=> string(8) "security" [3]=> string(4) "risk" [4]=> string(6) "danger" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#794 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20972) ["id"]=> int(4757) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5550) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Általános
Insurgencies and Cancer Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach
In the last decades there was a significant shift in how war should be waged and warfare conducted. The importance of knowledge of non-article 5 crisis response operations and counterinsurgency operations increased. In this study the authors depart from David Galula’s thoughts, who is a prominent classsic of the mainstream reference literature, and examine to what extent are the dynamics of insurgency and the development of cancer similar. Since in both cases the process is protracted and of differing intensity, the examination provides a better understanding of certain characteristics of insurgencies and a more accentuated examination. The authors conclude that there is much similarity for both are the result of similar processes found on various levels.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1000) "Az elmúlt évtizedekben jelentős hangsúlyeltolódás tapasztalható a háború megvívására és a hadviselésre vonatkozó ismeretekben. A nem 5. cikkely szerinti válságkezelő műveletekkel, azon belül is a felkelésellenes hadműveletekkel kapcsolatos katonai ismeretek fontossága megnőtt. Jelen cikk szerzői a vonatkozó szakirodalomban meghatározó szerepet játszó David Galula francia katonai gondolkodót alapul véve azt vizsgálják, hogy a felkelések létrejötte és a daganatos betegségek kialakulásának menete milyen mértékben mutat hasonlóságot. Mivel mindkét esetben változó intenzitású, elhúzódó folyamatról van szó, a vizsgálat jobban értelmezhetővé teszi e műveletek sajátosságait, továbbá biztosítja azok árnyaltabb vizsgálatát. A fő pontokon megtalálható egyezés egyértelműsíti, hogy a felkelések és a rák kialakulása különböző szinteken elhelyezkedő, hasonló jellegű folyamatok kölcsönhatásának eredménye.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(63) "Insurgencies and Cancer Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach" ["hu_HU"]=> string(72) "A felkelések és a rákkutatás interdiszciplináris megközelítésben" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(52) "Jobbágy Zoltán, Bakos Csaba Attila, Molnár Ádám" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#732 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(6636) ["email"]=> string(25) "jobbagy.zoltan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5488) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-6397" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(87) "National University of Public Service, Faculty of Military Science and Officer Training" ["hu_HU"]=> string(74) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Hadtudományi és Honvédtisztképző Kar" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "associate professor
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(22) "egyetemi docens
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Jobbágy" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Jobbágy" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#755 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6864) ["email"]=> string(21) "bakos.csaba@hm.gov.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5488) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7326-9639" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Bakos" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Csaba Attila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#708 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6865) ["email"]=> string(19) "moopunyam@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5488) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7581-9796" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Molnár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ádám" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(11) "felkelések" [1]=> string(6) "Galula" [2]=> string(28) "összhaderőnemi kiadványok" [3]=> string(9) "daganatok" [4]=> string(4) "rák" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "insurgencies" [1]=> string(6) "Galula" [2]=> string(18) "joint publications" [3]=> string(6) "tumors" [4]=> string(6) "cancer" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#752 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20973) ["id"]=> int(4758) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5488) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Mechanical Emotions in the Armed Forces and Autonomous Systems
With the rise of artificial intelligence, there is a growing demand for machines that are able to operate ‘more humanly’ than they do today. For these, machine sensing and imitation of emotions is essential. Below, we first show the extent to which a machine can handle emotions, as well as the development of the area and its multiple uses for different armed forces. Finally, we narrow the broader review to machine autonomy, where we prove our hypotheses that the application of artificial emotions would allow the development of a moral sense of machines as well as increase the efficiency of autonomous systems.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(730) "A mesterséges intelligencia terjedésével egyre nagyobb az igény olyan gépekre, amelyek a mostaniaknál „emberibben” képesek működni. Ehhez elengedhetetlen az érzelmek gépi érzékelése és utánzása. Az alábbiakban először bemutatjuk, hogy egy gép mennyiben képes kezelni az érzelmeket, valamint a terület fejlődését és többféle felhasználási lehetőséget a különféle fegyveres erők számára. A szélesebb áttekintést végül a gépi autonómiára szűkítjük, ahol bizonyítani igyekszünk hipotéziseinket, miszerint a mesterséges érzelmek alkalmazása lehetővé tenné a gépek erkölcsi érzékének kialakítását, valamint növelné az autonóm rendszerek hatékonyságát.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(62) "Mechanical Emotions in the Armed Forces and Autonomous Systems" ["hu_HU"]=> string(69) "A gépi érzelmek a fegyveres erőknél és az autonóm rendszerekben" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(47) "Fehér András Tibor, Dr. Négyesi Imre ezredes" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#763 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6766) ["email"]=> string(23) "feher.andras@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5578) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8060-9056" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(680) "Faculty of Military Sciences and Officer Training
Department of Information Technology
instructor
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(122) "
Hadtudományi És Honvédtisztképző Kar
Informatika Tanszék, tanársegéd,
HDI II. phd hallgató
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Feher" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Fehér" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Andrew" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "András" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(18) "Andras Tibor Feher" ["hu_HU"]=> string(20) "Fehér András Tibor" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6767) ["email"]=> string(23) "negyesi.imre@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(5578) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1144-1912" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(666) "Faculty of Military Sciences and Officer Training
Department of Information Technologies
Associate Professor
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(101) "
Hadtudományi És Honvédtisztképző Kar
Informatika Tanszék
tanszékvezető
" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Negyesi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Négyesi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Imre" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Imre" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(26) "mesterséges intelligencia" [1]=> string(23) "gépi érzelem-kezelés" [2]=> string(11) "gépi etika" [3]=> string(16) "gépi autonómia" [4]=> string(12) "haditechnika" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(23) "artificial intelligence" [1]=> string(26) "machine emotion management" [2]=> string(14) "machine ethics" [3]=> string(16) "machine autonomy" [4]=> string(19) "military technology" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#764 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20974) ["id"]=> int(4759) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(5578) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }