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BOEHM, Christopher (1992): Segmentary ’Warfare’ and the Management of Conflict: Comparison of East African Chimpanzees and Patrilineal-Patrilocal Humans. In HARCOURT, Alexander H. – DE WAAL, Frans B. M. (szerk.): Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford – New York – Tokyo: Oxford University Press. CICERO (1987): A kötelességekről. Első könyv. In Cicero válogatott művei. Budapest: Európa, 289–345. CICERO (2008): A törvények. Budapest: Debreceni Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kara – Gondolat. CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von (2013): A háborúról. Budapest: Zrínyi. DAVIE, Maurice R. (1929): The Evolution of War. New Haven: Yale University Press. DELOS, Joseph Thomas (1950): The Dialectics of War and Peace. The Thomist, 13(3), 305–324. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.1950.0012 DERRIENIC, Jean-Pierre (2004): Polgárháborúk. Pécs: Jelenkor. DUGIN, Alekszandr (2004): A geopolitika alapjai. In SISELINA, Ljubov – GAZDAG Ferenc (szerk.): Oroszország és Európa. 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Online: https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/18432/IDL-18432.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y VASQUEZ, John A. (2009): The War Puzzle Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627224 VÉR Ádám (2023): „Aššur átka sújtsa azokat, kik megszegik a nagy isteneknek tett esküt!” Az eskü szerepe Asszíria közigazgatásában. Ókor, 22(2), 3–12. Online: http://okorportal.hu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Okor_2023_2_3-12.pdf WHITMAN, James Q. (2012): The Verdict of Battle. Cambridge–Massachusetts–London: Harvard University Press. WOLFENDALE, Jessica (2017): Defining War. In GROSS, Michael L. – MEISEL, Tamar (szerk.): Soft War. The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 16–32." 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Philosophical study of the nature of war is an attempt to define war. According to Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) the definition of war refers to the meaning of war, the nature of the applied violence, and the collective nature of war. The meaning of war, which is the principal concern of this article, is the general aim of war. According to Clausewitz and a standard approach to the question this aim is to settle a contest between states or other politically equal entities. However, other types of the meaning of war also appeared during the history of military science and in military history, in which the parties are not equal. This article comparatively concerns the other types of the meaning of war.

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A háború természetének filozófiai vizsgálata kísérlet a háború meghatározásának megadására. A háború meghatározása Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) szerint magába foglalja a háború értelmének, az alkalmazott erőszak természetének és a háború átfogó jellegének a megadását. A háború értelme, a háború általános célja, Clausewitz és egy alapvetőnek tekinthető elképzelés szerint az államok vagy más, egymással a politikai hatalom birtoklása szempontjából egyenlő politikai egységek közötti vita rendezése. A háború értelmének azonban a hadtudomány történetében és a hadtörténelemben kialakultak más megközelítései is, amelyekben a háborúzó felek nem egyenlő félként vesznek részt. Ez a tanulmány a különböző, általános céllal rendelkező háborútípusokat mutatja be összehasonlító jelleggel.

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The fundamental questions of military leadership remain unchanged during the last millennia: the decisive element of the success is the able military leader. In this work I scrutinize the works of the classical military writers to find out what they considered the good military leader to be, what attributes they considered to make the difference between good and bad general. The military authors of the 18-19. centuries, such as Clausewitz, considered the ability to make quick and sound decision to be this attribute. They identified this attribute, which they called the coup d’oeil, in the context of the relatively small-scale military engagements of their era. In my work I will demonstrate how this classical coup d’oeil can be interpreted in relation to the modern operating environment. The traditional coup d’oeil is coexisting with a digital and a multi-domain coup d’oeil, and I raise attention to the increasing role of these in the future’s continually digitalizing armies.

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A katonai vezetés kulcsfontosságú kérdései az évezredek alatt keveset változtak: a hadseregek sikerének meghatározó eleme a megfelelő képességekkel rendelkező katonai vezető. Tanulmányomban azt vizsgálom, hogy a hadtudomány klasszikus írói milyennek látták a jó hadvezért, milyen tulajdonságot tartottak a jó és rossz hadvezér közti különbségtételnek. Ez a 18–19. századra a kor szakírói, köztük Clausewitz által is említett coup d’oeil lett, azaz a helyes és gyors döntéshozatal képessége, amelyet koruk mai szemmel nézve kis kiterjedésű szárazföldi összecsapásai kontextusában értelmezve fogalmaztak meg. Be fogom mutatni azt, hogy ez a klasszikus coup d’oeil hogyan értelmezhető a modern műveleti környezet viszonyrendszerében, és felhívom a figyelmet a hagyományos mellett létező, más kompetenciákat kívánó digitális és multitér coup d’oeil létezésére, amely a jövőben az egyre jobban digitalizálódó hadseregekben mind nagyobb szerepet kaphat.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009414551101 BALKELIS, Tomas (2018a): Civilekből katonák: paramilitáris mozgalmak a Baltikumban az első világháború után. In GERWARTH, Robert – HORNE, John (szerk.): Háború béke idején: Paramilitáris erőszak Európában az első világháború után. Budapest: L’Harmattan. BALKELIS, Tomas (2018b): War, Revolution and Nation-Making in Lithuania, 1914–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668021.001.0001 BENNETT, Geoffrey (2017): Freeing the Baltic 1918–1920. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. BOJTÁR Endre (2014): A litvákok – Hogyan tűnnek el a zsidók? In KRAUSZ Tamás – BARTA Tamás (szerk.): Az antiszemitizmus történelmi formái a cári birodalomban és a Szovjetunió területén. Budapest: Russica Pannonicana. BÖHLER, Jochen (2022): Civil War in Central Europe, 1918–1921. The Reconstruction of Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CSOMA Lajos (2017): Világháború után világforradalom. In KATKÓ Márton – KRAUSZ Tamás – MÉSZÁROS Zsófia (szerk.): Világháború, világforradalom, világbéke? Budapest: ELTE BTK Kelet-Európa Története Tanszék. CUCUT, Carlo (2022a): Armored Trains of the Baltic Republics. From Independence to Soviet Occupation: 1918–1940. Wrocław: Soldiershop Publishing. CUCUT, Carlo (2022b): Armored Units of the Baltic Republics – Estonia – Latvia – Lithuania – From Independence to Soviet Occupation: 1918–1940. Wrocław: Soldiershop Publishing. FOGLESONG, David S. (1995): The United States, Self-Determination and the Struggle Against Bolshevism in the Eastern Baltic Region, 1918–1920. Journal of Baltic Studies, 26(2), 107–144. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629779500000031 GATRELL, Peter (2017): War, Refugeedom, Revolution. Understandig Russia’s Refugee Crisis, 1914–1918. Cahiers du Monde russe, 58(1–2), 123–146. Online: https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.10073 GYŐRFI Lajos (2013): Piłsudski megítélése a lengyel történészek körében 1989 után. In A nemzeti mítoszok szerkezete és funkciója Kelet-Európában. Budapest: L’Harmattan – ELTE BTK Kelet-Európa Története Tanszék. HAGEN, William W. (2001): Murder in the East: German-Jewish Liberal Reactions to Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland and Other East European Lands, 1918–1920. Central European History, 34,(1), 1–30. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/156916101750149112 HIDEN, John (2002): The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511523670 LAGZI Gábor (2011): A lengyel keleti politika. Lengyelország keleti szomszédság- és nemzetpolitikája, 1989–2009. Budapest: Terra Recognita Alapítvány. Online: https://bit.ly/4g3zVu9 LAGZI Gábor (2013): Keresztény egyházak a Baltikumban a 20. században. Katolikusok, evangélikusok, ortodoxok. Budapest: Terra Recognita Alapítvány. Online: https://bit.ly/4g3AdkJ LAURINAVIČIUS, Česlovas (2015): On Political Terror During the Soviet Expansion into Lithuania, 1918–1919. Journal of Baltic Studies, 46(1), Special Issue: War, Revolution and Terror in the Baltic States and Finland after the Great War, 65–76. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2015.1009687 LIULEVICIUS, Vejas Gabriel (2003): War Land on the Eastern Front. Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497186 LOPATA, Raimundas (1993): Lithuanian-Polish Cooperation in 1918: The Ronikier-Voldemaras Treaty. Journal of Baltic Studies, 24(4), 349–358. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629779300000241 MACMILLAN, Margaret (2005): Béketeremtők. Az 1919-es párizsi békekonferencia. Budapest: GABO. NELSON, Robert L. (2011): The Baltics as Colonial Playground: Germany in the East, 1914–1918. Journal of Baltic Studies, 42(1), Special Issue: Transnational Governance and Policy-Making in the Baltic Sea Region, 9–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2011.538511 NÉMETH István (2007): Demokrácia és diktatúra Németországban 1918–1945. 1. kötet: Az 1918. novemberi forradalom és a Weimari Köztársaság. Összegzés és dokumentumok. Budapest: L’Harmattan. PIOTROWSKI, Tadeusz (2007): Poland’s Holocaust. Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, North Carolina – London: McFarland and Company. RAUCH, Georg von (1994): A balti államok története, 1917–1940. In RAUCH, Georg von – MISIUNAS, Romuald J. – TAAGEPERA, Rein: A balti államok története. Budapest: Osiris–Századvég. ROMSICS Ignác (2021): Honmentők/honvesztők. Budapest: Helikon. RUDLING, Per Anders (2015): The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1287p7r SENN, Alfred Erich (1962): The Formation of the Lithuanian Foreign Office, 1918–1921. Slavic Review, 21(3), 500–507. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/3000451 SZOKOLAY Katalin (2009): A lengyelek és az itt élő többi nép. In JUHÁSZ József – KRAUSZ Tamás (szerk.): Az új nemzetállamok és az etnikai tisztogatások Kelet-Európában 1989 után. Budapest: L’Harmattan – ELTE BTK Kelet-Európa Története Tanszék, 254–268. Online: https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10831/44418/z04_Az_uj_nemzetallamok_es_az_etnikai_tisztogatasok_Kelet-Eu.pdf TAUBER, Joachim (2006): Stubborn Collaborators: The Politics of the Lithuanian Taryba, 1917–1918. Journal of Baltic Studies, 37(2), Special Issue: Foreign Rule and Collaboration in the Baltic Countries, 1860–1920: New Directions in Research, 194–209. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629770608628879 VARDYS, V. Stanley (1979): Democracy in the Baltic States, 1918–1934: The Stage and the Actors. Journal of Baltic Studies, 10(4), 320–336. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01629777900000331 WHITE, James D. (1994): National Communism and World Revolution: The Political Consequences of German Military Withdrawal from the Baltic Area in 1918–1919. Europe-Asia Studies, 46(8), 1349–1369. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139408412233" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(613) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "37-61" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2024.4.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(630) "

Though the devastation of World War I had limited effect on the Lithuanian territory, the German occupation behind the front meant already a serious burden for the native population and a permanent difficulty for the local political leaders who tried to find balance between creating an independent statehood and collaborating with the occupants. Yet the state independence was not free for any group, and like in other regions of Eastern Europe the end of the world war did not mean the conclusion of struggles, but instead the multiplication of participating factions. In this article I attempt to introduce these events.

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Noha az első világháborús pusztítások Litvánia területét kevésbé érintették, az ezzel együtt járó német megszállás már komoly terhet jelentett az itteni lakosság számára, a helyi politikai vezetőknek pedig folyamatosan a független államiság megteremtése és a megszállókkal való kollaboráció között kellett egyensúlyozniuk. A állami függetlenséget azonban nem adták ingyen senkinek, és akárcsak Kelet-Európa más területein, a világháború vége egyáltalán nem jelentette a harccselekmények befejeződését is, hanem inkább csak megsokszorozta a részt vevő frakciók számát. Jelen cikkemben ennek bemutatására teszek kísérletet.

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In this essay, I tried to find the exact location of the Battle of Hastings. In the first part, I have examined the different theories about the location of the battle. After this, I have examined the different pieces of information in the chronicles and, with them, found the most probable place when it happened. Moreover, I used the events of another battle to strengthen my theory. Finally, I closed my essay with my conclusion.

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PhD Student

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The purpose of the research presented in the article is to conduct a SWOT analysis of additive manufacturing technology, with a special focus on 3D printing capabilities within the Hungarian Defence Forces. In the first part of the paper, we introduce the most dynamically evolving type of additive manufacturing processes today, 3D printing technology, along with its properties and potential applications. Following this, we outline the strategic goals and the advantages that enhance supply security, which support the legitimacy of 3D printing as a manufacturing process in the execution of military tasks. In the main part of the paper, we present the SWOT analysis of 3D printing technology used in logistical tasks, which, among other things, provides an opportunity to explore further applications of the manufacturing process, as well as to address and minimise potential risks associated with the manufacturing technology.

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The purpose of the research presented in the article is to conduct a SWOT analysis of additive manufacturing technology, with a special focus on 3D printing capabilities within the Hungarian Defence Forces. In the first part of the paper, we introduce the most dynamically evolving type of additive manufacturing processes today, 3D printing technology, along with its properties and potential applications. Following this, we outline the strategic goals and the advantages that enhance supply security, which support the legitimacy of 3D printing as a manufacturing process in the execution of military tasks. In the main part of the paper, we present the SWOT analysis of 3D printing technology used in logistical tasks, which, among other things, provides an opportunity to explore further applications of the manufacturing process, as well as to address and minimise potential risks associated with the manufacturing technology.

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Online: https://bit.ly/4j7fCi2 United Kingdom Anti-corruption Strategy 2017–2022. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/667221/6_3323_Anti-Corruption_Strategy_WEB.pdf United States Strategy on Countering Corruption 2021. Online:https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/United-States-Strategy-on-Countering-Corruption.pdf U.S. Strategy on Countering Corruption Implementation Plan U.S. Department of State. Online: https://www.state.gov/implementing-the-u-s-strategy-on-countering-corruption/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(613) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "97-120" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2024.4.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(604) "

The article reviews the latest scientific findings, including the most recent manifestations of corruption, and discusses the forms of strategic corruption employed in contemporary times. It scrutinizes the security strategies of the United States and the United Kingdom from the perspective of whether they consider corruption as a security factor and whether they include anti-corruption objectives. We will find out whether the security strategies and anti-corruption strategies of the two states isolate the phenomenon or whether there is a perceivable coherence between the strategic domains.

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A cikk a korrupció és a biztonság összefüggéseit vizsgálja. Válaszokat keres arra a kérdésre, hogy miért jelent fenyegetést a korrupció egy nemzet vagy a nemzetközi közösség biztonságára. Áttekinti a legújabb tudományos eredményeket, így a korrupció legújabb megnyilvánulási formáit, kitér a stratégiai korrupció napjainkban alkalmazott formáira. Górcső alá veszi az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és az Egyesült Királyság biztonsági stratégiáját abból a szempontból, hogy figyelembe veszi-e a korrupciót mint biztonsági tényezőt, és tartalmaz-e korrupció elleni célkitűzéseket. Megtudhatjuk, hogy elszigetelten kezeli-e a két állam biztonsági stratégiája és antikorrupciós stratégiája a jelenséget, vagy érzékelhető-e a stratégiai területek összhangja.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(108) "Examining the Relationship Between Corruption and Security Through the Lens of US and UK Security Strategies" ["hu_HU"]=> string(118) "A korrupció és a biztonság összefüggéseinek vizsgálata az amerikai és a brit biztonsági stratégiák alapján" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(70) "How and to What Degree is Corruption Addressed in Security Strategies?" ["hu_HU"]=> string(90) "Milyen módon és mértékben kezelik a biztonsági stratégiák a korrupció kérdését?" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "dr. Szabóné dr. Gál Marianna" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#774 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(9832) ["email"]=> string(30) "drszabonegalmarianna@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7802) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2477-0521" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(70) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:44:"NKE Közigazgatás-tudományi Doktori Iskola";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Szabóné Gál" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Marianna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(10) "korrupció" [1]=> string(23) "biztonsági fenyegetés" [2]=> string(30) "nemzeti biztonsági stratégia" [3]=> string(26) "antikorrupciós stratégia" [4]=> string(22) "stratégiai korrupció" [5]=> string(27) "Amerikai Egyesült Államok" [6]=> string(21) "Egyesült Királyság" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(10) "corruption" [1]=> string(15) "security threat" [2]=> string(26) "national security strategy" [3]=> string(24) "anti-corruption strategy" [4]=> string(20) "strategic corruption" [5]=> string(13) "United States" [6]=> string(14) "United Kingdom" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#770 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(38820) ["id"]=> int(6270) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7802) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }