Military Science Review

Network Asymmetry in the Conflicts of the New Millennium – Introduction, Interpretation, Application, Evaluation

2025-04-29T12:50:31+02:00

The paper has a threefold objective. On the one hand, related to the approach of our research work, we outline a conceptual framework that is considered suitable for the introduction and interpretation of the examined problem. Within this framework, network-centered warfare, and above all, the netwar is the focus of the review. On the other hand, we set the goal of developing the operational dimensions of the research, during which we introduce the concept of network asymmetry as applied in the context of the investigation, distinguish some of its aspects, and discuss their relationship with each other. In the third part, the practical manifestation of the conceptually and operationally outlined phenomenon is examined and its empirical application possibilities through two case studies. At the end of the study, we reflect on our assumptions about the basic idea based on the lessons learned from the examples of cooperative terrorist attacks and state-sponsored cyber operations.

Religious Civil War in Sudan

2025-04-29T12:59:53+02:00

The Republic of Sudan, established in 1956, has experienced two brutal civil wars since its independence. Tensions between the Muslim-Arab north and the predominantly Christian and animist south of the country erupted almost immediately after the end of Anglo-Egyptian joint rule and colonial rule. It took nearly half a century, countless sacrifices, and two peace treaties for South Sudan to finally break away from the mother country and become an independent state in 2011. This study summarizes the processes leading to armed violence, their religious aspects, and other circumstances relevant to civil wars.

Nuclear Rhetoric as a Tool of Escalation and De-Escalation in the Russian–Ukrainian Conflict

2025-04-29T13:04:46+02:00

This study focuses on the pivotal role of nuclear rhetoric employed by nuclear powers in shaping the course of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and its effectiveness as a tool of escalation and de-escalation in verbal communication. Based on the hypothesis, we assume that verbal expressions, negotiations, and statements underlying nuclear threats directly impact the stability of international relations and the outcomes of conflicts.

The study highlights and analyzes the nuclear rhetorical strategies employed by individual nuclear powers and juxtaposes them with the temporal evolution of conflicts. Its goal is to provide deeper insights into the role of nuclear rhetoric in the dynamics of conflict and contribute to uncovering the effects and mechanisms of verbal communication in the context of nuclear threats.

The Characterisation of the Carbohydrate Metabolism Status of Individuals Living With Diabetes Serving in Homeland Security and Law Enforcement Agencies During the Suitability Assessment

2025-04-29T13:10:52+02:00

In assessing the health suitability of personnel in armed forces alongside the presence of diabetes, it is crucial to consider whether carbohydrate metabolism is balanced, as this may be a prerequisite for the classification of "Fit", besides the imperative of achieving and maintaining appropriate blood sugar levels to prevent short and long-term complications. Traditional means of assessment include laboratory tests of urine and venous blood, as well as fingerstick blood glucose measurements by patients. In recent years, the widespread use of continuous glucose monitoring offers further opportunities for a more precise and comprehensive evaluation of carbohydrate metabolism status. This paper summarizes the advantages, application limitations, and prospects of utilizing continuous tissue glucose monitoring in the context of health suitability assessments.

Tradition and Evolution of the Development of Civil-Military Relations in Algeria in Recent Years

2025-04-29T13:16:33+02:00

Although the three former French colonies, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia situated in the Western part of the Arab world (Maghreb) share a common history, a similar ethnic composition and cultural relations, there are significant differences in the way they gained their independence, as well as in the subsequent state and nation building and the creation of political structures. The analysis examines the tradition and development of Algerian civil-military relations from independence until the mass protests of 2019. The analysis emphasizes that in the informal practice of division of powers, the Algerian army acts as a "deep state actor" in the governance of the political, economic and social life of the country. It only appears as a formal political actor when it deems its interests compromised.

Continuous Serving Soldiers in the Pannonian Auxiliaries

2025-04-29T13:26:28+02:00

The ancient Roman army (exercitus) underwent a major transformation over the centuries. Although the backbone of the army was always made up of legions (legiones) of Roman citizens, auxiliaries (auxiliae) recruited from allied peoples were already employed in the Republican era. The emperor Augustus reorganised the auxiliaries from the ground up. He made it compulsory for non-citizen members of the imperial population (peregrini) (about 75%) to serve 25 years of paid service (stipendium) in auxiliary troops. After serving, a soldier who had been discharged with an honorable discharge (honesta missio) became a Roman citizen (civis Romanus), with a diploma (diploma militare), or received a severance payment or landed property. These auxiliary troops, divided into regular, infantry (cohortes) and cavalry (alae) regiments of 500 or 1000 men, became part of the imperial professional force as independent tactical units in the imperial era. The auxiliary troops stationed in the Pannonian camps of the bordermen (limes/ripa) were examined on the basis of ninety inscribed sources.

Military Leadership Competencies and the Mission Command Approach

2025-04-29T13:31:16+02:00

Adequate responses – both from individuals and from organizations – to the increasingly complex challenges of the 21st century presuppose a combination of such leadership competencies that are essential for effectively and successfully executing tasks in the changing security and operational environment. Creating the network environment that characterizes today’s operations (also at the tactical leadership level) increases the responsibility of the commander. The increasingly complex operational environment demands that decentralization must be emphasized in the decision making process and in the conduct of operations. Furthermore, the fleeting opportunities in emerging tactical situations also require quick reactions and timely and correct decisions by small unit leaders. The paper provides a short, summary analysis of leadership competencies, capabilities and skills that are necessary for the mission command approach.

China in Global Politics: Cooperation or Confrontation?

2025-04-29T13:46:39+02:00

China's continuous economic growth and rapid military modernization in recent decades have sparked intense debate among scholars and policymakers regarding the future of the existing regional and global order. This article aims to shed light on the current international order from a Chinese perspective. It will delve into the foundations of the Chinese worldview and China's vision for the future structure of the world. Furthermore, the article will outline China's official stance on the reform of major international organizations and assess China's new dynamism and the constraints that hinder its efforts to reform the existing world order under the current leadership. It will argue that while President Xi Jinping has pursued a more proactive foreign policy, launched large-scale initiatives to increase China's influence, and adopted a distinctive approach to Chinese exceptionalism, his pragmatic reformist policies are largely in line with those of his predecessors. Based on this, the article will challenge the Western view that sees inevitable conflict between rising powers and instead paint a picture of a more adaptable China.

Reservists in the Hungarian Defence Forces

2025-04-29T13:54:07+02:00

Defence is a national cause in which the entire society must participate. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a reserve force, mainly composed of volunteers, that is adequately sized and well trained to effectively support a national force of regular service members. Reserve forces have a long tradition in the history of Hungary. However, after the change of regime and the suspension of conscription, this form of servitude became obsolete. Its revival began at the beginning of the 21st century, with the introduction of several reserve systems. As a result, more than 11,000 reservists serve in the Hungarian Defence Forces today. This study will present the tasks of reservists and the benefits of this form of service for the Hungarian Defence Forces, serving personnel, and the civilian community.

Strategic Communication and Hungarian Military Art

2025-04-29T14:49:00+02:00

The present study explores the interrelationship between strategic communication and 21st century Hungarian military thinking and practice. The enquiry has revealed the following claims in Hungarian scientific literature: a rebalancing from kinetic operations towards non-kinetic operations, the need for coordinating communication capabilities and activities, the difficulty of separating information operations from influence operations in the on-line media environment, the overlapping of the strategic, operational and tactical levels in communication operations, and an acknowledgement of the impact of communicative acts on the attainment of political, strategic and operational objectives. As regards Hungarian military practice, I have identified two areas of implementing strategic communication: through a broad spectrum of activities in the NATO mission in Afghanistan and on the social media platforms of the Hungarian Defence Forces.

Assessment of the Impacts of Measures Among Decision-Making Mechanisms

2025-04-29T14:54:11+02:00

As a result of the changed security environment, the tasks of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed over the past ten years, and consequently, personnel now regularly interact with civil society, unlike in previous years. To establish and effectively maintain public order, it is appropriate to introduce style-independent training in tactical measures to help human resources to adopt and enforce the standards associated with the rules of procedure laid down in the legislation in force. In order to raise the effectiveness of measures to a higher level in contact responses, it is necessary to integrate in the training modules aspects of reducing the time lag between the phases of the decision-making mechanisms cycle, as well as knowledge of the stress sensitivities that affect these phases and how their possible coping strategies can help to regain the advantage of position or initiative.

The Possible Future of Conventional Arms Control, The pre-World War I Period as a Model

2025-04-29T14:58:22+02:00

As a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war that began on February 24, 2022, the European security architecture was significantly damaged. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) underwent another expansion in 2023, and arms race gained another momentum. The situation created during the confrontation between NATO and the Russian Federation and the emphasis on deterrence is not conducive to international stability, and the situation is not easy as a result of the activities of rising China and the "hermit" North Korea, as well as the "bad boy on duty" Iran. Non-state actors, especially private military companies and terrorist organizations, appear as significant destabilizing factors. One of the reasons for this is the emergence of non-mass destruction weapons that can have a strategic effect, is the result of the technical progress. These challenges and threats cannot be dealt with by the use of armed force exclusively, but can also be dealt also with by implementing confidence- and security building measures and with arms control regimes. However, the current situation is not new. Before the First World War, in the period between 1900-1914, the world was similar to the current situation, underwent significant political, social, economic and military changes.