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Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58124489 GOLDENBERG, Ilan – HERAS, Nicholas A. – THOMAS, Kaleigh – MATUSCHAK, Jennie (2020): Countering Iran in the Gray Zone: What the United States Should Learn from Israel’s Operations in Syria. Center for a New American Security, 14 April 2020. Online: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/countering-iran-gray-zone Government of Saudi Arabia (s. a.): Vision 2030. Online: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en HAGHSHENASS, Fariborz (2008): Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, September 2008. Online: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PolicyFocus87.pdf Iran International (2024): How Iran’s Drones Supercharged Russia’s 1,000-Day Fight in Ukraine. Iran International, 19 November 2024. Online: https://www.iranintl.com/en/202411197064 Islamic Republic News Agency (2022): Haker-haa-yeh Eraaghi baa Shoaar “Labik Ya Qods” Paaygaah-haa-yeh Esraaeili raa Falaj Kardand [Iraqi Hackers Paralysed Israeli Sites with Slogan “Labbaik Ya Quds”]. Islamic Republic News Agency, 20 April 2022. Online: https://www.irna.ir/news/84724614 Israel Defense Forces (2019): Hezbollah’s Precision Guided Missile Project. Online: https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hezbollah/hezbollah-s-precision-guided-missile-project JALAL, Ibrahim (2023): The Houthis’ Red Sea Missile and Drone Attack: Drivers and Implications. Middle East Institute, 20 October 2023. Online: https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications LEVITT, Matthew (2023): The Hamas–Iran Relationship. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 2023. Online: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship LOFT, Philip (2024): Two-Year Anniversary of the Mahsa Amini Protests in Iran. U.K. Parliament, 19 September 2024. Online: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/two-year-anniversary-of-the-mahsa-amini-protests-in-iran/ MAZARR, Michael J. (2015): Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict. Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College Press. Online: https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/428 MAZZUCCO, Leonardo J. M. (2022): Iranian Naval Strategy: The Domestic Roots of Iran’s Asymmetric Warfare. Gulf International Forum, 16 October 2022. Online: https://gulfif.org/iranian-naval-strategy-the-domestic-roots-of-irans-asymmetric-warfare/ MOONAKAL, Nadeem A. (2024): Iran’s Regional Proxies: Reshaping the Middle East and Testing U.S. Policy. Institute for Security and Development Policy, 27 February 2024. 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(2022): Today’s Wars Are Fought in the Gray Zone: Here’s Everything You Need to Know About It. Atlantic Council, 23 February 2022. Online: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/todays-wars-are-fought-in-the-gray-zone-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-it/ SULLIVAN, Marisa (2014): Hezbollah in Syria. Institute for the Study of War. Online: https://www.understandingwar.org/report/hezbollah-syria THEOHARY, Catherine A. (2020): Iranian Offensive Cyber Attack Capabilities. Congressional Research Service, 13 January 2020. Online: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/IF11406.pdf The Times of Israel (2019): Yemen’s Houthi Rebels Threaten to Attack Israel. The Times of Israel, 8 December 2019. Online: https://www.timesofisrael.com/yemens-houthi-rebels-threaten-to-attack-israel VICENS, A. J. (2021): Hack-and-Leak Group Black Shadow Keeps Targeting Israeli Victims. Cyberscoop, 6 December 2021. Online: https://cyberscoop.com/hack-and-leak-group-black-shadow-keeps-targeting-israeli-victims WINTOUR, Patric – RANKIN, Jennifer (2022): Iran Breaching Nuclear Deal by Providing Russia with Armed Drones, Says UK. The Guardian, 17 October 2022. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/17/iran-breaching-nuclear-deal-by-providing-russia-with-armed-drones-says-uk ZANDI, Farzin (2025): How Iran Lost before It Lost: The Roll-Back of its Gray Zone Strategy. War on the Rocks, 24 January 2025. Online: https://warontherocks.com/2025/01/how-iran-lost-before-it-lost-the-roll-back-of-its-gray-zone-strategy/ ZIMMERMAN, Katherine (2022, March 14): Yemen’s Houthis and the Expansion of Iran’s Axis of Resistance. Critical Threats Project. American Enterprise Institute, 14 March 2022. 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The aim of this essay is to provide an overview of the development of Iran’s hybrid warfare methods and its regional strategic objectives. Iran is continuously refining its toolkit in asymmetric and gray zone operations. The publication analyses the role of proxy organisations such as Hezbollah and the Houthis, operations in cyberspace, as well as the modernisation of the Iranian military and the development of offensive capabilities, which pose a threat to regional stability. This includes a focus on Iran’s presence in Syria and Iraq, and the escalation patterns of its conflicts with Israel and the United States, Israeli airstrikes, Iranian countermeasures, the military exercises of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the tensions surrounding the nuclear agreement. The presentation details the evolution of Iran’s operational model, which integrates both asymmetric and conventional means. The study underlying this presentation illustrates how Iran combines various forms of warfare to strengthen its regional position and achieve its geopolitical objectives, and to demonstrate the effectivity of the methods in reaching Iran’s strategic goals.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.884468 BAĞCI, Hüseyin – KURÇ, Çağlar (2017): Türkiye’s Strategic Choice: Buy or Make Weapons? Defence Studies, 17(1), 38–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1262742 Baykar Technologies (s. a.): Selçuk Bayraktar. Online: https://baykartech.com/tr/selcuk-bayraktar/ BUSHNAQ, Osama – MISHRA, Debashisha – NATALIZIO, Enrico – AKYILDIZ, Ian F. (2022): Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for disaster management. In DENIZLI, Adil – ALENCAR, Marcelo S. – NGUYEN, Tuan Anh – MOTAUNG, David E. (eds.): Nanotechnology-Based Smart Remote Sensing Networks for Disaster Prevention. Elsevier, 159–188. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91166-5.00013-6 CANLI, Enep: Haftar Militias Capture Coastal City of Sirte. Anadolu Agency. Online: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/hafter-milisleri-sahil-kenti-sirteyi-ele-gecirdi-/1694657 CAGAPTAY, Soner – OUTZEN, Rich (2025): Drones and Resets: The New Era of Turkish Foreign Policy, Baku Dialogues. Online: https://bakudialogues.idd.az/articles/drones-and-resets-08-07-2022 ÇOPUR, Hakan (2016): Savunma Sanayii Müsteşarı İsmail Demir: Türkiye Artık ABD’den Silahlı İHA Almayacak. AA, 27 May 2016. Online: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/savunma-sanayi-mustesaridemir-turkiye-artik-abdden-silahli-iha-almayacak/579343 Cumhuriyet (2011): Yine Heron Düştü. Cumhuriyet, 4 March 2011. DAVER, A. (1951): Dünyanın En Kuvvetli ve En Modern Armadası. Cumhuriyet, 1951. Defence Turkey (2019): An Overview: The Turkish Defense Industry News of December 2018. Defence Turkey, 13(89). Online: https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/an-overview-the-turkish-defense-industry-news-of-december-2018-3339 DIXON, Robyn (2020): Azerbaijan’s Drones Owned the Battlefield in Nagorno-Karabakh and Showed the Future of Warfare. The Washington Post, 11 November 2020. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/nagorno-karabkah-drones-azerbaijan-aremenia/2020/11/11/441bcbd2-193d-11eb-8bda-814ca56e138b_story.html DÜZ, Sibel (2020): Türkiye’nin Gökyüzündeki Yeni Gücü: İHA’lar. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları. HIZ, Hasan (2020): SİHA'lar İdlib harekatını tarihe geçirdi: „Bu inanılır gibi değil, tanksavar kullanmaya kalksanız aylar sürer”. Yeni Şafak, 29 February 2020. Online: https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/sihalar-idlib-harekatini-tarihe-gecirdi-bu-inanilir-gibi-degil-tanksavar-kullanmaya-kalksaniz-aylar-surer-3527623 JURILJ, Ivan (2016): Aviation and Airplane. 110 Years of Historical Development and Technical Evolution. Zagreb: Despot Infinitus Ltd. KAHVECI, Muzaffer – CAN, Nazli (2017): İnsansız Hava Araçları: Tarihçesi, Tanımı, Dünyada Ve Türkiye’deki Yasal Durumu [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: History, Definition, Legal Status in Turkey and in the World]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(4), 511–535. Online: https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2017.109 KARAAĞAÇ, Cengiz (2016): Geleceğin Hava Kuvvetleri: 2016–2050. Sektör Değerlendirme Raporu. Savunma Teknolojileri Mühendislik (STM). KASAPOĞLU, Can (2023): Turkish Drone Strategy in the Black See Region and Beyond. In HOWARD, Glen E. (ed.): Black Sea Battleground. The Road to Ukraine. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 289–307. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9798987451960-014 KINSELLA, David (1998): Arms Transfer Dependence and Foreign Policy Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 35(1), 7–23. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343398035001002 Monash University (s. a.): Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles: An Anthology. Online: https://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav_home.html NISSER, Tobias – WESTIN, Carl (2006): Human Factors Challenges in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Literature Review. Lund University School of Aviation, 8 November 2006. Online: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=bc3f77dc51b1bb71f4cb23d535d5a48d76fc7266 ROSSITER, Ash – CANNON, Brendon J. (2022): Türkiye’s Rise as a Drone Power: Trial by Fire. Defense and Security Analysis, 38(2), 210–229. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2022.2068562 SADULLAH, Tevfik (1945): İki Fen Harikası, İki Korkunç Silah. Cumhuriyet, 16 May 1945. Savunma Sanayii Dergisi (2019): Bayraktar TB2: Türkiye’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Online: https://a5dergi.com/en/turkiyenin-ilk-milli-sihasi-bayraktar-tb2-1-milyon-ucus-saatini-asti/ SEVER, Hanifi (2021): İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemlerinde Stratejik Yönetim ve SWOT Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırması Dergisi, 10(2), 1184–1185. Online: https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.869189 ŞAHIN, Anıl (2019): Dünden Bugüne ANKA Projesi. Savunma Sanayiist, 21 May 2019. Online: https://www.savunmasanayist.com/dunden-bugune-anka-projesi/ ŞAHIN, Anıl (2022): Türkiye’nin İlk Süpersonik İHA’sını TUSAŞ Geliştirdi. Savunma Sanayiist, 1 April 2022. Online: https://www.savunmasanayist.com/turkiyenin-ilk-supersonik-ihasini-tusas-gelistirdi/ SOYALTIN-COLELLA, Digdem – DEMIRYOL, Tolga (2023): Unusual Middle Power Activism and Regime Survival: Türkiye’s Drone Warfare and Its Regime-Boosting Effect. Third World Quarterly, 44(4), 724–743. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2158080 Turkish Aeronautical Association (s. a.): Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Online: https://www.thk.org.tr/iha Yeni Şafak (2025): İHA’lara yeni güç: SİHA’ların gemi operasyonları için yeni milli teknoloji! IDEF 2025'te ilk kez vitrine çıkacak. Yeni Şafak, 25 July 2025. Online: https://www.yenisafak.com/ekonomi/ihalara-yeni-guc-sihalarin-gemi-operasyonlari-icin-yeni-milli-teknoloji-idef-2025te-ilk-kez-vitrine-cikacak-4727568" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "19-32" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1119) "

In recent years, the Turkish defence industry has experienced a major revolution in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology. Domestically produced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are used in many areas, especially in reconnaissance, intelligence and military operations. This has made Türkiye gain international prestige.

This study examines the recent UAV revolution of the Turkish defence industry and its impact on Türkiye’s current and future defence strategy. First of all, it provides a detailed account of Türkiye’s determination to produce its unmanned aerial vehicles. Then, the first uses of UAVs and the role of this technology in the successful operations of the Turkish military are discussed. The impact of Turkish drones in different geographies such as Syria, Libya and the Karabakh War is analysed in a comprehensive and detailed manner.

In conclusion, the revolutionary advances of the Turkish defence industry in UAV technology are summarised, which enhance the country’s military capabilities and provide a significant competitive advantage in the international arena.

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(2021): Political Warfare and Propaganda an Introduction. Journal of Advanced Military Studies, 12(1), 13–33. Online: https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20211201001 GHAZI, Mahmood A. (2008): The Law of War and Concept of Jihad in Islam. Policy Perspectives, 5(1), 69–86. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909187 GRAY, Colin S. (2007): Irregular Warfare. One Nature, Many Characters. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 1(2), 35–57. HALDON, John (1999): Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204. Abingdon: Routledge. HANDEL, Michael I. (2001): Masters of War. Classical Strategic Thought. London: Frank Cass. HAYWARD, Joel (2010): The Qur’an and War: Observations on Islamic Just War. Air Power Review, 13(3), 41–63. Online: https://raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol13-iss3-3-pdf/ HOFFMAN, Frank G. (2007): Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. 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(2010): In Search of New Wars: The Debate about a Transformation of War. European Journal of International Relations, 16(2), 297–309. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109350053 MILEVSKI, Lukas (2014): Asymmetry Is Strategy, Strategy Is Asymmetry. Joint Force Quarterly, 75, 77–83. Online: https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/577565/asymmetry-is-strategy-strategy-is-asymmetry/ MOORE, Molly (2006): Israelis Confront ‘New Kind of War’. The Washington Post, 9 August 2006. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/08/09/israelis-confront-new-kind-of-war-span-classbankheadhigh-tech-tactics-fail-to-halt-rocket-firespan/af1e6e04-7db7-4c42-b097-1ef529536059/ MULLINS, Sam (2024): The Role of Non-State Actors as Proxies in Irregular Warfare and Malign State Influence. Arlington: Irregular Warfare Center. Online: https://irregularwarfarecenter.org/publications/research-studies/the-role-of-non-state-actors-as-proxies-in-irregular-warfare-and-malign-state-influence/#_ednref10 MUMFORD, Andrew (2013): Proxy Warfare and the Future of Conflict. The RUSI Journal, 158(2), 40–46. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.787733 MUMFORD, Andrew (2020): Ambiguity in Hybrid Warfare. Hybrid CoE Strategic Analysis, (24). Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.787733 PRICE, Jason T. (2005): An Analysis of the Strategy and Tactics of Alexios I Komnenos. Master Thesis, Texas Tech University. Online: https://deremilitari.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/pricej.pdf Quran (s. a.). Online: https://quran.com/en/al-baqarah/190 RID, Thomas (2020): Active Measures. The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. SALIFU, Shamsudeen (2017): Warfare and War Ethics: An Islamic Perspective. The Strategy Bridge, 23 June 2017. Online: https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2017/6/23/warfare-and-war-ethics-an-islamic-perspective#_edn2 SUN TZU (2012): The Art of War. New York: Chartwell Books. Translated by James Trapp. VEGETIUS (1996): Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Translated by N. P. Milner. WITHER, James K. (2020): Defining Hybrid Warfare. Per Concordiam, 10(1), 7–9. Online: https://perconcordiam.com/perCon_V10N1_ENG.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "33-47" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1155) "

Hybrid warfare, a complex and evolving military strategy, combines conventional and unconventional tactics, encompassing elements like cyber operations, economic coercion, information warfare and the leveraging of non-state actors. While often perceived as a novel development in response to contemporary geopolitical challenges, this study argues that hybrid warfare has deep historical roots, traceable to classical military thought. This paper explores this historical continuity by analysing the key contributions of Sun Tzu, Emperor Maurice, strategic and ethical teachings within the Quran and Vegetius, demonstrating the enduring relevance of their insights to understanding contemporary hybrid conflict. These classical theorists, across different eras and cultures, consistently emphasised principles like deception, psychological manipulation, the integration of diverse tactics, unconventional approaches to warfare and the critical importance of adaptability, all of which are hallmarks of modern hybrid strategies. The paper also acknowledges and addresses the ongoing debate surrounding the significance and novelty of hybrid warfare.

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The study presents the defence systems and their construction in the Ciróka Valley and Orosz Pass areas, which were annexed to Hungary during the Hungarian-Slovakian "Little War". The construction of field fortifications at the strategically well-defendable areas of the valley continued until the arrival of the front line, in mid-October, 1944. The German-Hungarian defence was attacked by the army corps of the 1st Guards Army, the strongest army of the 4th Ukrainian Front, created for the Carpathian operation. In the Carpathian Mountains and the Valley of the Ciróka stream, a series of fortifications and defences capable of regular counter-attacks stood in the way of the attacking Soviet troops. As a result of 40 days of continuous offensive operations, the units of the 1st Guards Army were able to occupy the main Carpathian ridge with all the passes only on 18 October, 1944. The settlement of Takcsány and its surroundings, which functioned as an important logistical centre, were only finally occupied by the Red Army in mid-November.

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A tanulmány bemutatja a magyar–szlovák „kis háborúban” Magyarországhoz csatolt Ciróka-völgy és az Orosz-hágó környékének védelmi rendszereit, azok kiépítését. A völgy stratégiailag jól védhető területein a tábori erődítések kialakítása a frontvonal megérkezéséig, 1944. október közepéig folyamatos volt. A német–magyar védelmet a Kárpátok hadműveletre létrehozott 4. Ukrán Front legerősebb hadserege, az 1. gárdahadsereg seregtestei támadták. A Kárpátokban és a Ciróka-patak völgyében a tábori erődítések sora és a rendszeres ellenlökésekre képes védelem állta útját a támadó szovjet csapatoknak. Az 1. gárdahadsereg egységei 40 napos, folyamatos támadó hadműveletek eredményeként csak 1944. október 18-án tudták birtokba venni a Kárpátok főgerincét az összes hágóval. A fontos logisztikai központként funkcionáló Takcsány települést és környékét csak november közepén foglalta el véglegesen a Vörös Hadsereg.

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object(Publication)#128 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8127) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-12-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-11 14:02:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10338) ["sectionId"]=> int(43) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8003) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4143) "15/2021. (VIII. 11.) HM rendelet a katonai jelképekről és jelzésekről, valamint a Magyar Honvédséghez köthető megjelölésekről és használatuk engedélyezéséről. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a2100015.hm A páncélos háború elméletének képviselői. Eimannsberger, Guderian. Szemelvények a burzsóá teoretikusok műveiből. 2. (1971). Budapest: Zrínyi. A páncélos háború elméletének képviselői. Liddel Hart, Fuller, De Gaulle. Szemelvények a burzsóá teoretikusok műveiből. 3. (1972). Budapest: Zrínyi. BATI BERKÓ István (1918): A magyar huszárság története. Budapest: Liptsey Kálmán Könyvkiadóhivatala. BERKÁNÉ DANESCH Marianne szerk. (2015): Katonai Terminológiai Értelmező Szótár. Budapest: Zrínyi. BURÁNY Judit Rita (2022): „Szíves” – A legférfiasabb magyar tetoválás. In MOLNÁR Dániel – MOLNÁR Dóra – NAGY Adrián Szilárd (szerk.): XXV. Tavaszi Szél Konferencia 2022. Tanulmánykötet III. Budapest: Doktoranduszok Országos Szövetsége, 303–330. BURÁNY Judit (2024a): A tetoválás szerepe a harci stressz csökkentésében. In GŐCZE István (szerk.): A hadtudomány aktuális kérdései 2023. Budapest: Ludovika, 89–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/01207_07 BURÁNY Judit (2024b): „Eredendő stressz”. A tetoválás „ősmotivációja”. Kultúra és Közösség, 15(4), 75–85. Online: https://kulturaeskozosseg.hu/pdf/KEK202404.pdf CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von (1917): A háborúról. Budapest: Athenaeum. DEEPA (2022): Pythia: The Oracle of Delphi. HubPages, 2022. május 27. Online: https://discover.hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/Pythia-The-Oracle-of-Delphi FORINYÁK Gyula (1872): Hadászat. Pest: Ráth Mór kiadása. G. B. (2009): Egy nyelv, amin életek múlnak: a repülés nyelve. Nyelv és Tudomány, 2009. november 13. Online: https://www.nyest.hu/hirek/egy-nyelv-amin-eletek-mulnak-a-repules-nyelve Giorgio Basta, a tudós katona. Kézirat II. c. file. GUDERIAN, Heinz (1999): Riadó! Páncélosok! A páncélos fegyvernem fejlődése, harcászata és hadműveleti lehetőségei. Szekszárd: Kossuth. GYURÁK Gábor (2014): A kriptográfia és a hírszerzés hadtudományi gyökerei. Hadtudományi Szemle, 7(3), 15–24. Online: http://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02463/00024/pdf/EPA02463_hadtudomanyi_szemle_2014_03_015-024.pdf HAHN István szerk. (1963): A hadművészet ókori klasszikusai. Budapest: Zrínyi. HA-VER és HA-RAP – avagy röviden a lajstromjelekről. Online: https://hajdufly.hu/blog/43-ha-ver-es-ha-rap-avagy-roviden-a-lajstromjelekrol HAUSNER Gábor szerk. (2021): Hadik András válogatott hadügyi írásai. Budapest: Ludovika. KOCSIS Bernát szerk. (1985): Válogatás a burzsoá hadtudományi írásokból. Budapest: Zrínyi. Mayday Distress Signal. Online: https://marine-knowledge.in/2013/03/mayday-distress-signal/ MONTECUCCOLI, Raimondo (2019): A magyarországi török háborúkról. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. NAGY János (2012): A harci kutatás-mentés a vietnámi háborúban. Repüléstudomány Közlemények, 24(1), 25–42. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/9141/1/Nagy_Janos.pdf PADÁNYI József szerk. (2023): Giorgio Basta hadtudományi művei. Budapest: Ludovika. PECZ Vilmos szerk. (1984): Ókori lexikon. Budapest: Könyvértékesítő Vállalat. Online: https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-okori-lexikon-CA894/ SÁGVÁRI György (2010): Magyar uniformisok a honfoglalástól napjainkig. Budapest: Kossuth – Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. TEUBER, Oscar (1895): Die österreichische Armee: von 1700 bis 1867. Wien: Berté. TOKAJI Zsolt – P. SZABÓ Sándor szerk. (2018): A kínai hadtudomány klasszikusai. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. TÓTH Lajos – MÓRICZ Lajos – KOVÁCS József szerk. (1976): Katonai Értelmező Szótár. Budapest: Zrínyi. Xenophón (1979): Kürosz nevelkedése. Anabázis. Budapest: Európa. ZSIGA Nikoletta Evelin (2021): X, Y, Z – Így törték fel az Enigmát a nagy kódjátszma résztvevői. Újkor, 2021. március 9. Online: https://ujkor.hu/content/x-y-z-igy-tortek-fel-az-enigmat-nagy-kodjatszma-resztvevoi_" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "83-106" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1153) "

I started working on the organizing of the markings discoverable in the works of military science theoreticians out of the reason of placing military tattoos into context. Military markings and tattoos are equally present from the dawn of civilization, in fact, it is declarable after 2.5 years of research that tattoos organically fit into the system of military markings.  The markings can be placed into the following groups: 1. The origin of markings – predictions, preemptive signs. 2. Passwords, secret codes, secret messages. 3. Flags, banners. 4. Light signals. 5. Audio signals / sound cues.  6. Official or unofficial, collective or individual distinguishing marks: Badges. Rank insignias. Uniforms, disguises. The painting and decoration of military equipment.

Tattoos and other bodily modifications. In the first part of the two-part study I'll introduce groups 1-5, for example looking for answers for such questions as what changes have gone into effect with military markings over time, can the old grouping system be applied to modern times, or should some group categories be abandoned, or others added to the listing?

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A hadtudományi teoretikusok műveiben fellelhető jelzések rendszerezésével abból a célból kezdtem foglalkozni, hogy kontextusba helyezzem a katonai tetoválásokat. A katonai jelzések

és a tetoválások egyaránt jelen vannak a civilizáció kezdete óta, sőt, 2 és fél év kutatás után kimondható, hogy a tetoválások szervesen illeszkednek a katonai jelzések rendszerébe. A jelzések így csoportosíthatók: 1. A jelzések eredete – jóslatok, előjelek. 2. Jelszavak, titkos kódok, titkos üzenetek. 3. Zászlók, lobogók. 4. Fényjelek. 5. Hangjelek. 6. Hivatalos vagy nem

hivatalos, kollektív vagy individuális megkülönböztető jegyek: jelvények. Rangjelzések. Egyenruhák, álruhák. Haditechnikai eszközök festése, díszítése. Tetoválás és egyéb testmódosítás. A kétrészes tanulmány első részében a jelzések 1–5. csoportját mutatom be, például olyan kérdésekre keresve a választ, mint milyen változások következtek be a katonai jelzésekben az idő előre haladtával, vagy, átvihető-e a korábbi csoportosítási mód az újabb időkre, vagy szükséges-e egyes csoportokat elhagyni, másokat hozzáadni a felsoroláshoz?

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(108) "Predictions, Preemptive Signs. Passwords, Secret Codes and Messages. Flags, Banners. Light and Audio Signals" ["hu_HU"]=> string(103) "Jóslatok, előjelek. Jelszavak, titkos kódok és üzenetek. Zászlók, lobogók. Fény- és hangjelek" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(43) "Organisation of Military Signals – Part 1" ["hu_HU"]=> string(47) "A katonai jelzések rendszerezése – 1. rész" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Burány Judit" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#751 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(10338) ["email"]=> string(21) "burany.nagy@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8127) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(133) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(88) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:62:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem - Hadtudományi Doktori Iskola";}" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Burány" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Judit" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(17) "katonai jelzések" [1]=> string(11) "jelhordozó" [2]=> string(7) "előjel" [3]=> string(4) "kód" [4]=> string(8) "zászló" [5]=> string(8) "fényjel" [6]=> string(7) "hangjel" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(17) "military markings" [1]=> string(9) "signifier" [2]=> string(17) "(preemptive) sign" [3]=> string(4) "flag" [4]=> string(4) "code" [5]=> string(12) "light signal" [6]=> string(13) "audio signal " } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#754 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(43135) ["id"]=> int(6619) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8127) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#725 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8125) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-12-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-11 14:02:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10336) ["sectionId"]=> int(43) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(8001) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4312) "ALMÁSI Gábor (2013): Bethlen és a törökösség kérdése a korabeli propagandában és politikában. In KÁRMÁN Gábor – TESZELSZKY, Kees (szerk.): Bethlen Gábor és Európa. Budapest: Komáromi Nyomda és Kiadó Kft., 311–367. BETHLEN Gábor (1983): Politikai írások. Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Történeti Múzeum. BODA Mihály (2019a): A háborús igazságosság elméletének egy példája a magyar hadtörténelemben. Az igazságos háború szentkorona-eszmére alapozott elmélete. Hadtudomány, 29(4), 3–15. Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/HADTUD.2019.29.4.3 BODA Mihály (2019b): A humanista háborús ideológia Magyarországon a 15–16. században: a „kereszténység védőbástyája”. Hadtudomány, 29(4), 100–109. Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/HADTUD.2019.29.4.100 BODA Mihály (2020): Zrínyi hősiesség fogalma a katonai hősiesség változó formáinak tükrében. Hadtudományi Szemle, 13(2), 79–91. Online: https://doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2020.2.7 BODA, Mihály (2021): The Hungarian Theory of Just War Based on the Idea of the Holy Crown. Journal of Military Ethics, 20(3–4), 269–280. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2021.2018797 BODA Mihály (2023a): Az igazságos háború elmélete és a teremtésvédelem: az igazságos háború elméletének története a középkortól a 20. századig a teremtésvédelem szempontjából. Hadtudományi Szemle, 16(4), 123–137. Online: https://doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2023.4.6 BODA MIHÁLY (2023b): A háborús ideológiák története. A háború igazolása Nyugat-Európában és Magyarországon az ókortól a 20. század végéig. Budapest: Ludovika. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/149230 DRÃGAN, Ioan (2011): Az erdélyi román nemesség a 16–18. században (I.). Korunk, 22(7), 82–88. Online: https://epa.oszk.hu/00400/00458/00570/pdf/EPA00458_korunk_2011_07_082-088.pdf FORGÁCS Balázs (2017): A háború és a politika viszonyrendszere. In GŐCZE István (szerk.): Az igazságos háború elvétől az igazságos békéig. Budapest: Dialóg Campus, 123–130. Online: https://meot.hu/dokumentumok/2017szocet/Gocze_Istvan_Az_igazsagos_h_konfkiad2017.pdf GYALÓKAY Jenő (1929): Bethlen Gábor mint hadvezér. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 30(1), 288–330. Online: https://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00018/00192/pdf/EPA00018_hadtortenelmi_1929_288-330.pdf HAUSNER Gábor (2019): A Zrínyi-életmű modern katonai-szakmai interpretációja: Perjés Géza Zrínyi-képe. Hadtudományi Szemle, 12(Ksz.), 111–125. Online: https://doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2019.1.ksz.8 PAPP Sándor (2013): Bethlen Gábor ismeretlen hadjárati terve II. Ferdinánd és a katolikus Európa ellen. In KÁRMÁN Gábor – TESZELSZKY, Kees (szerk.): Bethlen Gábor és Európa. Budapest: Komáromi Nyomda és Kiadó Kft., 103–129. PÁZMÁNY Péter (2008): A keresztény vallás és igazságos háború. Budapest: Képzőművészeti. PERJÉS Géza (1965): Zrínyi Miklós és kora. Budapest: Gondolat. RAPAICS Rajmond szerk. (1894): Pázmány Péter összes munkái. I. kötet. Budapest: Magyar Királyi Tudományegyetem. UJHÁZI Lóránd (2017): Az „igazságos háború” tan elemeinek tovább élése a jelenkori fegyveres konfliktusoknál. In GŐCZE István (szerk.): Az igazságos háború elvétől az igazságos békéig. Budapest: Dialog Campus, 21–39. Online: https://meot.hu/dokumentumok/2017szocet/Gocze_Istvan_Az_igazsagos_h_konfkiad2017.pdf VALLIN, Jean-Louis (2019): Zrínyi Miklós Az török áfium ellen való orvosság című műve Augier Ghislain de Busbecq Exclamatiójának tükrében. Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 123(5), 639–650. Online: https://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00461/pdf/EPA00001_ItK_2019_5_639-650.pdf WALZER, Michael (1977): Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books. ZRÍNYI Miklós (1990): Mátyás király életéről való elmélkedések. Budapest: Magyar Bibliofil Társaság, 30–46. ZRÍNYI Miklós (1995): Szigeti veszedelem. Budapest: Szépirodalmi. ZRÍNYI Miklós (2003): Az török áfium ellen való orvosság, avagy Az töröknek magyarral való békessége ellen való antidotum. Budapest: Neumann. Online: https://mek.oszk.hu/06100/06115/html/gmzrinyi0002.html WERBŐCZY István (1995): Hármaskönyv. Budapest: MTA." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "107-123" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1298) "

The theory of war is rooted in a long-standing philosophical and theological tradition that seeks to justify or reject armed conflicts based on moral, legal, political, and philosophical considerations. This study examines the diverse techniques of war justification, with a particular focus on the perspectives of early modern Hungarian thinkers such as István Werbőczy, Péter Pázmány, Miklós Zrínyi, and Gábor Bethlen. By analyzing premodern Hungarian theories, the research aims to situate these figures within the broader intellectual tradition while also exploring how they interpreted the problem of war in light of the political and religious challenges of their time.

At the core of this investigation lies the problem of legitimate authority, a fundamental principle of just war theory that determines who possesses the legal and moral right to wage war. The study examines the shifting ethical and legal assessments of warfare and their applicability across different social and political contexts. By highlighting the varying approaches to legitimacy among the analyzed authors, this research sheds light on the evolving foundations of war justification and its implications for sovereignty, governance, and moral responsibility in early modern Hungarian discourse.

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A háború elmélete hosszú filozófiai és teológiai hagyományra épül, amely erkölcsi, jogi, politikai és filozófiai szempontok alapján igyekszik igazolni vagy elutasítani a fegyveres konfliktusokat. Jelen tanulmány e háborús igazolási technikák sokféleségét vizsgálja, kiemelt figyelmet fordítva a kora újkori magyar gondolkodók – Werbőczy István, Pázmány Péter, Zrínyi Miklós és Bethlen Gábor – nézeteire. A premodern magyar elméletek elemzésével a kutatás egyrészt e gondolkodók helyét kívánja meghatározni az egyetemes filozófiai hagyományban, másrészt feltárja, miként értelmezték a háború kérdését saját koruk politikai és vallási kihívásainak tükrében.

A vizsgálat középpontjában a legitim autoritás problémája áll, amely az igazságos háború elméletének egyik alapvető elveként határozza meg, hogy ki rendelkezik a háború indításának jogszerű és erkölcsi felhatalmazásával. A tanulmány feltárja a háború etikai és jogi megítélésének változásait, valamint ezek alkalmazhatóságát különböző társadalmi és politikai kontextusokban. Az elemzett szerzők eltérő legitimációs megközelítéseinek bemutatásán keresztül a kutatás rávilágít a háború igazolásának dinamikusan változó alapjaira, valamint annak következményeire a szuverenitás, kormányzás és erkölcsi felelősség kora újkori magyar diskurzusaiban.

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For the first time since the end of World War II, a large-scale, traditional war is taking place in Europe, involving two independent countries. At the end of the third year of the Russian-Ukrainian war, I believe we can state that this conflict - regardless of its outcome – will irreversibly change Europe's security and military architecture. The Russian-Ukrainian war not only marks the end of the security policy status quo that has been established over the past decades, but in the long term, it could also evolve into a regional armed conflict involving multiple countries.

In my opinion, to understand the reason of war, we need to examine one of the fundamental elements of the Ukrainian-Russian political and military confrontation that began more than 20 years ago: Ukrainian nationalism. Independent Ukraine was established in 1991, but Ukrainian national conception has a much older history. After the 2004 "Orange Revolution", the Ukrainian political leadership broke with Moscow and set the goal of joining the EU and NATO, and then intensive nation-building began under the presidencies of Viktor Yushchenko and Petro Poroshenko. This led to the marginalization of the Russian language, culture and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarchate. This political direction culminated in the "Revolution of Dignity" that broke out in 2013, which removed the President Viktor Yanukovych from power, who maintained close relationship with Moscow. All these steps contributed to the souring of relations between the two countries, and then led to the outbreak of open armed conflict.

The development of the Ukrainian national idea has become one of the important shapers of European security policy. Taking all this into account, examining the historical roots, development, characteristics of Ukrainian idea, and the efforts to establish the Ukrainian nation-state helps to better understand the causes of the war’s outbreak and can contribute to the formulation of possible settlement principles.

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Európában a második világháború vége óta először folyik egy kiterjedt, hagyományos eszközökkel vívott háború, két független ország részvételével. Az orosz–ukrán háború harmadik évének végén úgy gondolom, hogy kijelenthetjük, ez a konfliktus – a kimenetelétől függetlenül – visszavonhatatlanul megváltoztatja Európa biztonságpolitikai és katonai architektúráját. Az orosz–ukrán háború nemcsak az elmúlt évtizedekben megszokott biztonságpolitikai status quo végét jelenti, hanem hosszabb távon egy több országra kiterjedő, akár az európai kontinens egy részét közvetlenül is érintő regionális fegyveres konfliktussá is válhat.

Megítélésem szerint ahhoz, hogy megértsük, miért tört ki a háború, vizsgálnunk kell a több mint 20 éve elkezdődött ukrán–orosz politikai és katonai szembenállás egyik alapvető elemét, az ukrán nacionalizmust. A független Ukrajna 1991-ben jött létre, az ukrán nemzeti gondolkodás azonban sokkal régebbi múltra tekint vissza. Az ukrán politikai vezetés a 2004-es „narancsos forradalmat” követően szakított Moszkvával és az EU-, illetve NATO-csatlakozást tűzte ki célul, majd Viktor Juscsenko és Petro Porosenko elnöksége alatt intenzív nemzetépítés vette kezdetét. Ez az orosz nyelv, kultúra és a Moszkvai Patriarchátus alá tartozó ukrán ortodox egyház háttérbe szorításához vezetett. Ez a politikai irány a 2013-ban kitört „méltóság forradalmában” csúcsosodott ki, ami elmozdította a Moszkvával szoros kapcsolatokat ápoló Viktor Janukovics elnököt a hatalomból. Mindezek a lépések hozzájárultak a két ország kapcsolatának elmérgesedéséhez, majd a háború kirobbanásához vezettek.

Az ukrán nemzeti eszme fejlődése napjainkra az európai biztonságpolitika egyik fontos alakítójává vált. Mindezeket figyelembe véve az ukrán nemzettudat történelmi gyökerei, fejlődése, jellemzői és az ukrán nemzetállam kialakítására vonatkozó törekvések vizsgálata segít jobban megérteni a háború kirobbanásának okait és hozzájárulhat a lehetséges rendezési elvek kialakításához.

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Disruptive technology carries the possibility of placing the soldier further away from the battlefield, which implies a decrease in the risk that the citizens will have to make sacrifices for the interests of the homeland. However, it is not appropriate to assess what changes can be predicted in warfare by the military effects of the disruptive technologies. Society, economy and politics are just as exposed to technological changes as warfare, which shapes the possible future as a complex adaptive system. Riskless warfare may only be unaffected from unforeseen consequences in certain areas, but it is a fact that the anomalies that are already emerging today are fundamentally challenging current theories.

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A fejlődő technológia magában hordozza annak a lehetőségét, hogy egyre messzebb helyezi a katonát a harcmezőtől, amely alapján a kockázat – hogy egy nemzet fiainak áldozatot kell hozniuk a haza érdekeiért – csökkenést feltételez. Azonban nem lehet vegytisztán a technológia adta lehetőségek alapján kijelenti, hogy milyen változások prognosztizálhatók a hadviselésben. A társadalom, a gazdaság és a politika ugyanúgy ki van téve a technológiai változásoknak, mint a hadviselés, amely komplex adaptív rendszerként formálja a lehetséges jövőt. A kockázatmentes hadviselés talán csak bizonyos területein lehetnek mentesek az előre nem látható következményektől, azonban tény, hogy azon anomáliák, amelyek már napjainkban mutatkoznak, alapjaiban rengetik meg az érvényben lévő teóriákat.

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object(Publication)#126 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8185) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-12-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-11 14:02:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10422) ["sectionId"]=> int(44) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8061) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3779) "ANGHIE, Anthony (2005): Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614262 FALK, Richard (2014): Palestine. The Legitimacy of Hope. Charlottesville: Just World Books. IMSEIS, Ardi (2020): Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020. European Journal of International Law, 31(3), 1055–1085. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa055 JABER, Dalaal F. (2022): Ardi Imseis: The United Nations and the Question of Palestine. A Study in International Legal Subalternity. PhD Thesis Presentation and Review. Online: https://law4palestine.org/phd-thesis-presentation-and-review-the-united-nations-and-the-question-of-palestine-a-study-in-international-legal-subalternity/ KHALIDI, Rashid (2007): The Iron Cage. The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon Press. Online: https://www.beacon.org/The-Iron-Cage-P669.aspx KHALIDI, Walid ed. (1987): From Haven to Conquest. Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. KOSKENNIEMI, Martti (2001): The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494222 PAPPE, Ilan (2007): The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. London: Oneworld Publications. Online: https://oneworld-publications.com/work/the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine/ QUIGLEY, John (2005): The Case for Palestine. An International Law Perspective. Durham: Duke University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822386766 TAMANAHA, Brian Z. (2004): On the Rule of Law. History, Politics, Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812378 United Nations (1947): Resolution 181 (II): Future Government of Palestine. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 United Nations (1949): Resolution 273 (III): Admission of Israel to Membership in the United Nations. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/273(III) United Nations (1960): Resolution 1514 (XV): Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/1514(XV) United Nations (1966): Resolution 2145: Question of South West Africa. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/2145(XXI) United Nations (1967): Resolution 242: The Situation in the Middle East. United Nations Security Council. Online: https://undocs.org/S/RES/242(1967) United Nations (1974a): Resolution 3201 (S-VI): Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/3201(S-VI) United Nations (1974b): Resolution 3236 (XXIX): Question of Palestine. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/3236(XXIX) United Nations (1975): Resolution 380 (XXXX): The Situation Concerning Western Sahara. United Nations Security Council. Online: https://undocs.org/S/RES/380(1975) United Nations (1979): Resolution 34/22: The Situation in Kampuchea. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/34/22 United Nations (1990): Resolution 678: Iraq–Kuwait. United Nations Security Council. Online: https://undocs.org/S/RES/678(1990) United Nations (1999): Resolution 1264: Situation in East Timor. United Nations Security Council. Online: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1264(1999) United Nations (2012): Resolution 67/19: Status of Palestine in the United Nations. United Nations General Assembly. Online: https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/19" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "157-168" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.9" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1035) "

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict remains one of the most protracted disputes under the United Nations purview. While international law provides a framework for resolving such conflicts, this study demonstrates that the UN’s inconsistent application of legal principles in the case of Palestine has institutionalised Palestine’s legal marginalisation.

This study critically examines the UN’ inconsistent application of international law in the case of Palestine, arguing that such inconsistency has contributed to a condition of international legal marginalisation.

Also, the study presents the actions taken by the UN over the years and how they have kept Palestine in an international state of legal marginalisation. While the UN and the international community promise justice through international law, it is repeatedly postponed or denied. This study highlights the difference between the UN’s words and actions, showing how its approach has prolonged injustice in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

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Online: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/22/five-signs-china-invasion-taiwan/ DECKER, Audrey (2025a): Boeing Wins Air Force’s Next-Gen Fighter Contract. Defense One, 2025. március 21. Online: https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2025/03/boeing-wins-air-forces-next-gen-fighter-contract DECKER, Audrey (2025b): Marines Aim to Buy More Carrier-Based F-35s, Fewer VTOLs. Defense One, 2025. február 4. Online: https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2025/02/marines-aim-buy-more-carrier-based-f-35s-fewer-vtols/402759/ DECKER, Audrey (2025c): Full F-35 Upgrade Package Might Not Happen This Year, Lockheed Says. Defense One, 2025. január 28. Online: https://www.defenseone.com/business/2025/01/full-f-35-upgrade-package-might-not-happen-year-lockheed-says/402570/ DECKER, Audrey (2025d): As Tanker Plans Remain Uncertain, Today’s Air Force Refuelers May Fly Past Their 100th Birthday. Defense One, 2025. március 20. Online: https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2025/03/uncertain-future-next-tankers-may-keep-air-force-refuelers-flying-past-their-100th-birthday EVANS-PRITCHARD, Ambrose (2025): European Rearmament Is Going to Turn the World Upside Down. The Telegraph, 2025. március 04. Online: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2025/03/04/european-rearmament-is-going-to-turn-the-world-upside-down/ GORDON, Chris (2025): Air Force Puts Unique Twist on ACE in the Middle East Excercise: Real-World Combat. Air and Space Forces Magazine, 2025. február 21. Online: https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-middle-east-ace-exercise-real-world-combat HARMER, Chris (2019): Top Marine’s Force Changing Plans Prompt Talk of Smaller Ships, F-35 Buy Changes. The War Zone, 2019. október 4. Online: https://www.twz.com/30003/top-marines-transformational-plan-manifesting-itself-in-talk-of-smaller-ships-f-35-buy-changes HEGINBOTHAM, Eric et al. (2022): Active Denial. 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Online: https://www.defensenews.com/air/2025/06/12/air-force-f-35-buy-would-be-cut-in-half-under-pentagon-spending-plan/ LOSEY, Stephen (2025b): Key Tests for Latest F-35s Will Begin in 2026, Two Years After Rollout. Defense News, 2025. február 5. Online: https://bit.ly/3HB9CA9 LÜKŐ Dénes – KRAJNC Zoltán (2010): Áttekintés a légierő képességeiről. Hadtudományi Szemle, 3(2), 34–43. Online: https://bit.ly/46Wif2x MARTIN, Christian P. (2024): How Adaptive Engine Technology Will Power Sixth-Generation Fighters. Simple Flying, 2024. december 21. Online: https://simpleflying.com/adaptive-engine-technology-power-sixth-generation-fighters/ MILLS, Patrick et al. (2024): Assessing Agile Combat Employment for the Pacific Air Forces. RAND. 2024. szeptember 6. Online: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA999-3.html MOSOLOVA, Daria (2025): Russia’s War Economy Fuels Rustbelt Revival. The Financial Times, 2025. március 30. Online: https://www.ft.com/content/559ca59f-7fdc-4c47-8e87-edb562acdc7b NEWDICK, Thomas (2020): The US Air Force Has Secretly Flown a Demonstrator for Its Next-Generation Fighter. The War Zone, 2020. szeptember 15. Online: https://www.twz.com/36431/the-u-s-air-force-has-flown-a-demonstrator-for-its-next-generation-fighter NEWDICK, Thomas – ROGOWAY, Tyler (2025): Boeing Wins F-47 Next Generation Air Dominance Fighter Contract. (Updated). The War Zone, 2025. március 22. Online: https://www.twz.com/air/boeing-wins-air-forces-next-generation-air-dominance-fighter-contract OSBORN, Kris (2023): Air Force Chief: 6th-GEN NGAD Stealth Fighter Will Use AI to Network Drones. Warrior Maven, 2023. december 6. Online: https://warriormaven.com/air/air-force-chief-6th-gen-ngad-stealth-fighter-will-use-ai-to-network-drones PANELLA, Chris (2024): American F-35 Stealth Fighters Landed on a Highway in Europe for the First Time in Training With One of NATO’s Newest Allies. Business Insider, 2024. szeptember 6. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-f35s-landed-nato-ally-finlands-highway-the-first-time-2024-9 RIPER, P. K. van (2022): The Marine Corps’ Plan to Redesign the Force Will Only End Up Braking It. Task and Purpose, 2022. április 20. Online: https://taskandpurpose.com/news/marine-corps-force-design-infantry/ ROBERTSON, Noah (2024): How DC Became Obsessed with a Potential 2027 Chinese Invasion of Taiwan. DefenseNews, 2024. május 7. Online: https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2024/05/07/how-dc-became-obsessed-with-a-potential-2027-chinese-invasion-of-taiwan/ ROGOWAY, Tyler (2025): China’s J-36 Tailles Stealth Fighter Seen Flying for Second Time. The War Zone, 2025. március 17. Online: https://www.twz.com/air/chinas-j-36-heavy-stealth-fighter-seen-flying-for-second-time SABBAGH, Dan (2025): It Is Impossible to Outrun Them’: How Drones Transformed War in Ukraine. The Guardian, 2025. január 4. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/04/it-is-impossible-to-outrun-them-how-drones-transformed-war-in-ukraine SHANE III, Leo (2025): Trump Promises 1 Trillion in Defense Spending for Next Year. DefenseNews, 2025. április 8. Online: https://www.defensenews.com/news/pentagon-congress/2025/04/08/trump-promises-1-trillion-in-defense-spending-for-next-year/ SOLEN, Derek (2021): The PLA’s Critical Assessment of the Agile Combat Employment Concept. China Brief, Vol. 21. Issue: 14. 2021. június 16. Online: https://jamestown.org/program/the-plas-critical-assessment-of-the-agile-combat-employment-concept/ STUBBS, Bruce (2023): Ten Challenges to Implementing Force Design 2030. Atlantic Council, 2023. november 25. Online: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/ten-challenges-to-implementing-force-design-2030/ The ABCs of F-35 (2024). f35.com, 2024. június 5. Online: https://www.f35.com/f35/news-and-features/The-ABCs-of-F-35.html TIWARI, Sakshi (2025): F-47 NGAD: Boeing Beats Lockheed! Clinches 20 Billion Dollar Bill to Develop Us Air Force’s 6th-Gen Fighter. The Eurasian Times, 2025. március 21. Online: https://www.eurasiantimes.com/ngad-is-proceeding-contract-to-be-awarded-by-trump/ TREVITHICK, Joseph (2020): Marines to Radically Remodel Force, Cutting Tanks, Howitzers, in Favor of Drones, Missiles. The War Zone, 2020. március 23. Online: https://www.twz.com/32703/marines-to-radically-remodel-force-cutting-tanks-howitzers-in-favor-of-drones-missiles TREVITHICK, Joseph (2023a): F-35 Engine Running Too Hot Due to ‘Under-Speccing’, Upgrade Now Vital. The War Zone, 2023. március 30. Online: https://www.twz.com/f-35-engine-running-too-hot-due-to-under-speccing-upgrade-now-vital TREVITHICK, Joseph (2023b): New Shots of Stealthy XQ-58A Valkyrie Highlight Its Runway Independence. The War Zone, 2023. február 1. Online: https://www.twz.com/new-shots-of-stealthy-xq-58a-valkyrie-highlight-its-runway-independence TUCKER, Patrick (2025): The Pentagon Plan to Americanize Drone Warfare. Defense One, 2025. augusztus 21. Online: https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2025/08/pentagon-plan-americanize-drone-warfare/407625/ US Congress (2025): U.S. Air Force Next-Generation Air Dominance (NGAD Fighter). congress.gov., 2025. január 17. Online: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12805 USAF [é. n.]: F35A Lightning II. Online: https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/478441/f-35a-lightning-ii/ US Air Force (2022): ACE. Online: https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/AFDN_1-21/AFDN 1-21 ACE.pdf US Navy – Marine Corps (2021): Tentative Manual for Expeditionary Advanced Based Operations. Washington DC. Online: https://www.mca-marines.org/wp-content/uploads/TM-EABO-First-Edition-1.pdf US Navy – Marine Corps (2023): Tentative Manual for Expeditionary Advanced Based Operations. Washington DC. Online: https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Docs/230509-Tentative-Manual-For-Expeditionary-Advanced-Base-Operations-2nd-Edition.pdf WARD, Alexander (2025): Musk Set to Receive Top Secret Briefing on Us War Plans for China. The Wall Street Journal, 2025. március 20. Online: https://archive.ph/PqkpN ZALUZSNYIJ, Valerij (2025): A Technological War of Attrition and How to Win It. Pravda. 2025. július 13. Online: https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/articles/2025/07/13/7521484/ " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "169-187" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.10" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(531) "

This study explores the United States’ strategy to deter China at the beginning of President Trump’s second administration, with special attention to the development of air power capabilities. The article examines the role of the sixth-generation NGAD program and the F-35 fighter jets, alongside new operational concepts such as Force Design 2030, EABO, and ACE. It seeks to answer how these developments may contribute to containment efforts in the Indo-Pacific region and whether their deployment by 2027 is feasible.

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A tanulmány az Egyesült Államok Kína elleni elrettentési stratégiáját vizsgálja a második Trump-adminisztráció kezdetén, különös tekintettel a légierő fejlesztési programjaira. A szerző bemutatja a hatodik generációs NGAD-program és az ötödik generációs F–35-ös vadászgépek szerepét, valamint az új Force Design 2030, EABO és ACE műveleti koncepciókat. A cikk arra keresi a választ, hogy ezek a fejlesztések miként járulhatnak hozzá az indo-csendes-óceáni térségben Kína feltartóztatásához, és hogy reális-e ezen képességek 2027-ig történő hadrendbe állítása.

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object(Publication)#681 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8210) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-12-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-11 14:02:24" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10455) ["sectionId"]=> int(45) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8086) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4421) "A hidegháborús forródrót története (2003). Múlt-Kor, 2003. augusztus 29. Online: https://mult-kor.hu/20030829_a_hideghaborus_forrodrot_tortenete BÁNYÁSZ Péter (2020): Közösségi média és közszolgálat. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Közigazgatási Továbbképzési Intézet. BÉRCZI Szaniszló (1985): Anyagtechnológia I. Egyetemi jegyzet. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó. CHERSICLA, Richard S. (2019): Fighting Words: Communications and Extended Deterrence in the 21st Century. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies. Online: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1083208.pdf DEBUSMANN, Bernd (2025): Three Sensitive Messages from Yemen Strike Signal Chat Unpacked and explained. BBC, 2025. március 16. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj0q5r7ggnlo Donald Trump Launches Strikes Against Yemen’s Houthis Over Red Sea Ship Attacks, Killing at Least 31 Civilians (2025). SkyNews, 2025. március 16. Online: https://news.sky.com/story/donald-trump-launches-strikes-against-yemens-houthis-13329695 DUNAI Péter (2019): Atomhatalmak viaskodnak Kasmírért. Növekedés, 2019. augusztus 25. Online: https://novekedes.hu/elemzesek/atomhatalmak-viaskodasa-kasmirert FÜZI Imre et al. (1986): Az egyetemes és magyar hadművészet fejlődése az ókortól napjainkig, Budapest: Zrínyi. GADDIS, John Lewis (2005): The Cold War. A New History. Penguin Books. Hajszálnyira az atomháborútól: a kubai rakétaválság (2023). Múlt-kor, 2023. október 18. Online: https://m.mult-kor.hu/hajszalnyira-az-atomhaborutol-a-kubai-raketavalsag-20231028 HOBSBAWM, Eric (1994): The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991. Abacus Books. Meghalt Norman Schwarzkopf (2012). Index, 2012. december 28. Online: https://index.hu/kulfold/eu/2012/12/28/meghalt_norman_schwarzkopf/ MORGAN, Patrick M. (2017): The Concept of Deterrence and Deterrence Theory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.572 MOWLANA, Hamid – GERBNER, George – SCHILLER, Herbert szerk. (1992): Triumph of the Image: The Media's War In The Persian Gulf, A Global Perspective (Critical Studies in Communication and in the Cultural Industries). Routledge. NÉMETH József Lajos (2013): A (stratégiai) kommunikáció és a háború kapcsolata napjaikban. Hadtudomány, 1–2. 129–139. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/hadtudomany/article/download/6681/5280/ NÉMETH József Lajos (2019): A stratégiai kommunikáció interdiszciplináris megközelítésben. Hadtudományi Szemle, 12(1), 167–174. Online: https://doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2019.1.11 NÉMETH József Lajos (2021): Stratégiai kommunikáció. Budapest: Magánkiadás. NYE, Joseph S. (2017): Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace. International Security, 41(3), 44–71. Online: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00266 OBRADOVIC, Lana – BLACK, Michelle (2019): Teaching Deterrence: A 21st-Century Update. Journal of Political Science Education, 16(3), 344–356. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2019.1575228 SIKLÓS András (2024): De kik azok a húszi felkelők, akik most a Vörös-tengeren randalíroznak? Index, 2024. január 12. Online: https://index.hu/kulfold/2024/01/12/huszi-lazadok-voros-tenger-tamadas-hajozas-usa-iran-siita/ SÖRÖS Lajos (1964): A hadművészet ókori klasszikusai. Honvédségi Szemle, 3, 111–113. STAFF, Lutton – KEEBLE, Richard (1997): Secret State, Silent Press: New Militarism, the Gulf and the Modern Image of Warfare. John Libbey Publishing. Szaddám Huszein 1991-ben úgy gondolta, megnyerte a történelem első élőben közvetített háborúját (2020). Múlt-Kor, 2020. január 17. Online: https://mult-kor.hu/szaddam-huszein-1991-ben-ugy-gondolta-megnyerte-a-trtenelem-elso-eloben-kzvetitett-haborujat-20200117 SZAK, Andrea (2014): Media Influence and Reception Analyses. Hadtudományi Szemle, 7(1), 152–157. Online: https://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02463/00022/pdf/EPA02463_hadtudomanyi_szemle_2014_01_152-157.pdf SZAK Andrea (2018): A nyilvánosság kommunikációs színterei. Hadtudomány, 28(2), 118–125. Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/HADTUD.2018.28.2.118 TARJÁN M. Tamás (1990): Szaddam Husszein megtámadja Kuvaitot. RubiconOnline, 1990. augusztus 2. Online: https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1990-augusztus-2-szaddam-husszein-megtamadja-kuvaitot WESTAD, Odd Arne (2017): The Cold War. A World History. Basic Books." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(645) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "189-198" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32563/hsz.2025.3.11" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(402) "

Nowadays, the knowledge and application of modern threat, deterrence, and communication techniques are taken for granted at both the strategic and tactical levels. At the same time, the author argues that it is important and interesting to study relevant events Threats and Deterrence, with special emphasis on communications from WWII to the present, as they can provide many lessons for today.

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Napjainkban a modern fenyegetési, elrettentési és kommunikációs eljárások ismerete és alkalmazása mind stratégiai, mind pedig taktikai szinten egyaránt természetesnek mondható hadművészeti szempontból. Ugyanakkor a szerző szerint fontos és érdekes tanulmányoznunk a második világháborútól napjainkig lezajlott vonatkozó eseményeket, mivel azok számos tanulsággal szolgálhatnak számunkra is.

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