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The enlargement policy stands as one of the EU’s most significant policies. In a changing world order and amid shifting geopolitical circumstances, it is in the vital interest of the European Union and its Member States to demonstrate progress in this policy area and to expand the Union with new members. Despite not expanding in the last ten years, the European Union’s enlargement policy has undergone significant changes, resulting in increasingly stringent and evolving requirements for candidate countries. This article utilises the conceptual framework of Europeanisation to assess the current preparedness of candidate countries, with a specific focus on the ‘fundamentals’, including Chapters 23 and 24.

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Boglárka Koller (1974) is a full professor, researcher, head of Department of European Studies at the University of Public Service - Ludovika. She graduated at the Corvinus University, Budapest as an economist in 1998; she also holds an MA in Nationalism Studies from the Central European University and an MSc in European Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a PhD in International Relations from Corvinus University. She habilitated in 2016 and was appointed as a full professor in 2020. She has numerous publications on European integration. Her latest volume on the political economy of the Eurozone was published by Routledge UK in 2021.  https://www.routledge.com/The-Political-Economy-of-the-Eurozone-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Why/Arato-Koller-Pelle/p/book/9781032034676

She has more than twenty years’ teaching experience in the area of European Studies at each level of education (BA, MA, PhD) in Hungary and worldwide. Apart from the academic roles, she has several leadership positions. She is the vice-rector of international affairs at the University of Public Service – Ludovika, member of the Board of the Hungarian United Nations Association, member of the Social Sciences Committee of the Hungarian Accreditation Committee and head of the Editorial Board of the European Mirror Scientific Journal and member of the Public Body of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Committee of Political Sciences. She is the elected vice-president of the Central European Political Science Association (CEPSA) since 2018.

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Koller Boglárka (1974) egyetemi tanár, kutató, a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Európa-tanulmányok Tanszék vezetője. 1998-ban szerzett közgazdász diplomát a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen; emellett a Közép-Európai Egyetemen szerzett MA diplomát Nacionalizmus-tanulmányokból, a London School of Economics and Political Science-en pedig MSc fokozatot Európa-tanulmányokból, valamint PhD fokozatot nemzetközi kapcsolatokból a Corvinus Egyetemen. 2016-ban habilitált, 2020-ban pedig egyetemi tanárrá nevezték ki. Számos publikációja jelent meg az európai integrációról. Az eurózóna politikai gazdaságtanáról szóló legújabb kötete a Routledge UK gondozásában jelent meg 2021-ben. https://www.routledge.com/The-Political-Economy-of-the-Eurozone-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe- Miért / Arato-Koller-Pelle / p / könyv / 9781032034676

Több mint húsz éves oktatói tapasztalattal rendelkezik az Európa-tanulmányok területén az oktatás minden szintjén (BA, MA, PhD) Magyarországon és világszerte. Az akadémiai szerepeken kívül számos vezető pozíciót tölt be. A Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem nemzetközi rektorhelyettese, a Magyar ENSZ Társaság elnökségi tagja, a Magyar Akkreditációs Bizottság Társadalomtudományi Bizottságának tagja és az Európai Tükör tudományos folyóiratának szerkesztőbizottságának elnöke. Tagja az MTA Köztestületének, a Magyra Politikatudományi Bizottságnak. A Közép-Európai Politikatudományi Társaság (CEPSA) választott alelnöke 2018 óta.

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General Affairs. Luxembourg, 26 June 2012. Online: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11690-2012-INIT/en/pdf DHL (2023): DHL Global Connectedness Index 2022. Bonn. Online: https://www.dhl.com/content/dam/dhl/global/delivered/documents/pdf/dhl-global-connectedness-index-2022-complete-report.pdf EBRD (2022): Transition Report 2022–2023. Luxemburg. Online: https://www.ebrd.com/transition-report-2022-23 Endrődi-Kovács, Viktória (2019): A Nyugat-Balkán államok gazdasági érettsége. In Koller, Boglárka – Ördögh, Tibor (eds.): Európaizáció a Nyugat-Balkánon. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. 89–108. Endrődi-Kovács, Viktória – Tankovsky, Oleg (2022): A Composite Indicator for Economic Integration Maturity: The Case of Western Balkan Countries. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 13(1), 148–166. Online: https://doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2022-0107 European Commission (2011): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2011. Online: https://doi.org/10.2765/15525 European Commission (2013): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2013. Online: https://doi.org/10.2765/58225 European Commission (2015): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2015. Online: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-forecast-and-surveys/economic-forecasts/autumn-2015-economic-forecast_en European Commission (2017): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2017. Online: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-forecast-and-surveys/economic-forecasts/autumn-2017-economic-forecast_en European Commission (2019): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2019. Online: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-forecast-and-surveys/economic-forecasts/autumn-2019-economic-forecast-challenging-road-ahead_en European Commission (2021): European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2021. Online: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/publications/european-economic-forecast-autumn-2021_en European Commission (2023a): Montenegro. Online: https://neighbourhood-enlarge-ment.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/montenegro_en European Commission (2023b): Autumn 2023 Economic Forecast. Online: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-forecast-and-surveys/economic-forecasts/autumn-2023-economic-forecast-modest-recovery-ahead-after-challenging-year_en Eurostat (2023a): Real GDP Growth Rate. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/tec00115 Eurostat (2023b): GDP per capita in PPS. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/tec00114 Eurostat (2023c): Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Current Market Prices by NUTS 2 Regions. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/nama_10r_2gdp Eurostat (2023d): Comparative Price Levels. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/tec00120 Eurostat (2023e): HICP – Annual Data (Average Index and Rate of Change). Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/prc_hicp_aind IMF (2020): Combating the Impact of Covid-19 in Montenegro. Online: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/07/02/na070220-combating-the-impact-of-covid-19-in-montenegro Matheisz, Máté (2023): Montenegró EU integrációs helyzete: A csatlakozási folyamatot befolyásoló tényezők elemzése és vizsgálata. Thesis. Budapest Business University, Faculty of International Management and Business. Montenegro Ministry of Finance (2023): Government Debt of Montenegro as of 31 December 2022. MONSTAT (2023a): Annual Gross Domestic Product. Online: https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstat.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles% 2FBDP%2F2022%2FTab_BDP_2006-2022_eng1.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK MONSTAT (2023b): Tourism Releases. Online: https://monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=180&pageid=44 MONSTAT (2023c): Labour Force Survey. Online: https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstat.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FARS%2F2023%2F3%2FARS%2520podaci.xls&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK MONSTAT (2023d): Employees by Activity Sectors. Online: https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fmonstat.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2Fzarade%2F2023%2FZaposleni%25202010-%25202022%2520za%2520sajt%2520(11)(5).xls&wdOrigin= MONSTAT (2023e): Foreign Trade – Annual Releases. Online: https://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=460&pageid=171 Nagy, Sándor Gyula – Šiljak, Dženita (2023): Patterns of the Western Balkans’ Convergence toward the EU since 2004. Regional Statistics, 13(6), 1145–1168. Online: https://doi.org/10.15196/RS130606 OECD (2021): Competitiveness in South East Europe 2021. A Policy Outlook. Paris. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/dcbc2ea9-en Scepanovic, Lela (2023): Montenegro Exits Deal That Hedged Mammoth Chinese Highway Loan. Online: https://www.rferl.org/a/montenegro-exits-deal-chinese-highway-loan/32469505.html Transparency International (2023): Corruption Perceptions Index 2022. Online: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 WIIW (2023): Sailing Through Rough Waters. Economic Analysis and Outlook for Central, East and Southeast Europe. Vienna. Online: https://wiiw.ac.at/sailing-through-rough-waters-p-6520.html" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(574) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "29-47" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.2.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(953) "

Montenegro submitted its EU membership application to the Council in 2008. Accession negotiations started in 2012 with the Western Balkan country. In December 2023, out of the 33 chapters opened during the negotiations, only 3 chapters were temporarily closed. The aim of the study is to examine on the basis of the European Commission’s country report, the EBRD’s Transition Report, the OECD’s Competitiveness Report, as well as the evaluation of a wide range of macro indicators, to what extent Montenegro can be considered mature for joining the European Union based on its economic structure, performance and catch-up. In the last 15 years, the country has achieved a slow economic catch-up, but it is not yet considered mature for integration from an economic point of view. In order to meet the economic criteria for EU accession, the country still needs to implement reforms in many areas and strictly adhere to budgetary discipline.

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The article analyses the significance of the accession criteria in the context of recent EU enlargement negotiations, particularly during heightened geopolitical circumstances triggered by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The accelerated EU enlargement process, evidenced by the swift membership applications from Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, and the even quicker decision to open accession negotiations for two of them, inspires an exploration of the binding elements, specifically the Copenhagen criteria, integral to the accession negotiation process. The study aims to examine the numerical development and changes in the conditions and criteria necessary for EU membership in ten candidate and potential candidate countries. The analysis focuses on fulfilling essential conditions, with emphasis on convergence, assessed using GDP per capita and growth rates, as well as the rule of law and democracy criteria measured through the Worldwide Governance Indicators.

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It is beyond doubt that the international world order as we have known it since the 1990s is changing. In Europe the clearest wakeup call of this new context – let alone the more frequent systemic challenges in the last decades – has been the Russian aggression against Ukraine. It needs the EU to adapt to the new realities which were labelled by Olaf Scholz “Zeitenwende” in his historic speech. The essay explores this historical context in the light of evolving dynamics of European integration, emphasising the concept of a “whole and free” Europe through continuous expansion of Euro-Atlantic institutions, which was envisaged in George H. W. Bush’s also historic speech on the eve of the end of the Cold War. The essay touches upon the enduring debate on the geographical limits and institutional capacities of the European Union (EU) in relation to its position in the world order. The subsequent theoretical assessment aims to understand the challenges the EU faces, particularly in the context of potential enlargement, acknowledging the need for internal and external strength to navigate a changing geopolitical and geoeconomic environment. The essay refrains from normative statements on enlargement but asserts that a “wholer and freer” Europe could elevate the EU’s global influence, positioning it to shape the agenda of the “Zeitenwende”, and the emerging, hopefully still rule-based world order.

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Životić, Aleksandar (2009): Jugoszlávia külpolitikája a hidegháború idején – a felbomlás egyik oka? In Juhász, József – Krausz, Tamás (eds.): Az új nemzetállamok és az etnikai tisztogatások Kelet-Európában 1989 után. Budapest: L’Harmattan – ELTE BTK Kelet-Európa Története Tanszék. 114–132." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(574) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "89-108" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.2.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(2126) "

It is worth examining the current state of Serbia’s accession to the European Union in a wider socio-historical and economic-political context. The country contacted the EU on 24 November 2000, when it joined the Stabilisation and Association Process as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to present the impact of the EU’s priorities on Serbia’s domestic policy that have a major impact on cooperation between the two sides: the rule of law, fundamental rights, strengthening democratic institutions, the fight against organised crime, economic development and increased competitiveness, and the recognition of Kosovo’s independence. On the other hand, this paper aims to outline the difficulties caused by geopolitical events and the obstacles to accession. While Serbia has primarily an economic interest in accession, the EU needs to take into account geo- and security policy aspects in order to maintain the stability of its own borders and those of the continent, and to preserve its position in global politics. As President-in-Office of the EU Council, Hungary will not only have the opportunity to boost the accession process of the Western Balkans, but also to put the region’s concerns at the top of the EU’s political agenda, in line with the criteria for accession to the EU. Geographically, Serbia is situated at the intersection of three civilisations – Western Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy and Islam. On the one hand, as a consequence of the Austro–Hungarian Empire’s influence, the presence of “Western” values is already perceptible, and on the other hand, due to the country’s history, the Orthodox Christianity and Islam also strongly influence its attitude to certain socio-political issues. This dichotomy, among others, has left its mark on the country’s relations with minorities, its relationship with Kosovo, and its attitude to the Russian–Ukrainian war. Successful EU accession is not just about complying with the technical rules of integration, but about commitment to and compliance with the principles of EU law.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.17176/20220729-181842-0 Youngs, Gillian (1996): Beyond the ‘Inside/Outside’ Divide. In Krause, Jill – Renwick, Neil (eds.): Identities in International Relations. London: Macmillan. 22–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25194-0_2 Laws and treaties United Nations Charter Fundamental Law of Hungary Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Decision 22/2016 (XII. 5.) Decision 2/2019 (III. 5.) Decision 32/2021 (XII. 20.)" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(574) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "109-124" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.2.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(734) "

In light of the recent war that thrust Europe into upheaval, taking a look at the European Union’s common security policy is of paramount importance. In my paper, I shall examine how essential state functions play a role in ensuring national security and sovereignty, while also taking part in the EU’s policies regarding this vital area of cooperation. My research focuses on what security entails on the level of the EU. In addition, I would like to explore what the boundaries of cooperation are, and how this policy was created. Of course, nations need each other in trying times, but does that leave no room for autonomous decisions? What are the limits, which allow no more freedom for state functions to take effect?

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(51) "What Are the Limits of a Member State’s Autonomy?" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(38) "Common Security Policy vs. Sovereignty" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Mercz Mónika" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(8175) ["email"]=> string(24) "mercz.monika98@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(6631) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Mercz" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Mercz" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Mónika" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Mónika" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(42) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:16:"Miskolci Egyetem";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(15) "Security policy" [1]=> string(25) "Essential State Functions" [2]=> string(11) "Sovereignty" [3]=> string(14) "European Union" [4]=> string(17) "National Security" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(32481) ["id"]=> int(5760) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(6631) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#780 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7327) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-03-18" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-03-18 16:01:28" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9153) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(7203) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(7356) "Agence Europe (2024) : Europeans Urge Bosnian Authorities to Stay Course of Reform. Agence Europe, 23 January 2024. Online : https://agenceurope.eu/en/bulletin/article/13334/18 Agence France Press (2022): Bosnia, Now a Candidate, Begins Its Long March Towards European Union Membership. AFP, 13 December 2022. Online: https://fr.euronews.com/2022/12/13/la-bosnie-desormais-candidate-commence-sa-longue-marche-vers-lentree-dans-lunion-europeenne Aolain, Fionnuala Ni (1998): The Fractured Soul of the Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis. Michigan Journal of International Law, 19(4), 957–1004. Online: https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1456&context=mjil Baczynska, Gabriela (2016): Bosnia Applies to Join EU, but Has a Long Road Ahead. Reuters, 15 February 2016. Online: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-eu-mogherini-idUSKCN0VO0QA/ Borrell, Josep (2021): Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Migration Crisis is Far from Over. EEAS, 05 January 2021. Online: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/bosnia-and-herzegovina-migration-crisis-far-over_en Cameron, David R. (s. a.): The Challenges of EU Accession for Post-Communist Europe. Center for European Studies. Online: https://aei.pitt.edu/9273/1/Cameron.pdf Council of the European Union (2008): EU Association Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Online: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf Council of the European Union (2023): Bosnia and Herzegovina Annual Progress Review. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/enlargement/bosnia-herzegovina/ Court of Justice of the European Union (2018): Case C-621/18, Wightman and Other, 10 December 2018 (62). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62018CJ0621 Dijkstra, Gerrit S. A. – Raadschelders, Jos C. N. (2022): The High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Unusual Institutional Arrangement of a Non-Authoritarian, Yet Controlled Democracy. World Affairs, 185(2), 285–311. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/00438200221087971 European Court of Human Rights (2009): Sejdić and Finci vs. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 22 December 2009. European Court of Human Rights (2023): Slaven Kovačević vs. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 29 August 2023 (62). Euronews (2023): Croatia: Sharp Rise in Illegal Immigration since Schengen Entry Last Year. Agence France Press, 29 September 2023. Online: https://www.euronews.com/2023/09/29/croatia-sharp-rise-in-illegal-immigration-since-schengen-entry-last-year European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (2022): Bosnia and Herzegovina Review. Online: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/where/europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina_en European Commission (2003): EU – Western Balkans Summit in Thessaloniki, 21 June 2003. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_03_163 European Commission (2010a): European Commission Proposes to Waive the Short-Term Visa Requirement for the Citizens of Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_10_218 European Commission (2010b): Bosnia and Herzegovina 2010 Progress Report. Online: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf European Commission (2019): Commission Opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Application for Membership of the European Union, 29 May 2019. Online: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-05/20190529-bosnia-and-herzegovina-opinion.pdf European Commission (2022): EU Increases Support for Border and Migration Man¬agement in the Western Balkans. Press Release, 22 October 2022. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_6276 European Commission (2023): Bosnia and Herzegovina 2023 Report, 8 November 2023, (5-12-15-135). Online: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_691%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20report.pdf Guiraudon, Virginie (2023): The EU and the Balkans – The Effects of the Obsession with Border Control on Relations between the EU and the Balkans. Confrontations Europe, 09 November 2023. Online: https://confrontations.org/lue-et-les-balkans-les-effets-de-lobsession-du-controle-des-frontieres-dans-les-relations-entre-lue-et-les-balkans/ Hajdari, Una (2022): Secession Threats and Nationalist Strife Shock Bosnia as EU Offers Limited Response. Politico, 18 January 2022. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/secession-threat-bosnia-milorad-dodik-eu-limited-options/ Jones, Mared Gwyn (2023): Brussels Tries to Keep Western Balkans Dreams Alive in EU Enlargement Review. Euronews, 08 November 2023. Online: https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/11/08/brussels-tries-to-keep-western-balkan-dreams-alive-in-eu-enlargement-review Kokott, Juliane (2020): Opinion Delivered in Case C-66/18, Commission vs. Hungary, EU:C:2020:172, (3). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62018CC0066 Kovacevic, Danijel (2020): Corruption Scandal Shakes Bosnia’s Largest Political Party. Balkan Insight, 03 March 2020. Online: https://balkaninsight.com/2020/03/03/corruption-scandal-shakes-bosnias-largest-political-party/ MFRR (2017): Media Freedom in Montenegro: A Survey of Publications. Media Freedom Rapid Response, 14 September 2017. Online: https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Country-reports/Country-reports/Media-freedom-in-Montenegro-a-survey-of-publications Michel, Charles (2023): Western Balkans still Knocking on Europe’s Door. Euractiv, 15 December 2023. Online: https://euroefe.euractiv.es/section/european-newsroom/news/western-balkans-still-knocking-on-europes-door/ OCHA (2022): EU Increases Support for Border and Migration Management in the Western Balkans. Reliefweb, 25 October 2022. Online: https://reliefweb.int/report/bosnia-and-herzegovina/eu-increases-support-border-and-migration-manage¬ment-western-balkans OSCE (2023): OSCE Urges Authorities in BiH to Ensure Integrity and Transparency of the 2024 Local Elections. OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, 10 November 2023. Online: https://www.osce.org/mission-to-bosnia-and-herzegovina/557769#:~:text=The%20OSCE%20Mission%20to%20BiH,integrity%20of%20the%20electoral%20process Radosavljevic, Zoran (2022): Anti-migrant Violence still Seen at Croatia’s Borders, Says NGO. Euractiv, 14 November 2022. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/anti-migrant-violence-still-seen-at-croatias-borders-says-ngo/ Rogel, Carole (1998) : The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia. Westport: Greenwood Press. Swaton, Chiara (2023): Bosnia Seeks Austrian Support for Frontex Status Agreement. Euractiv, 30 August 2023. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/bosnia-seeks-austrian-support-for-frontex-status-agreement/ The Economist (1998): A Precarious Peace. The Economist, 22 January 1998. Topić, Tanja (2022): En Bosnie-Herzégovine, un faux pas dans le tango nationaliste. Vreme, 17 September 2022. Online: https://vreme.com/vreme/potpirivanje-kontrolisanog-konflikta/ Tzifakis, Nikolaos (2007): The Bosnian Peace Process: The Power-Sharing Approach Revisited. Perspectives, (28), 85–101. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23616212" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(574) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "125-140" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.2.8" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(904) "

The prospect of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s accession to the European Union encapsulates a pivotal chapter in the nation’s trajectory. As the country navigates the intricate path toward EU membership, it faces a myriad of challenges and opportunities that extend beyond mere geopolitical realignment. This journey involves addressing complex issues such as political stability, governance reforms, rule of law and economic development. The significance of this process lies not only in its potential to reshape Bosnia and Herzegovina’s political and economic landscape but also in the broader implications for regional stability and the consolidation of European values in the Western Balkans. In this context, the journey towards EU accession for Bosnia and Herzegovina is a multifaceted endeavour, reflecting both the aspirations and complexities inherent in the pursuit of a European future.

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object(Publication)#113 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7286) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-03-18" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-03-18 16:01:29" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9101) ["sectionId"]=> int(29) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7162) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3003) "Berend, Iván T. (2016): The History of European Integration. A New Perspective. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622903 Böhmer, Michael – Limbers, Jan – Pivac, Ante – Weinelt, Heidrun (2016): Departure from the Schengen Agreement. Macroeconomic Impacts on Germany and the Countries of the European Union. GED Study, Bertelsmann Stiftung. Online: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/NW_Departure_from_Schengen.pdf Davis, Dane – Gift, Thomas (2014): The Positive Effects of the Schengen Agreement on European Trade. The World Economy, 37(11), 1541–1557. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12158 Dunai, Márton (2023): EU Partially Allows Bulgaria and Romania into Schengen Area. Financial Times, 31 December 2023. Online: https://www.ft.com/content/2b17d503-6c95-4332-a7c1-e738e915a4d6 Felbermayr, Gabriel – Gröschl, Jasmin Katrin – Steinwachs, Thomas (2018): The Trade Effects of Border Controls: Evidence from the European Schengen Agreement. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(2), 335–351. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12603 Frontex (2023): Irregular Border Crossings into EU so Far This Year Highest since 2016. News Release, 11 December 2023. Online: https://www.frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/irregular-border-crossings-into-eu-so-far-this-year-highest-since-2016-hZ9xWZ Grabbe, Heather (2000): The Sharp Edges of Europe: Extending Schengen Eastwards. International Affairs, 76(3), 519–536. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00149 Grabbe, Heather (2012): The EU Must Re-Create Trust between Member States if the Benefits of Integration Are Not to Ebb Away – And Persuade Its Citizens That Credible State Institutions Can Be Rebuilt in Greece. EUROPP blog. European Politics and Policy, London School of Economics, 15 March 2012. Online: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/03/15/eu-trust-institutions/ Greenall, Robert (2023): Romania and Bulgaria to Join Schengen Border-Free Zone by Air and Sea. BBC News, 28 December 2023. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67834837 Schimmelfennig, Frank (2018): European Integration (Theory) in Times of Crisis. A Comparison of the Euro and Schengen Crises. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(7), 969–989. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252 Thorpe, Nick (2022): Schengen: No EU Border-Free Zone for Romania and Bulgaria. BBC News, 08 December 2022. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63905113 Vaubel, Roland (2013): International Organizations. In Reksulak, Michael – Razzolini, Laura – Shughart II, William F. (eds.): The Elgar Companion to Public Choice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. 451–468. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806039 Zaiotti, Ruben (2011): Cultures of Border Control. Schengen and the Evolution of European Frontiers. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226977881.001.0001" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(574) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "141-145" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.2.9" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(251) "

In this opinion article, we aim to draw a parallel between the enlargement of the Schengen area and of the European Union itself. We will argue that both processes suffer from enlargement fatigue, and some of the impeding factors are identical.

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