object(Publication)#694 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(8172) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:57" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10400) ["sectionId"]=> int(76) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8048) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(1) "5" ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Before Sunset" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(19) "Kecsmár Krisztián" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#729 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(10400) ["email"]=> string(30) "krisztian.kecsmar@ec.europa.eu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8172) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(190) ["country"]=> string(2) "BE" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Kecsmár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Kecsmár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Krisztián" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Krisztián" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#742 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39468) ["id"]=> int(6273) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8172) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#113 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7430) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:59" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9302) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7306) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(12720) "AGAFONOVA, Rusa (2024): ISU, Superleague and Royal Antwerp Cases: From Specialty Towards Efficiency. EU Law Live Competition Corner, 31 January 2024. BLOCKX, Jan – HOUBEN, Robby – NUYTS, Steve (2022): UEFA and the Super League: Who Is Calling Who a Cartel? The International Sports Law Journal, 22(3), 205–216. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-021-00201-2 BORJA, García (2023): Down with the Politics, up with the Law! Reinforcing EU Law’s Supervision of Sport Autonomy in Europe. The International Law Sports Journal, 23, 416–421. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-024-00264-x CSÉPAI, Balázs (2018): Keserű endívia? Az uniós agrárpolitika és az uniós versenyjog viszonyának régen várt tisztázása. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(2), 73–78. CSERES, Katalin J. – REYNA, Augustin (2021): EU State Aid Law and Consumer Protection: An Unsettled Relationship in Times of Crisis. Journal of European Competition Law and Practice, 12(8), 617–629. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpab037 DA CRUZ VILAÇA, José Luís – MARTINS PEREIRA, Mariana (2024): European Sports Model and Competitive Markets: Two Worlds Connected by European Superleague Company (C-333/21) and International Skating Union (C-124/21 P). EU Law Live Competition Corner, 5 February 2024. Declaration No. 29 on sport, 2 October 1997 (OJ 1997 C 340). DORICH, Avgustina (2023): The Role of the National Judge for the Enforcement of EU Antitrust Law Twenty Years Since the Entry into Force of Regulation No 1/2003. ERA Forum, 24, 317–325. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-023-00762-9 DUMEZ, Hervé – JEUNEMAÎTRE, Alain (1991): La Concurrence en Europe. De nouvelles règles du jeu pour les entreprises. Paris: Seuil. DUNBAR, Neil – MIDDLETON, Thomas (2022): UEFA’S Financial Fair Play Regulations: A Good Example of Best Practice Governance by a Sporting Body? The International Sports Law Journal, 22, 272–287. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-021-00207-w European Commission, CASE DMA.100055, Meta – Article 5(2), C(2024) 2052 final. General Court of the European Union (2020): The General Court Confirms that the Rules of the International Skating Union (ISU) Providing for Severe Penalties for Athletes Taking Part in Speed Skating Events Not Recognised by It Are Contrary to EU Competition Law. Press Release, 159/20. Online: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-12/cp200159en.pdf GIOVANNINI, Vincent (2023): Traitement de données à caractère personnel effectué par le service de réseau social de Meta: compétence à titre incident d’une autorité de la concurrence d’un État membre pour constater la non-conformité de ce traitement avec le RGPD. Dalloz, 14 September 2023. HOVENKAMP, Herbert (2008): The Harvard and Chicago Schools and the Dominant Firm. In PITOFSKY, Robert (ed.): How the Chicago School Overshot the Mark. The Effect of Conservative Economic Analysis on U.S. Antitrust. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press, 109–122. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372823.003.0009 IBÁÑEZ COLOMO, Pablo (2023): On Superleague and ISU: The Expectation Was Justified (and EU Competition Law May Be Changing before Our Eyes). Chilling Competition Blog Post, 21 December 2023. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2018a): Only the Paranoid Survive. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(Special Edition 1), 5–6. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2018b): L’affrontement des courants pédagogiques débouchant sur la précision des conditions de recevabilité des recours en annulation à l’encontre d’actes règlementaires et de la notion d’activité économique en matière d’enseignement public/privé. Revue des affaires européennes, (4), 747–757. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2020a): Arrêt Budapest Bank: la Cour de justice a-t-elle opéré un pas en avant et un en arrière en matière de l’application de la restriction de concurrence « par objet »? Revue des affaires européennes, (2), 463–475. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2020b): Arrêt ‘UB’: critère de nationalité et accès à une allocation étatique versée à des sportifs de haut niveau. Journal de droit européen, (5), 212 – 214. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2021): Le charme discret de l’article 65 du Traité CECA dans la lutte contre les ententes à la lumière des affaires Feralpi. In KRUZSLICZ, Péter – SULYOK, Márton – SZALAI, Anikó (eds.): Liber Amicorum László Trócsányi. Tanulmánykötet Trócsányi László 65. születésnapja alkalmából. Studies Commemorating the 65th Birthday of László Trócsányi. Mélanges offert á László Trócsányi pour ses 65 ans. Szeged: University of Szeged, Faculty of Law, International and Regional Studies Institute, 359–366. KECSMÁR, Krisztián (2024): Les États membres sont-ils des sujets de droit privilégiés ou mal aimés en droit de l’Union? In BLUMANN, Claude – PICOD, Fabrice (eds.): Annuaire de droit de l’Union européenne 2022. Paris: Éditions Panthéon-Assas, 51–74. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/epas.bluma.2023.01.0051 KECSMÁR, Krisztián – KEIDEL, Andreas (2015): Shaping the EU Leniency Programme: The Approach Adopted by EU Courts in 2014. Journal of European Competition Law and Practice, 6(8), 556–566. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpv027 MONTI, Mario (2001): The Future for Competition Policy in the European Union. Speech/01/340. London. MARTÍNEZ, Alba Ribera (2022): Processing of Personal Data Inside Out: The Opinion of AG Rantos in C-252/21 (Meta Platforms v. Bundeskartellamt). Kluwer Competition Blog, 22 September 2022. MELI, Violetta – TROCH, Simon (2020): The EU General Court judges that sports federations’ rule of banning athletes for participation in unauthorized events can – in certain circumstances – constitute a by object infringement of Article 101 TFEU (International Skating Union). Concurrences (e-Competitions), 16 December 2020. NEBBIA, Paolisa (2023): The Interaction of Competition, Consumer and Data Protection Laws: A Few Comments Inspired by the Recent Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. ERA Forum, 23(4), 515–527. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-023-00733-0 Nice European Council, 7–9 December 2000, Conclusions of the Presidency, Annex IV: Declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its social function in Europe, of which account should be taken in implementing common policies. NYIKOS, Györgyi (2018): Állami támogatások. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. PAASMAN, Berend R. (1999): Multilateral Rules on Competition Policy: An Overview of the Debate. Santiago: United Nations Publications. Report from the Commission to the European Council with a view to safeguarding current sports structures and maintaining the social function of sport within the Community framework of 10 December 1999 (The Helsinki Report on Sport) [COM(1999) 644 final]. ROSIN, Isa (2024): Enforcement of EU Competition Law to Sports Associations after the Super League and International Skating Union Rulings. EU Law Working Papers No. 93, Stanford–Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum. TÓTH, Tihamér (2018): Az Európai Unió Bíróságának „intel-mei”: Kiszorító visszaélések megítélése az Intel-ítélet fényében. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(1), 55–73. TÓTH, Tihamér (2020): Állami támogatások versenyjoga a vírusválság idején. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 23(3), 55–73. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2020.3.3 White Paper on Sport, 11 July 2007 [COM(2007) 391 final]. WILS, Wouter (2022): Regulation 1/2003: An assessment after Twenty years. Concurrences, (4), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.54648/WOCO2023002 CJEU Case Law and Opinions of Advocates General Judgment of 12 December 1974, C 36/74, Walrave and Koch, EU:C:1974:140 Judgement of 13 February 1979, C-85/76, Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission, EU:C:1979:36 Judgement of 31 January 1984, C-286/82, Luisi and Carbone v Ministero dello Tesoro, EU:C:1984:35 Judgment of 11 April 1989, Saeed Flugreisen and Silver Line Reisebüro, C-66/86, EU:C:1989:140 Judgement of 15 June 1993, C-225/91, Matra v Commission, EU:C:1993:239 Judgement of 15 December 1995, C-415/93, Union royale belge des sociétés de football association and Others v Bosman and Others, EU:C:1995:463 Judgment of 16 March 2000, Compagnie maritime belge transports a.o. v Commission, C 395/96 P and C 396/96 P, EU:C:2000:132 Judgement of 11 April 2000, C-51/96 and C-191/97, Deliège, EU:C:2000:199 Judgement of 13 April 2000, Lehtonen and Castors Braine, C 176/96, EU:C:2000:201 Judgement of 12 September 2000, C-180/98, Pavlov a.o., EU:C:2000:428 Judgement of 19 February 2002, C-309/99, Wouters and Others, EU:C:2002:98 Judgement of 18 July 2006, C-519/04 P, Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission, EU:C:2006:492 Judgement of 11 September 2007, Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz, C 76/05, EU:C:2007:492 Judgement of 10 July 2008, C-413/06 P, Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala, EU:C:2008:392 Judgment of 16 March 2010, C 325/08, Olympique Lyonnais, EU:C:2010:143 Judgment of 17 February 2011, C 52/09, TeliaSonera Sverige, EU:C:2011:83 Judgement of 27 March 2012, C 209/10, Post Danmark, EU:C:2012:172 Judgement of 6 December 2012, AstraZeneca v Commisson, C-457/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:770 Judgement of 25 April 2013, C 81/12, Asociația Accept, EU:C:2013:275 Judgement of 17 July 2014, C-553/12 P, Commission v DEI, EU:C:2014:2083 Judgement of 11 September 2014, C-67/13 P, CB v Commission, EU:C:2014:2204 Judgement of 9 December 2014, T-70/10, Feralpi v Commission, EU:T:2014:1031 Opinion 2/13 of the Court of 18 December 2014, Adhésion de l’Union à la CEDH, EU:C:2014:2454 Judgement of 9 March 2015, T-175/12, Deutsche Börse v Commission, EU:T:2015:148 Judgement of 23 February 2016, C-179/14, Commission v Hungary, EU:C:2016:108 Judgement of 7 March 2017, T-194/13, United Parcel Service v Commission, EU:T:2017:144 Opinion of Advocate General Szpunar delivered on 24 April 2017 in Case C 600/14, Germany v Council, EU:C:2017:296 Judgement of 6 September 2017, C-413/14 P, Intel v Commission, EU:C:2017:632 Judgement of 6 November 2018, C-622/16 P, Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori v Commission, EU:C:2018:873 Judgement of 13 June 2019, C 22/18, TopFit and Biffi, EU:C:2019:497 Judgement of 18 December 2019, C-447/18, Generálny riaditeľ Sociálnej poisťovne Bratislava, EU:C:2019:1098 Judgment of 30 January 2020, Generics (UK) a.o., C 307/18, EU:C:2020:52 Judgement of 2 April 2020, C-228/18, Budapest Bank and Others, EU:C:2020:265 Judgement of 16 December 2020, T-93/18, International Skating Union v Commission, EU:T:2020:610 Judgement of 25 March 2021, Deutsche Telekom v Commission, C-152/19 P, ECLI:EU:C:2021:238 Judgement of 10 November 2021, T-612/17, Google and Alphabet v Commission (Google Shopping), EU:T:2021:763 Judgement of 12 May 2022, C 377/20, Servizio Elettrico Nazionale and Others, EU:C:2022:379 Judgement of 15 June 2022, T-235/18, Qualcomm v Commission, EU:T:2022:358 Judgement of 13 July 2022, T-227/21, Illumina v Commission, EU:T:2022:447 Judgment of 7 September 2022, C 391/20, Cilevičs and Others, EU:C:2022:638 Opinion of Advocate General Rantos delivered on 22 September 2022 in Case C 252/21, Meta Platforms and Others (Conditions générales d’utilisation d’un réseau social), EU:C:2022:704 Judgment of 30 November 2022, T-101/18, Austria v Commission, EU:T:2022:728 Opinion of Advocate General Rantos delivered on 15 December 2022 in Case C-333/21, European Superleague Company, EU:C:2022:993 Opinion of Advocate General Rantos delivered on 15 December 2022 in Case C-124/21 P, International Skating Union v Commission, EU:C:2022:988 Opinion of Advocate General Szpunar delivered on 9 March 2023 in Case C-680/21, Royal Antwerp Football Club, EU:C:2023:188 Judgement of 16 March 2023, C-449/21, Towercast, EU:C:2023:207 Judgement of 4 July 2023, C-252/21, Meta Platforms and Others (Conditions générales d’utilisation d’un réseau social), EU:C:2023:537 Judgements of 13 July 2023, C-376/20 P, Commission v CK Telecoms UK Investments, EU:C:2023:561 Judgement of 21 December 2023, C-333/21, European Superleague Company, EU:C:2023:1011 Judgement of 21 December 2023, C-124/21 P, International Skating Union v Commission, EU:C:2023:1012 Judgement of 21 December 2023, C-680/21, Royal Antwerp Football Club, EU:C:2023:1010 Judgement of 17 July 2024, Bytedance, T-1077/23, EU:T:2024:478 Judgement of 3 September 2024, Illumina v Commission, C-611/22 P, EU:C:2024:677 Opinion of Advocate General Medina delivered on 27 February 2025 in Case C 59/23 P, Austria v Commission (Centrale nucléaire Paks II), EU:C:2025:125" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "7-36" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.1" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1183) "

The borrowing of concepts from other areas of law to interpret the rules of the area of law that the person is entitled to enforce is a relatively new phenomenon in EU competition law judgements of the CJEU. The digitalisation aspect characterised by fast and constant technical developments indisputably provided an occasion for EU judges to turn to external values in their judgements related to competition law. This aimed to cope with new challenges necessitating the incorporation of exogenous values by EU judges in the field of competition law. A spectacular illustration of such trend is the Meta Platforms Case in which the CJEU judgement came out in July 2023. Other novelties can, however, also appear even in the absence of rapid technical evolution necessitating the same recourse to external values, such as in relation to sport-related cases of Superleague, ISU and Royal Antwerp. The present paper aims to find the answer to what extent external values can be borrowed from other areas of law, by illustrating the cases mentioned above, which are limited to this aspect only, in order to allow EU judges to incorporate them into their competition law analysis.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(159) "Are External Values to Competition Law Taken into Consideration by Judges in Recent Competition-Related Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union?" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(19) "Kecsmár Krisztián" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#735 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(9302) ["email"]=> string(30) "krisztian.kecsmar@ec.europa.eu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7430) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "BE" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Kecsmár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Kecsmár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Krisztián" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Krisztián" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(12) { [0]=> string(14) "Meta Platforms" [1]=> string(11) "Superleague" [2]=> string(12) "Super League" [3]=> string(4) "UEFA" [4]=> string(4) "FIFA" [5]=> string(27) "International Skating Union" [6]=> string(3) "ISU" [7]=> string(13) "Royal Antwerp" [8]=> string(6) "Rantos" [9]=> string(7) "Szpunar" [10]=> string(26) "abuse of dominant position" [11]=> string(20) "consumer’s welfare" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#758 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39469) ["id"]=> int(6274) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7430) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#189 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7928) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-15 10:26:57" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10042) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7804) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(10699) "BALASSA, Béla (1961): The Theory of Economic Integration. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805183 BARCA, Fabrizio (2009): An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy. A Place-Based Approach to Meeting European Union Challenges and Expectations. Independent report prepared at the request of the European Commissioner for Regional Policy, Danuta Hübner. BARRO, Robert J. – SALA-I-MARTIN, Xavier (1992): Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251. Online: https://doi.org/10.1086/261816 BECKER, Sascha O. – EGGER, Peter H. – VON EHRLICH, Maximilian (2012): Too Much of a Good Thing? On the Growth Effects of the EU’s Regional Policy. European Economic Review, 56(4), 648–668. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.03.001 BIBRI, Simon E. – KROGSTIE, John (2017): Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future: An Extensive Interdisciplinary Literature Review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 183–212. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016 BÖHRINGER, Christoph – RUTHERFORD, Thomas F. (2008): Combining bottom-up and top-down in energy policy modeling. Energy Economics, 30(2), 574–596. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004 BÖHME, Kai – REDLICH, Sina (2023): The Territorial Agenda 2030 for Places and a More Cohesive European Territory? Planning Practice & Research, 38(5), 729–747. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2023.2258029 BOLDRIN, Michele – CANOVA, Fabio (2001): Inequality and Convergence in Europe’s Regions: Reconsidering European Regional Policies. Economic Policy, 16(32), 206–253. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00074 CASTELLS, Manuel (2000): The Rise of the Network Society. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishers. Council of the European Union (2024): The Budapest Declaration. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/11/08/the-budapest-declaration/ DIJKSTRA, Lewis – GARCILAZO, Enrique – MCCANN, Philip (2015): The Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on European Regions and Cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(5), 935–949. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbv032 EDERVEEN, Sjef – GORTER, Joeri – DE MOOIJ, Ruud – NAHUIS, Richard (2002): Funds and Games. The Economics of European Cohesion Policy. The Hague: CPB Netherlands’ Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Energynomics. (2024). Lack of internet access in rural areas is both a problem and an opportunity. Online: https://www.energynomics.ro/en/lack-of-internet-access-in-rural-areas-is-both-a-problem-and-an-opportunity/ ESPON (2017): Territorial Futures: Thinking and Shaping the Future of the European Territory. ESPON EGTC. Online: https://www.espon.eu/territorial-futures European Commission (2020): Territorial Agenda 2030: A Future for All Places. Online: https://territorialagenda.eu/ European Commission (2021): Cohesion Policy 2021–2027. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/2021-2027_en European Commission (2023a): EU Regional Competitiveness Index 2.0. Online: https://doi.org/10.2776/46106 European Commission (2023b): Rule of Law Report 2023: Hungary and Poland. Online: https://ec.europa.eu European Commission (2024a): The Future of European Competitiveness: In-depth Analysis and Recommendations (Draghi Report). European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/strengthening-european-competitiveness/eu-competitiveness-looking-ahead_en European Commission (2024b): Much More than a Market: Speed, Security, Solidarity (Letta Report). European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/ny3j24sm/much-more-than-a-market-report-by-enrico-letta.pdf European Commission (2024c): Ninth Cohesion Report on Economic, Social, and Territorial Cohesion. European Commission Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information-sources/cohesion-report_en European Commission (s. a.): The Just Transition Mechanism: Supporting a Fair Green Transition. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/finance-and-green-deal/just-transition-mechanism_en European Council on Foreign Relations. (2023). From coal to consensus: Poland's energy transition and its European future. Online: https://ecfr.eu/publication/from-coal-to-consensus-polands-energy-transition-and-its-european-future/ European Parliament (2023): Reforming EU Cohesion Policy: Challenges and Opportunities. European Parliamentary Research Service. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI%282023%29753948?utm_source=chatgpt.com Eurostat (2022): Real GDP Growth Rate [nama_10_gdp, nama_10_pc]. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/TEC00115 Eurostat (2023): Purchasing Power Parities and GDP per Capita [prc_ppp_ind]. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Purchasing_power_parities_and_GDP_per_capita_-_flash_estimate Eurostat (2024): Renewable Energy Statistics [nrg_ind_ren]. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/NRG_IND_REN Government of Hungary (2015a): Modern Cities Program. Online: https://kormany.hu/dokumentumtar/modern-varosok-program Government of Hungary (2015b): Digital Welfare Program. Online: https://digitalisjoletprogram.hu/ HUBER, Joseph (2000): Towards Industrial Ecology: Sustainable Development as a Concept of Ecological Modernization. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 2(4), 269–285. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/714038561 HUNTER, Alison (2023): Addressing Cohesion Policy’s Identity Crisis in a Changing European Union. Discussion Paper. European Policy Centre. Online: https://www.epc.eu/en/publications/Addressing-Cohesion-Policys-identity-crisis-in-a-changing-European-Un~4e645c IEA (2022): World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. Online: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022 IEA (2023): World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. Online: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 KRUGMAN, Paul (1991): Geography and Trade. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. LEONARDI, Robert (2006): Cohesion in the European Union. Regional Studies, 40(2), 155–166. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600600462 Ministry of Innovation and Technology (2022): Hungary’s National Energy and Climate Plan. Online: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-08/hu_final_necp_main_en.pdf Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy (2021): Regional Development Strategies in Poland. Online: https://www.funduszeeuropejskie.gov.pl/ Ministry of Digital Affairs (2014): Digital Poland Operational Program 2014–2020. Online: https://www.funduszeeuropejskie.gov.pl/strony/o-funduszach/dokumenty/operational-programme-digital-poland-for-2014-2020/ National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (2018): Clean Air Program. Online: https://czystepowietrze.gov.pl/ PINDYCK, Robert S. (1979): The Structure of World Energy Demand. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. PORTER, Michael E. (1990): The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press. RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés – KETTERER, Tobias (2020): Institutional Change and the Development of Lagging Regions in Europe. Regional Studies, 54(7), 974–986. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1608356 SACHS, Jeffrey D. (2015): The Age of Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press. SCHWAB, Klaus (2016): The Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum. Science Business (2024): New Survey Unveils Hidden Costs of EU–Hungary Tussle over Research Funding. Online: https://sciencebusiness.net/news/horizon-europe/new-survey-unveils-hidden-costs-eu-hungary-tussle-over-research-funding SOLOW, Robert M. (1974): The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics. The American Economic Review, 64(2), 1–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523210_13 SZEMZŐ, Hanna – GERŐHÁZI, Éva – GERTHEIS, Antal – FÜLÖP, Orsolya – MAGYAR, László – ÁMON, Ada (2020): The Energy Transition in Central and Eastern Europe. The Prince of Wales’s Corporate Leaders Group. Online: https://www.corporateleadersgroup.com/system/files/documents/cee-energy-transition-report.pdf TOADER, Elena – FIRTESCU, Narcis Bogdan – ROMAN, Angela – ANTON, Sorin Gabriel (2018): Impact of Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure on Economic Growth: An Empirical Assessment for the EU Countries. Sustainability, 10(10), 3750. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103750 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2023): Strengthening Energy Governance Systems: An Energy Governance Framework for a Just Energy Transition. Online: https://www.undp.org/publications/strengthening-energy-governance-systems-energy-governance-framework-just-energy-transition Further reading ARTELARIS, Panagiotis – MAVROMMATIS, George (2020): Territorial Cohesion as a Policy Narrative: From Economic Competitiveness to ‘Smart’ Growth and Beyond. Social Inclusion, 8(4), 208–217. Online: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.3336 BENTLEY, Gill – PUGALIS, Lee (2014): Shifting Paradigms: People-Centred Models, Active Regional Development, Space-Blind Policies, and Place-Based Approaches. Local Economy, 29(4–5), 283–294. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094214541355 DIEMER, Andreas – IAMMARINO, Simona – RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés – STORPER, Michael (2022): The Regional Development Trap in Europe. Economic Geography, 98(5), 487–509. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2080655 DHÉRET, Claire (2011): What Next for EU Cohesion Policy? Going “Beyond GDP” to Deliver Greater Well-Being. EPC Policy Brief, March 2011. Online: https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2011/What_next_for_EU_Cohesion_Policy.pdf DIJKSTRA, Lewis – POELMAN, Hugo – RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés (2020): The Geography of EU Discontent. Regional Studies, 54(6), 737–753. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1654603 European Commission (2017): Competitiveness in Low-Income and Low-Growth Regions: The Lagging Regions Report. Commission Staff Working Document. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2017/competitiveness-in-low-income-and-low-growth-regions-the-lagging-regions-report European Court of Auditors (2022): EU Cohesion and Recovery Fund Allocation and Monitoring. Online: https://eca.europa.eu Reuters (2023): EU holds up Hungary's recovery money in rule-of-law standoff. Online: https://www.reuters.com/article/business/eu-holds-up-hungarys-recovery-money-in-rule-of-law-standoff-idUSKBN2EI1ES/ " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "37-57" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1795) "

The admission of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to the European Union (EU) caused significant economic growth, yet achieving sustained competitiveness within the EU continues to present difficulties. The paper analyses the competitiveness of CEE economies within the EU context, emphasising the effects of EU cohesion and development policies, energy transition initiatives and developments in digital infrastructure. This work examines the distinct economic and structural issues confronting CEE nations, utilising ideas from major EU papers such as The Future of European Competitiveness (Draghi Report), Much More than a Market (Letta Report) and the Ninth Cohesion Report. Particular attention is given to energy dependency, regional digital divides and the socio-economic impact of green transitions on traditionally coal-reliant economies.

Our analysis utilises statistical data – such as GDP growth, renewable energy adoption rates and digital readiness scores – to evaluate policy effectiveness. Statistical analyses of NUTS-2 areas in Hungary and Poland reveal regional disparities, emphasising the relationship between EU funding allocations and improvements in economic indicators such as internet accessibility and renewable energy adoption. Findings indicate that centralised governance structures and regional variations in CEE nations limit the effectiveness of EU initiatives, highlighting the necessity for localised, adaptable approaches in cohesion policy. This study adds to ongoing policy debates on the competitiveness of CEE countries by highlighting key areas where strategic investments can help create a more cohesive and sustainable Single Market with a view to the corresponding role of EU funding programmes.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(125) "The Impact of EU Cohesion and Development Policies on the Competitiveness and Energy Transition in Central and Eastern Europe" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(35) "Cohesion and Competitiveness in CEE" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(34) "Navracsics Tibor, Taraczközi Anna" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#123 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10043) ["email"]=> string(27) "navracsics.tibor@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7928) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-471X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(99) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Eötvös József Kutatóközpont Európa Stratégia Kutatóintézet" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Navracsics" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tibor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#734 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10042) ["email"]=> string(25) "anna.taraczkozi@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7928) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7052-823X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(57) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:31:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(11) "Taraczközi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Taraczközi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Anna" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Anna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(26) "Central and Eastern Europe" [1]=> string(22) "Digital Infrastructure" [2]=> string(13) "Green Economy" [3]=> string(17) "Energy Transition" [4]=> string(15) "Cohesion Policy" [5]=> string(15) "Competitiveness" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#739 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39470) ["id"]=> int(6275) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7928) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#191 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7929) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:58" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10044) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(7805) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5578) "BOURG, Dominique – CHAPELLE, Gauthier – CHAPOUTOT, Johann – DESBROSSES, Philippe – LANATA, Xavier R. – SWATON, Sophie (2020): Retour sur Terre. 35 propositions [Return to Earth. 35 Propositions]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. BOURGERY-GONSE, Théo (2025): L’extrême droite européenne s’unit derrière Jordan Bardella pour torpiller le Green Deal [Europe’s Far Right Unites Behind Jordan Bardella to Torpedo the Green Deal]. Euractiv, 30 January 2025. Online: https://www.euractiv.fr/section/institutions/news/lextreme-droite-europeenne-sunit-derriere-jordan-bardella-pour-torpiller-le-green-deal/ Council of the European Union (2024): Budapest Declaration on the New European Competitiveness Deal. Press Release, 8 November 2024. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/11/08/the-budapest-declaration/ DALY, Herman E. (1996): Beyond Growth. The Economics of Sustainable Development. Boston: Beacon Press. European Commission (2019): The European Green Deal. Striving to Be the first Climate Neutral Continent. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en European Commission (2024a): The Future of European Competitiveness. Report by Mario Draghi. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-competitiveness/draghi-report_en European Commission (2024b): Questions and Answers on the EU–Mercosur Partnership Agreement. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_24_6245 European Commission (2024c): 2040 Climate Target. Reducing Net Emissions by 90% by 2040. Online: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2040-climate-target_en European Commission (2025): Strengthening European Competitiveness. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-competitiveness_en HAN, Byung-Chul (2015): The Burnout Society. Redwood: Stanford University Press. KALLIS, Giorgos (2011): In Defence of Degrowth. Ecological Economics, 70(5), 873–880. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.007 JACKSON, Tim (2009): Prosperity without Growth. Economics for a Finite Planet. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774338 JACKSON, Tim (2016): Prosperity without Growth. Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315677453 MEADOWS, Donella – MEADOWS, Dennis – RANDERS, Jørgen – BEHRENS III, William W. (1972): The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books. LATOUCHE, Serge (2024): Décroissance [Degrowth]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France – Que sais-je. LATOUR, Bruno (2017): Où atterrir? Comment s’orienter en politique [Where to Land? How to Navigate in Politics]. Paris: La Découverte. LAURENT, Eloi (2021a): Sortir de la croissance [Get Out of Growth]. Paris: Les liens qui libèrent. LAURENT, Eloi (2021b): Et si la santé guidait le monde? [And What If Health Guided the World?] Paris: Les liens qui libèrent. MALINGRE, Virginie (2024): Europe’s Green Deal Is Attacked on All Sides. Le Monde, 29 January 2024. Online: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2024/01/29/europe-s-green-deal-is-attacked-on-all-sides_6474382_114.html MENNERAT, Pierre (2025): Qui est Alice Weidel? L’AfD et la disruption de l’extrême-droite allemande en 10 phrases clefs [Who Is Alice Weidel? The AfD and the Disruption of the German Far Right in 10 Key Phrases]. Le Grand Continent, 22 February 2025. Online: https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2025/02/22/qui-est-alice-weidel-lafd-et-la-disruption-de-lextreme-droite-allemande-en-10-phrases/ OECD (2011): Better Life Index. Online: https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 PARRIQUE, Timothée (2022): Ralentir ou périr. L’économie de la décroissance [Slow Down or Perish. The Economics of Degrowth]. Paris: Points. POTTIER, Jean-Marie (2021): Sortir de la croissance, viser le bien-être. Entretien avec Éloi Laurent [Moving Away from Growth and Towards Well-Being. Interview with Éloi Laurent]. Sciences Humaines, 1 December 2021. Online: https://www.scienceshumaines.com/sortir-de-la-croissance-viser-le-bien-etre-entretien-avec-eloi-laurent_fr_44042.html RABHI, Pierre (2013): Vers la sobriété heureuse [Towards Happy Sobriety]. Actes Sud. ROSA, Hartmut (2010): Alienation and Acceleration. Towards a Critical Theory of Late-Modern Temporality. NSU Press. SIMON, Frédéric (2019): European Parliament Declares Climate Emergency. Euractiv, 28 November 2019. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/news/european-parliament-declares-climate-emergency/ SOPER, Kate (2020): Post-Growth Living. For an Alternative Hedonism. London – New York: Verso. STIGLITZ, Joseph E. – SEN, Amartya Kumar – FITOUSSI, Jean-Paul (2009): Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/8131721/8131772/Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi-Commission-report.pdf United Nations (2015): The Paris Agreement. Online: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement United Nations (2024): Outcomes of the Baku Climate Change Conference – Advance Unedited Versions (AUVs). Online: https://unfccc.int/cop29/auvs WILKINSON, Richard – PICKETT, Kate (2010): The Spirit Level. Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Penguin. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "59-73" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1449) "

The issue of the contradiction between sustainability and unlimited economic growth has long been a concern for environmentalists and some economists. However, the approach that interprets and uses the theses laid out in the Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth work as a starting point and examines ecological and economic aspects in terms of the necessary paradigm shift is by no means universally accepted.
The best example of this is the European approach that interprets strengthening competitiveness through re-industrialisation and technology-saving solutions. The European Green Deal,2 launched in 2019 as the EU’s growth strategy, carries this contradiction in itself. This package of policy measures, intended to launch the green transition process, aims to lay the foundation for achieving the climate neutrality target set for 2050. This article explores the inherent contradictions between these two paradigms, examining the tensions between economic growth, resource consumption and environmental sustainability. By analysing economic theories, environmental challenges and alternative models, this paper argues that the pursuit of unrestrained economic growth is incompatible with the long-term health of the planet. The article concludes by suggesting pathways toward reconciling economic development with ecological preservation through the adoption of sustainable economic models and systems of environmental governance.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(84) "Abandoning the Obsession of Infinite Growth to Ensure a Sustainable Future in Europe" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Csepeli Réka" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#761 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(10044) ["email"]=> string(26) "csepeligraf.reka@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7929) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Csepeli" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Csepeli" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Réka" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Réka" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(37) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:11:"NKE EUSTRAT";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(8) { [0]=> string(15) "competitiveness" [1]=> string(19) "European Green Deal" [2]=> string(15) "infinite growth" [3]=> string(3) "GDP" [4]=> string(19) "societal well-being" [5]=> string(8) "degrowth" [6]=> string(11) "post-growth" [7]=> string(8) "sobriety" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#768 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39471) ["id"]=> int(6276) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7929) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#120 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8044) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:57" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10213) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(7920) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(11186) "ANTAL, Miklós (2021): Több őszinteséget, új közgazdaságtant! A gazdasági növekedés meghaladásának stratégiái. Replika, (121–122), 179–208. Online: https://doi.org/10.32564/121-122.12 BOTTA, Enrico (2019): A Review of “Transition Management” Strategies: Lessons for Advancing the Green Low-Carbon Transition. OECD Green Growth Papers, 2019-04. DING, Jing – HIRVILAMMI, Tuuli (2024): Three Pillars of Just Transition Labour Market Policies. Contemporary Social Science, 19(1–3), 244–261. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2024.2316656 Deloitte (2022): A Blueprint for Green Workforce Transformation. Online: https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-zone2/uk/en/docs/industries/energy-resources-industrials/2023/deloitte-uk-a-blueprint-for-green-workforce-transformation.pdf DUKELOW, Fiona – MURPHY, Mary P. (2022): Building the Future from the Present: Imagining Post-Growth, Post-Productivist Ecosocial Policy. Journal of Social Policy, 51(3), 504–518. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279422000150 ERDÉLYI, Dóra (2024): A zöldátállás hatása a munkaerőpiacra [The Impact of the Green Transition on the Labour Market]. Oeconomus Gazdaságkutató Alapítvány, 11 November 2024. Online: https://www.oeconomus.hu/irasok/a-zold-atallas-hatasa-a-munkaeropiacra/ European Commission (2019): The European Green Deal. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 11.12. 2019 COM (2019) 640 final. European Commission (2020): Contribution to the Green Deal and the Just Transition Scheme. Online: https://investeu.europa.eu/contribution-green-deal-and-just-transition-scheme_en European Commission (2022): Proposal for a Council Recommendation on Access to Affordable High-Quality Long-Term Care. Brussels, 7.9. 2022, COM (2022) 441 final. European Commission (2023a): Demographic Change in Europe: A Toolbox for Action. Brussels, 11.10.2023. COM (2023) 577 final. European Commission (2023b): Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Establishing a Framework of Measures for Strengthening Europe’s Net-Zero Technology Products Manufacturing Ecosystem (Net Zero Industry Act). Brussels, 16.3.2023. COM (2023) 161 final. European Economic and Social Committee (2021): Just Transition: Targeted Training of Workers Can Turn Challenges into Opportunity. Online: https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/news/just-transition-targeted-training-workers-can-turn-challenges-opportunities European Environment Agency (2024): Employment in the Environmental Goods and Services Sector in Europe. Online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/employment-in-the-environmental-goods European Union (2021a): The Just Transition Fund. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum:4536657 European Union (2021b): Public Sector Loan Facility under the Just Transition Mechanism. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/public-sector-loan-facility-under-the-just-transition-mechanism.html?fromSummary=26 Eurostat (2016): Environmental Goods and Services Sector Accounts. Handbook. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2785/79114 Eurostat (2023a): Digital Economy and Society Statistics – Households and Individuals. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics explained/index.php?title=Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals Eurostat (2023b): Skills for the Digital Age. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Skills_for_the_digital_age#The_digital_divide Eurostat (2024): Employment in the Environmental Goods and Services Sector. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/ENV_AC_EGSS1 FÁSI, Csaba (2022): Application of Artificial Intelligence in Administrative Decision-Making. In DELI, Gergely – MÜLLER-TÖRÖK, Robert – PROSSER, Alexander – SCOLA, Dona – URS, Nicolae (eds.): CEEeGov ’22: Proceedings of Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 2022. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 147–152. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3551504.3551555 GALGÓCZI, Béla (2020): Just Transition on the Ground: Challenges and Opportunities for Social Dialogue. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 26(4), 367–382. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680120951704 GRAZIANO, Paolo (2024): The Politics of the EU Eco-Social Policies. European Political Science, 23(1), 27–38. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-023-00455-4 HOFFMANN, Maja – PAULSEN, Roland (2020): Resolving the ‘Jobs–Environment Dilemma’? The Case for Critiques of Work in Sustainability Research. Environmental Sociology, 6(4), 343–354. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718 IGNJATOVIĆ, Jelena – FILIPOVIĆ, Sanja – RADOVANOVIĆ, Mirjana (2024): Challenges of the Green Transition for the Recovery of the Western Balkans. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 14(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-023-00421-4 ILO (2018): World Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Greening with Jobs. International Labour Organization. Online: https://webapps.ilo.org/weso-greening/documents/WESO_Greening_EN_web2.pdf ILO (2023): Green Jobs, Green Economy, Just Transition and Related Concepts: A Review of Definitions Developed Through Intergovernmental Processes and International Organizations. International Labour Organization. Online: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_883704.pdf IRENA–ILO (2022): Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2022. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency – Geneva: International Labour Organization. Online: https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Sep/Renewable-Energy-and-Jobs-Annual-Review-2022 IRENA–ILO (2023): Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2023. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency – Geneva: International Labour Organization. Online: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Sep/Renewable-energy-and-jobs-Annual-review-2023 IRENA (2023): Renewable Energy Employment by Technology in 2023. International Renewable Energy Agency. Online: https://www.irena.org/Data/View-data-by-topic/Benefits/Renewable-Energy-Employment-by-Country KAISER, Tamás (2023): Post-2027 Cohesion Policy for All. A Need for Reinforcing Territorial Dimension. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 26(4), 7–26. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2023.4.2 MKIK (2020): Zöld munkahelyek az Európai Unióban és Magyarországon [Green Jobs in the European Union and Hungary]. Magyar Kereskedelmi és Iparkamara (MKIK), Gazdaság- és Vállalkozáskutató Intézet (GVI) [Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Institute for Economic and Enterprise Research], MKIK GVI Kutatási Füzetek [MKIK GVI Research Papers], 2. Online: https://gvi.hu/files/researches/604/z%C3%B6ldfoglal_kutat%C3%A1sif%C3%BCzet2020_20200428.pdf MANDELLI, Matteo (2022): Mapping Eco-Social Policy Mixes for a Just Transition in Europe. ETUI Working Paper, 15. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4243505 McKinsey (2022): The Future of Work and Reskilling in Europe. Online: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/lifting-europes-ambition/videos-and-podcasts/the-future-of-work-and-reskilling-in-europe OECD (2021): The Inequalities–Environment Nexus: Towards a People-Centred Green Transition. OECD Green Growth Papers, 2021-01. Online:: https://doi.org/10.1787/ca9d8479-en OECD (2023): Job Creation and Local Economic Development 2023: Bridging the Great Green Divide. Paris: OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/21db61c1-en OECD (2024): OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market. Paris: OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/ac8b3538-en OECD–Cedefop (2014): Greener Skills and Jobs. OECD Green Growth Studies, 13 February 2014. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264208704-en Official Journal of the European Union (2021): Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’). Official Journal of the European Union, 64, 9 July 2021. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2021:243:FULL PETMESIDOU, Maria – GUILLÉN, Ana M. (2022): Europe’s Green, Digital and Demographic Transition: A Social Policy Research Perspective. Transfer, 28(3), 317–332. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589221107498 RÖSCH, Bärbel Lilo – EPIFANIO, Daniele (2022): Just Transition in 7 Central and Eastern European Countries. What Works and What Does Not. CEE Bankwatch Network. Online: https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/2022-04-just-transition-in-7-ceecs.pdf SABATO, Sebastiano – BÜCHS, Milena – VANHILLE, Josefine (2023): A Just Transition towards Climate Neutrality for the EU: Debates, Key Issues and Ways Forward. Background paper commissioned by the Belgian Federal Public Service – Social Security, OSE Paper Series, Research Paper No. 52, Brussels: European Social Observatory. SZŰCS, Petra (2024): Demographic Shifts and Economic Challenges in the European Union. Addressing the Impact of Ageing Populations on Social Security, Healthcare and Labour Markets. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 27(1), 87–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2024.1.5 TÓTH, Tibor (2018): Az európai szociális modell történeti változásai és perspektívái [The Historical Changes and Perspectives of the European Social Model]. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(2), 33–50. Online: https://folyoirat.ludovika.hu/index.php/eumirror/article/view/1178/499 TÓTH, Tibor (2024): Active Ageing and Digital Transition: Perspectives of Engagement in Silver Economy. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 27(1), 127–143. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2024.1.7 URBAN, Patrizia – RIZOS, Vasileios – OUNNAS, Alexandre – KASSAB, Amin – KALANTARYAN, Hayk (2023): Jobs for the Green Transition. Definitions, Classifications and Emerging Trends. CEPS, 14 September 2023. VANDEPLAS, Anneleen – VÁNYOLÓS, István – VIGANI, Mauro – VOGEL, Lukas (2022): The Possible Implications of the Green Transition for the EU Labour Market. European Economy Discussion Papers, European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Online: https://doi.org/10.2765/583043 World Economic Forum (2020): Jobs Will Be Very Different in 10 years. Here’s How to Prepare. Online: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2020/01/future-of-work/ ZIMMERMANN, Katharina – GENGNAGEL, Vincent (2023): Mapping the Social Dimension of the European Green Deal. European Journal of Social Security, 25(4), 523–544. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/13882627231208698 ZIMMERMANN, Katharina (2024): ‘Varieties of Green Transitions’? Comparative Welfare State Research and the Social Dimension of Green Transitions. European Political Science, 23(4), 56–69. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-023-00456-3" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "75-93" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1096) "

One of the key challenges of the decarbonisation process to mitigate climate change is how to maintain labour market balance and safeguard social welfare policies during the green transition linked to digitalisation and demographic change. While many jobs in carbon-intensive sectors are being lost or transformed, there is an increasingly obvious shortage of skilled workers in green sectors. An overview of the social and labour market impacts and trends of the green transition is hampered by the fact that a generally accepted approach and conceptual framework for the concept of green jobs has not yet been developed, and its embeddedness in the labour market is assessed based on different methodological measures. Drawing on the relevant literature, surveys and databases, the paper argues that the EU’s ‘just transition’ initiative is an essential tool and precondition for the green transition, which requires both the mapping of processes that facilitate the adaptation of labour market mechanisms and the tailor-made use of surveys that underpin evidence-based approaches.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(78) "Social and Labour Market Impacts of the Green Transition in the European Union" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Tóth Tibor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#763 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(10213) ["email"]=> string(31) "tibortoth.publikaciok@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8044) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tóth" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Tóth" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tibor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Tibor" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(75) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:49:"Slachta Margit Nemzeti Szociálpolitikai Intézet";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(16) "green transition" [1]=> string(19) "European Green Deal" [2]=> string(9) "green job" [3]=> string(11) "green skill" [4]=> string(15) "just transition" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#743 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39472) ["id"]=> int(6277) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8044) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#762 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8012) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-14 15:37:00" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10177) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(7888) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(18267) "AGIBALOVA, Elena – ILOVAYSKY, Igor – KAYL, Yanina – USANOVA, Viktoria (2021): Consumer Protection in the Digital Environment. SHS Web of Conferences, 109. Online: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110901002 AGOSTINO, Deborah – ARNABOLDI, Michela – LEMA, Melisa D. (2021): New Development: Covid-19 as an Accelerator of Digital Transformation in Public Service Delivery. Public Money & Management, 41(1), 69–72. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1764206 ALTENRIED, Moritz (2021): Mobile Workers, Contingent Labour: Migration, the Gig Economy and the Multiplication of Labour. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 56(4), 1113–1128. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X211054846 BACCA-ACOSTA, Jorge – GÓMEZ-CAICEDO, Melva I. – GAITÁN-ÁNGULO, Mercedes – ROBAYO-ACUÑA, Paula – ARIZA-SALAZAR, Janitza – MERCADO SUÁREZ, Álvaro L. – ALARCÓN VILLAMIL, Nelson O. (2023): The Impact of Digital Technologies on Business Competitiveness: A Comparison between Latin America and Europe. Competitiveness Review, 33(7), 22–46. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-10-2022-0167 BĄK, Iwona – WAWRZYNIAK, Katarzyna – OESTERREICH, Maciej (2022): Competitiveness of the Regions of the European Union in a Sustainable Knowledge-Based Economy. Sustainability, 14(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073788 BĂLĂCESCU, Aniela – PĂTRAŞCU, Aurelia – TĂNĂSESCU, Ana (2023): Analysis of Disparities in Internet Purchases by Individuals at the EU State Level. Electronics, 12(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040982 BALASHOVA, Valeriya (2023): Impact of Digitalisation on Productivity Growth in EU Member States. Green, Blue and Digital Economy Journal, 4(3), 8–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2023-3-2 BELITZ, Heike – GORNIG, Martin (2023): Digitalisation and Modernity of Capital Stock in Europe. Intereconomics, 58(5), 260–266. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2023-0054 BOIKOVA, Tatyana – ZĒVERTE-RIVZ̆A, Sandija – RIVZ̆A, Peteris – RIVŽA, Baiba (2021): The Determinants and Effects of Competitiveness: The Role of Digitalization in the European Economies. Sustainability, 13(21). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111689 BOROWIECKI, Ryszard – SIUTA-TOKARSKA, Barbara – MAROŃ, Jolanta – SUDER, Marcin – THIER, Agnieszka – ŻMIJA, Katarzyna (2021): Developing Digital Economy and Society in the Light of the Issue of Digital Convergence of the Markets in the European Union Countries. Energies, 14(9). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092717 BRANCA, Teresa A. – FORNAI, Barbara – COLLA, Valentina – MURRI, Maria M. – STREPPA, Eliana – SCHRÖDER, Antonius J. (2020): Current and Future Aspects of the Digital Transformation in the European Steel Industry. Matériaux & Techniques, 108(5–6). Online: https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2021010 BRODNY, Jarosław – TUTAK, Magdalena (2022a): Analyzing the Level of Digitalization among the Enterprises of the European Union Member States and Their Impact on Economic Growth. Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity, 8(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020070 BRODNY, Jarosław – TUTAK, Magdalena (2022b): Digitalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Economic Growth: Evidence for the EU-27 Countries. Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity, 8(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020067 BURRI, Mira – KUGLER, Kholofelo – KER, Anna D. (2024): Digital Trade in the EU – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement: An Appraisal. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 51, 11–46. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4679068 CSISZÁR, Csilla M. (2023): Digital Intensity and Technology Adoption in European Enterprises: Comparative Analysis Using NRI and DESI 2023 Data. Theory Methodology Practice, 19(2), 103–113. Online: https://doi.org/10.18096/TMP.2023.02.10 DERHACHOVA, Victoriia – KHLEBYNSKA, Oleksandra – SALOID, Stanislav – LYTVYNENKO, Pavlo – BONDAR, Valeriia (2024): Implementing Digital Solutions to Safeguard the Economic and Legal Stability of Industrial Enterprises. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 8(6), 2450–2466. Online: https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i2s.326 DORAN, Marius D. – PUIU, Silvia – BERCEANU, Dorel – ŢĂRAN, Alexandra M. – PARA, Iulia – POPESCU, Jenica (2022): Combining the Broadband Coverage and Speed to Improve Fiscal System Efficiency in the Eastern European Union Countries. Electronics, 11(20). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203321 DRAGHI, Mario (2024a): The Future of European Competitiveness. A Competitiveness Strategy for Europe. European Commission. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The future of European competitiveness _ A competitiveness strategy for Europe.pdf DRAGHI, Mario (2024b): The Future of European Competitiveness. In-Depth Analysis and Recommendations. European Commission. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The future of European competitiveness_ In-depth analysis and recommendations_0.pdf European Commission (2019): Key Competences for Lifelong Learning. Online: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/569540 Eurostat (2024): Digitalisation in Europe – 2024 Edition. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/digitalisation-2024 FLOROS, Konstantinos – JØRGENSEN, Martin B. (2022): Danish Is Never a Requirement for These Jobs: Platform Housecleaning in Denmark through a Migration Lens. Glocalism, (3). Online: https://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2022.3.5 GERINGER, Stefanie (2021): National Digital Taxes – Lessons from Europe. South African Journal of Accounting Research, 35(1), 1–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10291954.2020.1727083 HALMAI, Péter (2018): Az európai növekedési modell kifulladása [The Exhaustion of the European Growth Model]. Közgazdasági Szemle, 65(2), 122–160. Online: https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2018.2.122 HAKIM, Dani Rahman – ROSINI, Iin (2022): Regional Income Inequality in Indonesia: The Role of Public and Private Investment. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 56(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2022-5603-05 HOODA, Apeksha – GUPTA, Parul – JEYARAJ, Anand – GIANNAKIS, Mihalis – DWIVEDI, Yogesh K. (2022): The Effects of Trust on Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior within E-Government Contexts. International Journal of Information Management, 67. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102553 HUŇADY, Ján – PISÁR, Peter – VUGEC, Dalia S. – BACH, Mirjana P. (2022): Digital Transformation in European Union: North Is Leading, and South Is Lagging Behind. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 10(4), 39–56. Online: https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm100403 HURDUZEU, Gheorghe – LUPU, Iulia – LUPU, Radu – FILIP, Radu I. (2022): The Interplay between Digitalization and Competitiveness: Evidence from European Countries. Societies, 12(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12060157 IONAȘCU, Elena – ANGHEL, Ion (2020): Improvement of the Real Estate Transparency through Digitalisation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 14(1), 371–384. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0036 JAFAR, Zain – QUICK, Jonathan D. – RIMÁNYI, Eszter – MUSUKA, Godfrey (2024): Social Media and Digital Inequity: Reducing Health Inequities by Closing the Digital Divide. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(11). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111420 KAIHLANEN, Anu-Marja – VIRTANEN, Lotta – BUCHERT, Ulla – SAFAROV, Nuriiar – VALKONEN, Paula – HIETAPAKKA, Laura – HÖRHAMMER, Iiris – KUJALA, Sari – KOUVONEN, Anne – HEPONIEMI, Tarja (2022): Towards Digital Health Equity – A Qualitative Study of the Challenges Experienced by Vulnerable Groups in Using Digital Health Services in the Covid-19 Era. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07584-4 KERSAN‐ŠKABIĆ, Ines – VUKAŠINA, Martina (2023): Contribution of ESIFs to the Digital Society Development in the EU. Journal of International Studies, 16(2), 195–210. Online: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/13 KOLUPAIEVA, Irina – TIESHEVA, Larysa (2023): Asymmetry and Convergence in the Development of Digital Technologies in the EU Countries. Equilibrium Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 18(3), 687–716. Online: https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.022 KORGUN, Irina – HOTI, Altin (2023): Dynamics of Bilateral Digital Trade: The Case of a Korea–EU Digital Partnership. Economies, 11(10). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11100248 KOVÁCS, Tünde Z. – BITTNER, Beáta – HUZSVAI, László – NÁBRÁDI, András (2022): Convergence and the Matthew Effect in the European Union Based on the DESI Index. Mathematics, 10(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/math10040613 LASTAUSKAITE, Aiste – KRUŠINSKAS, Rytis (2024): The Impact of Production Digitalization Investments on European Companies’ Financial Performance. Economies, 12(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12060138 LUCAS, Margarida – BEM-HAJA, Pedro – SANTOS, Sandra – FIGUEIREDO, Hugo – DIAS, Marta F. – AMORIM, Marlene (2022): Digital Proficiency: Sorting Real Gaps from Myths among Higher Education Students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(6), 1885–1914. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13220 MAŁKOWSKA, Agnieszka – URBANIEC, Maria – KOSAŁA, Małgorzata (2021): The Impact of Digital Transformation on European Countries: Insights from a Comparative Analysis. Equilibrium Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 16(2), 325–355. Online: https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2021.012 MARIENKO, Victoria – NIKITENKO, Vitalina – VORONKOVA, Valentina (2023): Informatisation of the Digital Economy as the Main Trend of Exponential Development. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 9(4), 178–183. Online:: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-4-178-183 MATROSOVA, Liudmyla – KONONENKO, Yana (2024): Strategic Development of Modern Business in the Conditions of Digitalization and European Integration. SWorldJournal, 2(23, Part 2), 144–154. Online: https://doi.org/10.30888/2709-2267.2024-23-00-063 MAUCORPS, Ambre – RÖMISCH, Roman – SCHWAB, Thomas – VUJANOVIĆ, Nina (2023): The Impact of the Green and Digital Transition on Regional Cohesion in Europe. Intereconomics, 58(2), 102–110. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2023-0021 MIRCHEVSKA, Tatiana P. – DANILOSKA, Natasha – BOSHKOVSKA, Diana – MIRCHEVSKA, Luiza (2023): Training as a Tool for Acquiring Skills for Digitalization of the Human Resource Management in the Republic of North Macedonia. Economic Development, 25(1–2), 6–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.55302/ED23251-206pm MOROZOVA, Svetlana – KUROCHKIN, Alexander (2021): Formation of Digital Competencies in the Public Policy Sphere: The EU and Russia Experience. SHS Web of Conferences, 129. Online: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112906006 MURA, Petru O. – DONATH, Liliana E. (2023): Digitalisation and Economic Growth in the European Union. Electronics, 12(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071718 NEMÉNY, Dorka V. – TÓTH, Balázs I. (2023): Assessing Digital Divide in European Transition Economies: The Application of Multidimensional Scaling to ICT-Related Data. Külgazdaság, 67(2), 1–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.47630/KULG.2023.67.eng.2 NOWAK, Anna – JAROSZ-ANGOWSKA, Aneta – KRUKOWSKI, Artur (2022): Potencjał biogospodarki w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej [The Potential of Polish Bioeconomy Compared to the European Union Countries]. Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny, (4), 97–116. Online: https://doi.org/10.31743/ppe.13792 NOWAK, Anna – KASZTELAN, Armand (2022): Economic Competitiveness vs. Green Competitiveness of Agriculture in the European Union Countries. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 379–405. Online: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.012 NTULE, Ngangwa D. – EMMANUEL, Ongo N. B. – VERA, Fuein (2024): Effect of Digitalization on Logistics Performance among Logistics Related Companies in Cameroon. American Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(3), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.47672/ajscm.2099 OLOYEDE, Abdulkarim A. – FARUK, Nasir – NOMA, Nasir – TEBEPAH, Ebinimi – NWAULUNE, Augustine K. (2023): Measuring the Impact of the Digital Economy in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heliyon, 9(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17654 ORTEGA-GRAS, Juan-José – BUENO-DELGADO, María-Victoria – CAÑAVATE-CRUZADO, Gregorio – GARRIDO-LOVA, Josefina (2021): Twin Transition through the Implementation of Industry 4.0 Technologies: Desk-Research Analysis and Practical Use Cases in Europe. Sustainability, 13(24). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413601 PASIERBIAK, Paweł – BIAŁOWĄS, Tomasz (2024): Imbalance in EU Trade with Selected Asian Economies – A Comparative Analysis Based on Gross Exports and Domestic Value-Added. Humanities and Social Sciences Quarterly, 31(1), 133–148. Online: https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2024.hss.09 PINTO, Hugo – NOGUEIRA, Carla – VIEIRA, Gabriela (2023): Digitalisation Landscape in the European Union: Statistical Insights for a Digital Transformation. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 8(1), 20–38. Online: https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir.23-1.2 RAĐENOVIĆ, Žarko – KRSTIĆ, Bojan – MARKOVIĆ, Milan (2022): Economic Performance of Agriculture in the European Union Countries. Problems of Agricultural Economics, 370(1), 5–21. Online: https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/145686 REGGI, Luigi – GIL-GARCÍA, Ramon J. (2021): Addressing Territorial Digital Divides through ICT strategies: Are Investment Decisions Consistent with Local Needs? Government Information Quarterly, 38(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101562 REHMAN, Faheem U. – ISLAM, Monirul – SOHAG, Kazi (2022): Does Infrastructural Development Allure Foreign Direct Investment? The Role of Belt and Road Initiatives. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 19(4), 1026–1050. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2022-0395 SANZ, Luis F. (2023): Digital Skills: A Deep-Dive. Digital Skills and Jobs Platform, 29 August 2023. Online: https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/latest/briefs/digital-skills-deep-dive SHARMA, Swapnil – KAR, Arpan K. – GUPTA, M. – DWIVEDI, Yogesh K. – JANSSEN, Marijn (2022): Digital Citizen Empowerment: A Systematic Literature Review of Theories and Development Models. Information Technology for Development, 28(4), 660–687. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2022.2046533 SIMIONESCU, Mihaela (2022): The Insertion of Economic Cybernetics Students on the Romanian Labor Market in the Context of Digital Economy and Covid-19 Pandemic. Mathematics, 10(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/math10020222 SIMÕES, Francisco – MARTA, Elena (2024): Public Employment Services and Vulnerable Youth in the EU: The Case of Rural NEETs. Politics and Governance, 12. Online: https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.7432 TORRES, Jorge – SAN-MATEOS, Rosa – LASARTE, Natalia – MEDIAVILLA, Asier – SAGARNA, Maialen – LEÓN, Iñigo (2024): Building Digital Twins to Overcome Digitalization Barriers for Automating Construction Site Management. Buildings, 14(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072238 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2009): Guide to Measuring Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education. Technical Paper, (2). Online: https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-measuring-information-and-communication-technologies-ict-in-education-en_0.pdf VAN KESSEL, Robin – WONG, Brian Li H. – RUBINIĆ, Ivan – O’NUALLAIN, Ella – CZABANOWSKA, Katarzyna (2022): Is Europe Prepared to Go Digital? Making the Case for Developing Digital Capacity: An Exploratory Analysis of Eurostat Survey Data. Plos Digital Health, 1(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000013 VANDENBUSSCHE, Hylke – CONNELL, William – SIMONS, Wouter (2022): Global Value Chains, Trade Shocks and Jobs: An Application to Brexit. World Economy, 45(8), 2338–2369. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13259 VEUGELERS, Reinhilde – FAIVRE, Clémence – RÜCKERT, Désirée – WEISS, Christoph (2023): The Green and Digital Twin Transition: EU vs US Firms. Intereconomics, 58(1), 56–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2023-0010 VYSOCHAN, Lesya – KOZIAR, M. – STELMAH, Nina – VASYLYUK-ZAITSEVA, Svitlana (2024): Digital Transformation in Education: Using Technologies for Enhancement of Efficiency of Teaching. Futurity Education, 4(1), 186–209. Online: https://doi.org/10.57125/FED.2024.03.25.10 WAMBACH, Achim (2022): Wettbewerb in der digitalen Ökonomie [Competition in the Digital Economy]. List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, 48(1–2), 35–52. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41025-022-00242-x WIGGER, Angela (2022): The New EU Industrial Policy and Deepening Structural Asymmetries: Smart Specialisation Not So Smart. Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(1), 20–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13366 WYNN, Martin – FELSER, Kerstin (2023): Digitalisation and Change in the Management of It. Computers, 12(12). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12120251 YOUNAS, Ammar – MIRZARAIMOV, Bakhodir Tohir ogli (2021): To What Extent Are Consumers Harmed in the Digital Market from the Perspective of the GDPR? International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(8). Online: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i8-17 ZĒVERTE-RIVZ̆A, Sandija – GIRDŽIŪTĖ, Laura – PARLIŃSKA, Agnieszka – RIVZ̆A, Peteris – NOVIKOVA, Anastasija – GUDELE, Ina (2023): Digitalisation in Bioeconomy in the Baltic States and Poland. Sustainability, 15(17). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713237 ZIELINSKA, Agnieszka (2022): Developing Digital Skills: Results of a Social Innovation Project in the Technology Sector. European Research Studies Journal, 15(2), 684–701. Online: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2989" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "95-122" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.5" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1994) "

Digitalisation is a key driver of economic transformation, influencing productivity, competitiveness and social inclusion across the European Union (EU). This study examines the macroeconomic impact of digitalisation, focusing on digital skills, digital business integration, digital infrastructures and the digitalisation of public services. The research explores the correlation between digitalisation and economic growth indicators such as labour productivity, gross value added (GVA) and exports, offering a comprehensive analysis of the EU’s digital transition. Previous studies highlight the role of digitalisation in fostering innovation and improving efficiency, particularly through the integration of advanced technologies and digital infrastructures. However, digital disparities among EU Member States remain a challenge, necessitating coordinated policies to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to digital benefits. This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing these disparities and assessing how digital transformation can support economic convergence and sustainability goals in the EU. Using a systematic review of academic literature and macroeconomic data, the study identifies key factors that drive digital competitiveness. Findings indicate that digital skills development, business digitalisation and strategic investments in digital infrastructure significantly enhance economic performance. Furthermore, digital public services play a crucial role in social inclusion, particularly in addressing youth unemployment and ensuring equitable access to opportunities. The results underscore the need for targeted policies that promote digital adoption across all EU regions, ensuring that the benefits of digitalisation extend beyond leading economies. By aligning digital strategies with broader economic and sustainability objectives, the EU can enhance its global competitiveness while fostering inclusive and resilient growth.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(83) "Bridging the Digital Divide: Pathways to a Competitive and Resilient European Union" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(25) "Fási Csaba, Szűcs Petra" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#775 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10177) ["email"]=> string(21) "fasi.csaba@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8012) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-2775" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(28) "University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Fási" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Fási" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Csaba" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10178) ["email"]=> string(22) "szucs.petra@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8012) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0255-4345" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Ludovika University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Szűcs" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Petra" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(18) "Digital Transition" [1]=> string(14) "European Union" [2]=> string(31) "Digital Skills and Competencies" [3]=> string(22) "Digital Infrastructure" [4]=> string(38) "Digital Governance and Public Services" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#770 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39473) ["id"]=> int(6278) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8012) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#766 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7894) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:58" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9980) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(7770) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(13800) "Directive (EU) 2014/94 (L 307) Directive (EU) 2018/410 Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 (OJ L 325, 20.12.2019, 1).12.16 Regulation (EU) 2019/631 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019) Regulation (EU) 2014/333 (OJ L 103, 5.4.2014) ACEA (2023): Fact Sheet #3 – Euro 7: Cheap or Expensive? Online: https://www.acea.auto/fact/fact-sheet-euro-7-cheap-or-expensive/ Aiq Quality Expert Group (2019): Non-Exhaust Emission from Road Traffic. Online: https://ukair.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/1907101151_20190709_Non_Exhaust_Emissions_typeset_Final.pdf AMIEL, Sandrine (2019): ‘The Embers Remain’: One Year Since Its Inception, What Has the Gilets Jaunes Movement Achieved? Euronews, 15 November 2019. Online: https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/15/yellow-vests-a-year-on-is-the-future-bright-for-france-s-fluorescently-dressed-protesters Arval Mobility Observatory (2019): Le véhicule électrique est-il si vertueux? Online: https://www.mobility-observatory.arval.fr/le-vehicule-electrique-est-il-si-vertueux Automotive News Europe (2023): VW Cuts ID4, ID7 Output at German Plant. Automotive News Europe, 28 June 2023. Online: https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/vw-cuts-id4-and-id-output-emden-plant-due-flagging-sales Automotive News Europe (2024a): EU Car Lobby Aims for 2-Year Delay of 2025 Emissions Targets. Bloomberg, 13 September 2024. Online: https://www.autonews.com/environmentemissions/acea-wants-2-more-years-automakers-reach-2025-co2-goal/ Automotive News Europe (2024b): VW Could Cut up to 30,000 Jobs in Germany, Report Says. Automotive News Europe, 19 September 2024. Online: https://www.autonews.com/automakers/vw-said-plan-30000-job-losses-germany/ Automotive News Europe (2025): VW Sees €1.5 Billion Cost in 2025 from EU Emissions Rules. Bloomberg, 23 January 2025. Online: https://www.autonews.com/volkswagen/ane-vw-eu-emissions-fines-evs/ BERJOZA, Dainis – JURGENA, Inara (2017): Influence of Batteries Weight on Electric Automobile Performance. 16th International Scientific Conference: Engineering for Rural Development. Jelgava, 24–26 May 2017, 1388–1394. Online: https://doi.org/10.22616/ERDev2017.16.N316 BUCSKY, Péter (2021): A nagy német autógyártók nyertek az uniós kibocsátási büntetésrendszerrel [The Big German Carmakers Have Won with the EU Emissions Penalty Scheme]. Online: https://g7.hu/vallalat/20210223/a-nagy-nemet-autogyartok-nyertek-az-unios-kibocsatasi-buntetesrendszerrel/ CHIAPPA, Claudia – BRZEZIŃSKI, Bartosz – ANDRÉS, Paula – LEVEN, Denis – WALKER, Ali (2024): Farmers’ Protest: Police Use Tear Gas and Water Cannons to Quell Violent Brussels Demo. Politico, 26 March 2024. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/farmers-protests-new-brussels-demo-begins-with-bonfire-outside-eu-parliament/ Council of the European Union (2024): What Action Will the EU Take on Climate Change? Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hu/policies/climate-change/#2050 DAI, Xin – LECHNER, Roman (2024): Insuring Electric Vehicles. A Growing Opportunity but with Near-Term Challenges. Swiss Re Institute. Online: https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/sigma-research/Economic-Insights/insuring-electric-vehicles.html DE PREZ, Matt (2024): Tesla Model Y Was Europe’s Best-Selling Car in 2023. Fleet News, 15 February 2024. Online: https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/tesla-model-y-likely-to-be-europe-s-best-selling-car-in-2023 Deloitte (2024): 2024 Global Automotive Consumer Study. Key Findings: Global Focus Countries. Online: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/pe/Documents/consumer-business/gx-deloittes-2024-global-automotive-consumer-study-january.pdf DEMOLI, Yoann (2015): The Social Stratification of the Costs of Motoring in France (1984–2006). International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 15(3), 311–328. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2015.070278 DRAGHI, Mario (2024): The Future of European Competitiveness. Part B: In-Depth Analysis and Recommendations. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations0.pdf European Commission (2020): Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy. Putting European Transport on Track for the Future. COM(2020) 789 Final. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0789 European Commission (2025): A Competitiveness Compass for the EU. COM(2025) 30 Final. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/10017eb1-4722-4333-add2-e0ed18105a34_en European Commission (s. a): CO₂ Emission Performance Standards for Cars and Vans. Online: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/transport/road-transport-reducing-co2-emissions-vehicles/co2-emission-performance-standards-cars-and-vans_en European Court of Auditors (2024): Special Report 2024. Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cars. Online: https://doi.org/10.2865/027026 European Environment Agency (2020): EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Kept Decreasing in 2018, Largest Reductions in Energy Sector. Online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/eu-greenhouse-gas-emissions-kept European Parliament (2023): CO2 Emissions from Cars: Facts and Figures (infographics). Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20190313STO31218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics FROST, Rosie (2024): Higher Taxes and More Expensive Parking: How Is France Cracking Down on SUVs? Euronews, 17 January 2024. Online: https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/01/17/higher-taxes-and-more-expensive-parking-how-is-france-cracking-down-on-suvs?utm_source=newsletter&utm_campaign=green_newsletter&utm_medium=referral&insEmail=1&insNltCmpId=257&insNltSldt=10080&insPnName=euronewsfr&isIns=1&isInsNltCmp=1 HORVÁTH, András (2024): Kinek lesz erre pénze? Jövőre jelentősen drágulnak az új autók! [Who Will Have Money for This? New Cars Will Be Much More Expensive Next Year!] Online: https://www.autonavigator.hu/cikkek/kinek-lesz-erre-penze-jovore-jelentosen-dragulnak-az-uj-autok/ Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2014): Extreme Weather Events in Europe and Their Impact on National and EU Adaptation Strategies. Online: https://easac.eu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/Extreme_Weather/Extreme_Weather_Hungarian.pdf INGRAM, Richard (2023): Volkswagen ID.3 Review: Performance, Motor & Drive. Driving Electric, 7 August 2023. Online: https://www.drivingelectric.com/volkswagen/id3/performance International Council on Clean Transportation (2017): Annual Report 2017. Online: http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_Annual_Report_2017_final.pdf International Council on Clean Transportation (2019): Fuel Economy in Major Car Markets. Online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/66965fb0-87c9-4bc7-990d-a509a1646956/Fuel_Economy_in_Major_Car_Markets.pdf JEROME, Marty (2007): EU Wavers on Emissions Standards from German Lobbying. Online: https://www.wired.com/2007/08/eu-wavers-on-em/ JETIN, Bruno (2020): Who Will Control the Electric Vehicle Market? International Journal of Automobile Technology and Management, 20(2), 156–177. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2020.108584 KSH (2022): Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Kilometre of Newly Registered Passenger Cars. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). Online: https://ksh.hu/s/kiadvanyok/fenntarthato-fejlodes-indikatorai-2022/3-37 KSH (2025): Flash Estimate – Industry, November 2024 (second estimate). Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). Online: https://www.ksh.hu/gyorstajekoztatok/ipa/ipa2411.html LIBOREIRO, Jorge (2024): Brussels Breaks Impasse after EU Countries Fail to Agree on Chinese EV Tariffs. Euronews, 4 October 2024. Online: https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/10/04/brussels-breaks-impasse-after-eu-countries-fail-to-agree-on-chinese-ev-tariffs1 MOCK, Peter (2018): The Role of Standards in Reducing CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars in the EU. The International Council on Clean Transportation, February 2018. Online: https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Role_of_EU-CO2_Standard_20180212.pdf National Assembly Office (2021): A közlekedés üvegházhatású gáz-kibocsátása [Greenhouse Emissions from Transport]. Infojegyzet, 57. Online: https://www.parlament.hu/documents/10181/39233854/Infojegyzet_2021_57_kozlekedes_uveghazhatas.pdf/7b7c93e8-3d76-dd68-142b-529f2d024871?t=1631863107831 ONYANGO, Brian (2024): How Much Does a Tesla Car Battery Weigh? (Model S, Model 3, Model X, and Model Y). Vehicle Freak, 8 April 2024. Online: https://vehiclefreak.com/how-much-does-a-tesla-car-battery-weigh-model-s-model-3-model-x-and-model-y/ PARDI, Tommaso (2022): Prospects and Contradictions of the Electrification of the European Automotive Industry: The Role of European Union Policy. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 21(3), 162–179. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2021.10039480 POSANER, Joshua (2023): Brussels and Berlin Strike Deal on 2035 Combustion-Engine Ban. Politico, 25 March 2023. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/brussels-and-berlin-strike-car-engine-combustion-zero-emissions-ban-deal/ RANDALL, Chris (2025): EU Considers New Plug-In Hybrid Regulation after 2035. Electrive, 6 February 2025. Online: https://www.electrive.com/2025/02/05/eu-examines-new-plug-in-hybrid-registrations-after-2035/ RYAN, Andrew (2023): Do Electric Vehicles Really Cost Less than ICE Cars to Maintain? Fleet News, 15 May 2023. Online: https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/electric-fleet/policy/are-service-and-maintenance-costs-for-electric-vehicles-really-cheaper SZEGEDI, László (2018): The Crisis Management of the "Dieselgate" - Transboundary (and) Crisis Driven Evolution of EU Executive Governance with or without Agencies? Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(Special Edition), 85–100. SZEGEDI, László (2022): EU Expert Bodies in Light of the Glyphosate Saga and the Dieselgate Scandal. Cross-Sectoral Lessons to Be Learned in the Era of Emerging Risk Factors and Constant Crisis Management? Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 25(3–4), 93–116. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2022.3-4.5 SZŰCS, Gábor (2022): A gyártók többsége nem fizetett CO2 büntetést 2021-ben [Most Producers Did Not Pay a CO2 Penalty in 2021]. Online: https://villanyautosok.hu/2022/01/30/a-gyartok-tobbsege-nem-fizetett-co2-buntetest-2021-ben/ Thatcham Research (2024): Thatcham Research Explains New EU Vehicle Safety Regulation and What It Means for UK Drivers. Online: https://www.thatcham.org/thatcham-research-explains-new-eu-vehicle-safety-regulation-and-what-it-means-for-uk-drivers/ TIETGE, Uwe – DÍAZ, Sonsoles – MOCK, Peter – BANDIVADEKAR, Anup – DORNOFF, Jan –LIGTERINK, Norbert (2019): From Laboratory to Road. A 2018 Update of Official and “Real-World” Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Cars in Europe. Berlin: International Council on Clean Transportation. Online: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34627546/AFklkW/TNO-2019-Laboratory.pdf Transport & Environment (2007): Danger Ahead. Why Weight-Based CO2 Standards Will Make Europe’s Car Fleet Dirtier and Less Safe. Online: https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/2007-12_cars_co2_weight_footprint.pdf Transport & Environment (2023): Small and Profitable: Why Affordable Electric Cars in 2025 Are Feasible. Online: https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/small-and-profitable-why-affordable-electric-cars-in-2025-are-doable Transport & Environment (2024a): Ever-Wider: Why Large SUVs Don’t Fit, and What to Do About It. Online: https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/ever-wider-why-large-suvs-dont-fit-and-what-to-do-about-it/ Transport & Environment (2024b): Carmakers Are Failing to Deliver Affordable Electric Cars, Holding Back EV Adoption – Analysis. Online: https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/carmakers-are-failing-to-deliver-affordable-electric-cars-holding-back-ev-adoption-analysis Transport & Environment (2024c): Why the Car Industry Will Not Pay €15 Billion in Penalties in 2025. Online: https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/why-the-car-industry-will-not-pay-eur15-billion-in-penalties-in-2025 VÁRKONYI, Gábor (2020): Becslések szerint jövőre 14.2 milliárdos büntetés vár az autóiparra az EU-ban [It Is Estimated that the Automotive Industry in the EU Will Face a 14.2 Billion Fine Next Year]. Online: https://varkonyigabor.blog.hu/2020/02/03/becslesek_szerint_jovore_14_2_milliardos_buntetes_var_az_autoiparra_az_eu-ban VERVAEKE, Monique – CALABRESE, Giuseppe (2015): Prospective Design in the Automotive Sector and the Trajectory of the Bluecar Project: An Electric Car Sharing System. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 68(4), 245–264. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2015.071083 Világgazdaság (2024): Sokkal több balesetet okoznak az elektromos autók, mint a benzinesek [Electric Cars Cause Much More Accidents than Petrol Cars]. Világgazdaság, 4 February 2024. Online: https://www.vg.hu/auto/2024/02/sokkal-tobb-balesetet-okoznak-az-elektromos-autok-mint-benzinesek VILLAREAL, Axel (2011): The Social Construction of the Market for Electric Cars in France: Politics Coming to the Aid of Economics. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 11(4), 326–339. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2011.043165 WEINHARDT, Attila (2023): Nagy Márton: finanszírozási szerkezetváltás történik Magyarországon, jelentős lépésekre készül a kormány [Márton Nagy: The Government Is Preparing to Take Significant Steps to Restructure Financing in Hungary]. Portfolio, 16 February 2023. Online: https://www.portfolio.hu/uzlet/20230216/nagy-marton-finanszirozasi-szerkezetvaltas-tortenik-magyarorszagon-jelentos-lepesekre-keszul-a-kormany-597374" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "123-141" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1310) "

The European automotive industry faces many 21^st.century challenges, with sustainability and climate protection as key objectives. Among these, the European Parliament’s decision to mandate zero emission passenger cars and light commercial vehicles from 2035 marks a transformative shift. This cornerstone of the “Fit for 55” climate package carries broad economic, social and political implications, requiring significant adjustments across the automotive value chain and presenting major hurdles for stakeholders.
This manuscript explores the sector’s electrification efforts, focusing on the tension between sustainability goals and economic impacts. It highlights disparities in electric vehicle affordability and accessibility across Europe, which risk deepening socio-economic inequalities, and questions the environmental and equity outcomes of weight-based regulatory incentives favouring premium models.
Beyond assessing the feasibility of emissions targets, the study critically examines whether the EU’s focus on electric vehicles aligns with broader climate goals or creates new challenges. Addressing these issues aims to illuminate the immediate and long-term implications for the evolution of the automotive industry and Europe’s socio-economic landscape.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(34) "Electrification and Its Challenges" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(47) "The Transformation of the European Car Industry" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(21) "Kossuth Ádám Ferenc" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#767 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(9980) ["email"]=> string(20) "kos.adam97@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7894) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Kossuth" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kossuth" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Ádám Ferenc" ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Ádám Ferenc" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(57) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:31:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(13) "electric cars" [1]=> string(19) "automotive industry" [2]=> string(14) "sustainability" [3]=> string(15) "CO₂ emissions" [4]=> string(13) "NOx emissions" [5]=> string(14) "premium models" [6]=> string(15) "electrification" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#781 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39474) ["id"]=> int(6279) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7894) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(7930) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-04-11 10:37:58" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10045) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(7806) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(9834) "ANO (s. a.): Program hnutí ANO do voleb do Evropského parlamentu. Online: https://www.anobudelip.cz/file/edee/2024/cesko-pro-tebe-vsecko.pdf Chega (2024a): Assegurar a soberania energética. Online: https://partidochega.pt/index.php/2024legislativas_areas_programaeleitoral_soberaniaenergetica/ Chega (2024b): Equilíbrio na defesa do ambiente do bem-estar animal. Online: https://partidochega.pt/index.php/2024legislativas_areas_programaeleitoral_ambiente/ Climate Action Tracker (2024): EU’s Green Deal Improved Its Climate Performance: A 1.5°C Pathway Is Close. Climate Action Tracker, 21 May 2024. Online: https://climateactiontracker.org/blog/eus-green-deal-improved-its-climate-performance-a-15c-pathway-is-close/ Dansk Folkeparti (2024a): Energi. Online: https://danskfolkeparti.dk/holdninger/energi/ Dansk Folkeparti (2024b): Miljø. Online: https://danskfolkeparti.dk/holdninger/miljoe/ European Commission (2019): Press Remarks by President von der Leyen on the Occasion of the Adoption of the European Green Deal Communication. Brussels, 11 December 2019. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_19_6749 European Commission (2023): Statement by President von der Leyen on the Green Deal Industrial Plan. Press Corner, 1 February 2023. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_23_521 European Commission (2024a): Statement at the European Parliament Plenary by President Ursula von der Leyen, Candidate for a Second Mandate 2024–2029. Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations, 18 July 2024. Online: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/statement-european-parliament-plenary-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-candidate-second-mandate-2024-2024-07-18_en European Commission (2024b): Europe’s 2040 Climate Target and Path to Climate Neutrality by 2050 Building a Sustainable, Just and Prosperous Society. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2024%3A63%3AFIN European Commission (2024c): The Future of European Competitiveness. Part A. A Competitiveness Strategy for Europe. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness%20_%20A%20competitiveness%20strategy%20for%20Europe.pdf European Commission (s. a.): European Climate Law. Online: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-climate-law_en European Parliament (2024a): European Results, Turnout by Year. Online: https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/turnout/ European Parliament (2024b): 2024 European Election Results. Online https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/ European Parliament (2024c): Rules of Procedure, 10th Parliamentary Term. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/rules/rules20240716/Rules20240716_EN.pdf European Parliament (2024d): Constitutive Session. Online: https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/ European Union (2020): Attitudes of Europeans towards the Environment. Eurobarometer, March 2020. Online: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2257 European Union (2024): Attitudes of Europeans towards the Environment. Eurobarometer, May 2024. Online: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3173 FELLA, Stefano (2024): France: Recent Political Developments and the 2024 National Assembly Elections. House of Commons, 21 October 2024, 37–38. Online: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-10112/CBP-10112.pdf FIX, Liana – WINOGRAD, Sophia (2024): How Far-Right Election Gains Are Changing Europe. Council on Foreign Relations, 15 October 2024. Online: https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/how-far-right-election-gains-are-changing-europe Foní Logikís (2024): Ενεργειακη Πολιτικη. Online: https://fonilogikis.gr/programmatikes-theseis/energeiaki-politiki/ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (2024): Parteiprogramm der Freiheitlichen Partei Österreichs (FPÖ). Online: https://www.fpoe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/www.fpoe.at/dokumente/2015/2011_graz_parteiprogramm_web.pdf GRIERA, Max (2024): What von der Leyen’s Campaign Tour Says about her Priorities. Euractiv, 18 May 2024. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/what-von-der-leyens-campaign-tour-says-about-her-priorities/ GRÜSS, Baptiste (2024): Climate Issues Lost Momentum in the 2024 EU Elections. Online: https://www.eolos.org/climate-issues-lost-momentum-in-the-2024-eu-elections/ Hungarian Conservative (2024): Orbán, Kickl, Babiš Announce New European Alliance in Vienna. Hungarian Conservative, 30 June 2024. Online: https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/orban-kickl-babis-announce-new-european-alliance-in-vienna/ Hungarian Presidency (2024): Programme of the Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the Second Half of 2024. Online: https://hungarian-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/media/32nhoe0p/programme-and-priorities-of-the-hungarian-presidency.pdf HUTCHINSON, Lorna (2019): ‘Europe’s Man on the Moon Moment’: Von der Leyen Unveils EU Green Deal. The Parliament Magazine, 11 December 2019. Online: https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/europes-man-on-the-moon-moment-von-der-leyen-unveils-eu-green-deal IONTA, Nicoletta (2024): ‘New era’ in Austria as Far-Right Freedom Party (FPÖ) Wins General Elections. Euractiv, 30 September 2024. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/new-era-in-austria-as-far-right-freedom-party-fpo-wins-general-elections/ Latvija Pirmaja Vieta (2024): Latvija Pirmaja Vieta programma. Online: https://latvijapirmajavieta.lv/latvija-pirmaja-vieta-programma/ LEE, Konner (2022): Right Wing Populism in Spain: How the Vox Party Serves as an International Threat to Climate Change. Boston University, Democratic Erosion Consortium, 27 November 2022. Online: https://democratic-erosion.org/2022/11/27/right-wing-populism-in-spain-how-the-vox-party-serves-as-an-international-threat-to-climate-change/ Lega per Salvini Premier (2022): Programma di governo. Online: https://static.legaonline.it/files/Programma_Lega_2022.pdf LEMPRIERE, Molly – GABBATISS, Josh – DUNNE, Daisy (2024): Q&A: European Commission Calls for 90% Cut in EU Emissions by 2040. Carbon Brief, 7 February 2024. Online: https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-european-commission-calls-for-90-cut-in-eu-emissions-by-2040/ MAURER, Manfred (2024): FPÖ findet Atomkraft besser als Nutzung der Sonnenenergie. Österreichisches Volksblatt, 24 May 2024. Online: https://volksblatt.at/chronik/regionales/fpoe-findet-atomkraft-besser-als-nutzung-der-sonnenenergie-1053183/ MORITZ, Ludwig (2024): Green Deal Fatigue? How the European Parliament Elections Could Affect EU Climate Policies. Atlantic Council, 26 June 2024. Online: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-the-european-parliament-elections-could-affect-eu-climate-policies/ MOUTINHO, Vera (2024): Far Right’s Rise in Portugal Could Threaten Ambitious Climate Action. The Guardian, 22 April 2024. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/22/portugal-climate-action-economy-far-right-rise MTI–AB–HF (2024): Szupervasárnap: 21 országban tartanak ma EP-választást, Magyarországon önkormányzatit is. Euronews, 9 June 2024. Online: https://hu.euronews.com/2024/06/09/megkezdodott-az-europai-parlamenti-es-az-onkormanyzat-valasztas-magyarorszagon-is Pesticide Action Network Europe (2024): Black Day for Health and Biodiversity: EU Commission Withdraws Proposal for Pesticide Reduction. Pesticide Action Network Europe, 6 February 2024. Online: https://www.pan-europe.info/press-releases/2024/02/black-day-health-and-biodiversity-eu-commission-withdraws-proposal-pesticide Přísaha a Motoristé (2024): Memorandum o koaliční spolupráci. Online: https://www.prisahamotoriste.cz/memorandum PVV (2023): Verkiezingsprogramma 2023. Online: https://www.pvv.nl/verkiezingsprogramma.html RAGONNAUD, Guillaume (2024): Deepening the Single Market in the Light of the Letta and Draghi Reports. European Parliamentary Research Service, October 2024. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762469/EPRS_BRI(2024)762469_EN.pdf Rassemblement National (2024): La France revient, l’Europe revit! Online: https://rassemblementnational.fr/documents/202411-programme-europeennes.pdf SCHMINKE, Tobias G. (2019): The Green Wave: A Tsunami or Just a Storm in a Teacup? Heinrich Böll Stiftung Brussels, 16 July 2019. Online: https://eu.boell.org/en/2019/07/16/green-wave-tsunami-or-just-storm-teacup STANÍČEK, Branislav – PRZETACZNIK, Jakub – ALBALADEJO ROMÁN, Antonio (2023): Enlargement Policy: Reforms and Challenges Ahead. European Parliamentary Research Service, December 2023. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/757575/EPRS_BRI(2023)757575_EN.pdf Tagesschau (2024): ÖVP von Kanzler Nehammer erhält den Auftrag. Tagesschau, 22 October 2024. Online: https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/oesterreich-regierungsbildung-104.html TÓTH, Bettina (2024): Zöldpolitikai esélylatolgatás. Ludovika.hu, 24 July 2024. Online: https://www.ludovika.hu/blogok/ot-perc-europa-blog/2024/07/24/zoldpolitikai-eselylatolgatas/ VERHELST, Koen – HARTOG, Eva (2024): The Netherlands Has a New Government. Here Are 3 Things to Know. Politico, 2 July 2024. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/netherlands-right-wing-government-dick-schoof-mark-rutte-party-for-freedom/ Vlaams Belang (2024): Verkiezingsprogramma 2024. Online: https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/Verkiezingsprogramma%20Lokaal%202024.pdf WAX, Eddy (2024): Patriots for Europe Becomes EU Parliament’s 3rd-Largest Group, Picks Jordan Bardella as President. Politico, 08 July 2024. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/patriots-for-europe-jordan-bardella-viktor-orban-marine-le-pen/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(629) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "143-157" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.2.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(918) "

The summer of 2024 brought a number of twists and turns for the future of green policy; finally, there was no change in the President of the European Commission, which partly guarantees the continuity of the European Green Deal. But a paradigm shift from the previous political priorities has been done so far, such as putting economic growth and European competitiveness at the top of the agenda. At the same time, there was a major reshuffle in the European Parliament with the emergence of the Patriots for Europe; this group has a rather different approach to the policy.
This analysis examines the likely direction of EU climate policy over the next five years, in relation with the emergence of the Patriots for Europe as the third largest political force and the significant loss of the Greens, moreover, with the re-prioritisation of the new Commission after the 2024 European Parliament elections.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(62) "Will the 2024 EU Elections Serve the Future of Climate Policy?" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Rightward Shift vs. EU Climate Policy" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Tóth Bettina" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#773 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10045) ["email"]=> string(24) "toth1.bettina@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7930) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8168-6392" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:15:"NKE JLI EUSTRAT";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tóth" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Tóth" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Bettina" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bettina" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(19) "European Parliament" [1]=> string(19) "European Commission" [2]=> string(14) "climate change" [3]=> string(14) "climate policy" [4]=> string(19) "Patriots for Europe" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#782 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(39475) ["id"]=> int(6280) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7930) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }