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Online: https://doi.org/10.18449/2019RP04 MARGOLIS, Eric – LAURENCE, Stephen (2011): Learning Matters: The Role of Learning in Concept Acquisition. Mind & Language, 26(5), 507–539. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2011.01429.x MARGOLIS, Eric – LAURENCE, Stephen (2023): Concepts. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Online: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/#StrCon MARTILL, Benjamin − CHRYSSOGELOS, Angelos (2024): You’re Projecting! Global Britain, European Strategic Autonomy and the Discursive Rescue of the Internationalised State. European Security, 1–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2024.2425641 MARTINS, Bruno Oliveira – MAWDSLEY, Jocelyn (2021): Sociotechnical Imaginaries of EU Defence: The Past and the Future in the European Defence Fund. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 59(6), 1458–1474. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13197 MICHEL, Charles (2021): Elements for a Doctrine: In Conversation with Charles Michel, 2021. 09. 08. 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Philpapers. Online: https://philpapers.org/browse/concepts WEITERSHAUSEN, Inez von − SCHAFER, David − WESSELS, Wolfgang (2020): A ‘Primus Inter Pares’ in EU Foreign Policy? – German Leadership in the European Council during the Libyan and Ukrainian Crises. German Politics, 29(1), 42–58. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2019.1583328 Elemzett szövegek BORRELL, Josep − BRETON, Thierry (2020): For a United, Resilient and Sovereign Europe. Online: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/united-resilient-and-sovereign-europe-thierry-breton_en Council of the European Union (2003): A Secure Europe in a Better World. European Security Strategy. 15895/03. Brussels, 2003. december. Online: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15895-2003-INIT/en/pdf Council of the European Union (2016): Conclusions on Implementing the EU Global Strategy in the Area of Security and Defence. 2016. november 14. 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The meaning of strategic autonomy and sovereignty appearing in defence and security
policy related documents of the European Union since 1998 has got in the focus of analyses again because of the Russia−Ukraine war and the 2022
publication of the Strategic Compass. The article shortly summarises the evolution of the two concepts. The process is examined from interdisciplinary perspective, with the tools of political science and political discourse analysis. We provide a short historical overview of
the unfolding of the idea of European strategic autonomy and sovereignty based on relevant documents between 1998 and 2024, also discussing the related literature. Then we point out the overlaps and differences between the two concepts founded on the examination of contexts in the sample texts. Finally, using Searle’s theory on institutional communication, we present how the content of concepts forged in political discourse becomes a future vision and a scenario of action in insitutional reality.

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Az Európai Unió biztonság- és védelempolitikai témájú dokumentumaiban 1998 óta megjelenő stratégiai autonómia és szuverenitás fogalmának jelentése az orosz−ukrán háború, valamint a Stratégiai Iránytű 2022-esmegjelenése miatt ismét az elemzések középpontjába került. A cikkben röviden áttekintjük a két fogalom tartalmának fejlődését. A folyamatot interdiszciplináris szemszögből vizsgáljuk a politikatudomány és a politikai diskurzuselemzés eszközeivel. A témával foglalkozó, 1998 és 2024 között keletkezett dokumentumok és a vonatkozó szakirodalom segítségével rövid történeti áttekintést nyújtunk az európai stratégiai autonómia és szuverenitás gondolatának kibontakozásáról, majd a szövegmintákban megállapított szövegkörnyezet alapján kimutatjuk, milyen átfedések, illetve különbségek vannak a két fogalom között. Végül Searle intézményi kommunikációról szóló elmélete alapján bemutatjuk, hogy alakul jövőképpé és cselekvési forgatókönyvvé a politikai diskurzusban kimunkált fogalmi tartalom.

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This study aims to explore the relationship between the European Union’s (EU) energy security and strategic autonomy in the context of changing global geopolitical dynamics. The central hypothesis of the study is that achieving the EU’s strategic autonomy is essential for establishing sustainable energy security, but this cannot be realized without the EU’s autonomy. The analysis highlights the risk that the EU’s energy transition may lead to a new dependency, primarily on China and the United States, replacing its former reliance on Russian energy. The study reviews the challenges to the EU’s energy security, examines the balance between energy and climate policy goals, and analyzes the EU’s geopolitical position amid the transformation of the global energy system. Based on the findings, the study offers recommendations on how the EU can achieve strategic autonomy while ensuring sustainable energy security, emphasizing the importance of a unified foreign policy and diplomacy in shaping a cohesive and effective EU energy strategy.

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A tanulmány célja, hogy feltárja az EU energiabiztonságának és stratégiai autonómiájának összefüggéseit a globális geopolitikai környezet változásainak tükrében. A tanulmány központi hipotézise, hogy az EU stratégiai autonómiájának elérése elengedhetetlen a fenntartható energiabiztonság megteremtéséhez, ám ez nem valósítható meg az EU autonómiája nélkül. Az elemzés rávilágít arra, hogy az EU energetikai átmenete során fennáll a veszélye annak, hogy az orosz energiafüggőséget új, elsősorban Kínával és az Egyesült Államokkal szembeni függőség váltsa fel. A tanulmány áttekinti az EU energiabiztonsági kihívásait, bemutatja az energia- és klímapolitikai célok közötti egyensúlykeresést, és elemzi az EU geopolitikai helyzetét a globális energetikai rendszer átalakulása közepette. A következtetések alapján a tanulmány javaslatokat tesz arra, hogyan érheti el az EU a stratégiai autonómiáját a fenntartható energiabiztonság biztosítása mellett, hangsúlyozva a közös külpolitika és diplomácia fontosságát az egységes és hatékony uniós energiastratégia kialakításában.

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Trafficking, Terrorism, and War Crimes. ATHAR Project. Online: http://atharproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ATHAR-FB-Report-June-2019-final.pdf BINDNER, Laurence – POIROT, Gabriel (2016): ISIS Financing in 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism, 19–20. Online: https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf DGAP-ZIF (2020): Workshop Note: CSDP Missions and the Protection of Cultural Heritage Lessons from EUAM Iraq and the Way Forward. Online: https://dgap.org/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/zif_dgap_workshop-note_protection_of_cultural_heritage_oct_2020.pdf GOWAN, Richard (2022): 30 Peace Operations and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. In CUNO, James – WEISS, Thomas G. (szerk.): Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 517–530. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.6142257.41 HAUSLER, Kristin (2021): The EU Approach to Cultural Heritage in Conflict and Crisis: An Elephant in the Room? Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2(7), 193–202. Online: https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.21.025.15270 JUHÁSZ László (2019): Az EU válságkezelési mechanizmusai. Honvédségi Szemle, 147(4), 50–64. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/125221 JUNCOS, Ana E. (2020): Beyond Civilian Power? Civilian CSDP Two Decades On . In FIOTT, Daniel (szerk.): The CSDP in 2020. The EU’s Legacy and Ambition in Security and Defence. Paris: EUISS, 74–87. Online: https://doi.org/10.2815/22734 KATHEM, Mehiyar (2020): The Role of the European Union in the Protection and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage in Conflict and Post-Conflict Contexts in the Middle East region: The example of Iraq. EEAS-ECDPM, 2020. október 1. Online: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10135520/1/2020_10_Report-Cultural-Heritage-1Oct2020.pdf LIPKA, Mirosław (2023): Działania UE na rzecz ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego w krajach pokonfliktowych. Kultura Bezpieczeństwa, 43(43), 111–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9666 MOLNÁR Anna (2018): Az Európai Unió külkapcsolati rendszere és eszközei. A külkapcsolatoktól a kül-, a biztonság- és védelempolitikáig. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/88071/1/web_PDF_Az_Europai_Unio_kulkapcsolati_rendszere.pdf PIETZ, Tobias (2018): The Civilian CSDP Compact: Strengthening or Repurposing EU Civilian Crisis Management. IAI Commentaries, 18(57). Online: https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/civilian-csdp-compact-strengthening-or-repurposing-eu-civilian-crisis-management PIETZ, Tobias – SCHMIDKE, Maximilian (2019): EU CSDP Missions and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. IAI Commentaries, 19(63). Online: https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/eu-csdp-missions-and-protection-cultural-heritage PUSKÁS Anna (2024): Trade control and protection of cultural goods in the European Union: an evolving approach? Journal of Strategic Trade Control, 2(2), 1–26. Online: https://doi.org/10.25518/2952-7597.104 TARDY, Thierry (2017a): Introduction. In TARDY, Thierry (szerk.): Recasting EU Civilian Crisis Management. ISS Report. Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, 5–8. Online: https://doi.org/10.2815/725374 TARDY, Thierry (2017b): The New Forms of Civilian Crisis Management. In TARDY, Thierry (szerk.): Recasting EU Civilian Crisis Management. ISS Report. Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, 9–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.2815/725374" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(642) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "51-68" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.3.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(862) "

The issue of cultural heritage protection has gradually moved up to the international peace and security agenda over the last decade, which has also allowed various regional and global international organisations to use their crisis management tools. This paper examines the integration of cultural heritage protection into the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), in particular into the remit of civilian CSDP missions, while exploring the drivers and main directions of civilian crisis management developments over the last two decades. The study aims to highlight the potential role of cultural heritage protection activities in conflict prevention, peace-building, social reconciliation and sustainable development, mainly through documents issued by the European External Action Service (EEAS) and decisions of the Foreign Affairs Council.

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A kulturális örökség védelmének kérdése az utóbbi egy évtizedben fokozatosan a nemzetközi béke és biztonság napirendjére került, ami különböző regionális és globális nemzetközi szervezetek esetében válságkezelési eszköztáruk alkalmazását is lehetővé tette. A tanulmány a kulturális örökségvédelemnek az EU közös biztonság- és védelempolitikájába (KBVP) – különösen a polgári KBVP-missziók feladatkörébe – történő integrálódását vizsgálja, egyúttal feltárva a polgári válságkezelés utóbbi két évtizedben történt fejlődésének mozgatórugóit és legfőbb irányait. A tanulmány rá kíván mutatni a kulturális örökségvédelmi tevékenységek potenciális szerepére a konfliktusmegelőzésben, a békeépítésben, a társadalmi megbékélésben és a fenntartható fejlődésben, alapvetően az Európai Külügyi Szolgálat (EKSZ) által kiadott dokumentumokon és a Külügyi Tanács döntésein keresztül.

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Jog – Állam – Politika, 2. különszám, 227–234. Online: https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/4829864 KLAMERT, Marcus (2014): The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683123.001.0001 KYRIAZIS, Dimitrios (2023): Tax Sovereignty, EU Tax Law, and Harmful Tax Competition. In KYRIAZIS, Dimitrios: Fiscal State Aid Law and Harmful Tax Competition in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9–33. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198878292.003.0002 LITS Benedek – LITS Levente (2023): Az élelmiszer-önrendelkezés kritikája és az élelmiszeripar-művészet jelentősége a mindennapokban az ukrán gabona helyzetének. Világpolitika és Közgazdaságtan, (2)2, 68–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.14267/VILPOL2023.02.12 MANN, Alana (2014): Global Activism in Food Politics: Power Shift. Palgrave Macmillan, 54. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137341402 MARTÍNEZ-TORRES, María Elena – ROSSET, Peter M. (2014): Diálogo de saberes in La Vía Campesina: Food Sovereignty and Agroecology. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 979–997. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.872632 MCMICHAEL, Philip (2014): Historicizing Food Sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 933–957. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876999 Megvédjük az élelmiszer-szuverenitást és a magyar gazdák érdekeit 2024. Online: https://kormany.hu/hirek/megvedjuk-az-elelmiszer-szuverenitast-es-a-magyar-gazdak-erdekeit MESTMÄCKER, Ernst-Joachim (2008): 50 Jahre GWB. Die Erfolgsgeschichte eines unvollkommenen Gesetzes. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb, 58(1), 19. MORIN, Baptiste (2024): Souveraineté alimentaire, le maître-mot d'Emmanuel Macron, mais qu'est-ce que ça veut dire? Europe1, 2024. február 22. Online: https://www.europe1.fr/economie/souverainete-alimentaire-le-maitre-mot-demmanuel-macron-mais-quest-ce-que-ca-veut-dire-4232012 MOUSSEAU, Frédéric – DEVILLERS, Eve (2023): War and Theft – The Takeover of Ukraine’s Agricultural Land. The Oakland Institute. OECD (2020): Taxation in Agriculture. Párizs: OECD. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/073bdf99-en PATEL, Raj (2009): Food Sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(3), 663–706. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903143079 PICHLER, Philipp (2021): Die Umsetzung der UTP-Richtlinie ins deutsche Recht. Überblick über ein ordnungspolitisches Ungetüm. Neue Zeitschrift für Kartellrecht, 9, 537–544. RAIMI, Daniel – DAVICINO, Alana (2024): Securing Energy Sovereignty: A Review of Key Barriers and Opportunities for Energy-Producing Native Nations in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science, 107, 103324. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103324 ROSSET, Peter M. (2006): Food is Different: Why We Must Get the WTO out of Agriculture. Fernwood. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350220171 SCHANBACHER, William D. (2010): The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict Between Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400698576 SCHIAVONI, Christina M. (2015): Competing Sovereignties, Contested Processes: Insights from the Venezuelan Food Sovereignty Experiment. Globalizations, 12(4), 466–480. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1005967 SHELANSKI, Howard (2018): Antitrust and Deregulation. The Yale Law Journal, 127(7), 1922–1960. STRUNA, Hugo (2024): Souveraineté alimentaire: Emmanuel Macron demande un « réajustement » de la politique commerciale de l’UE. Euractiv, 2024. április 25. Online: https://www.euractiv.fr/section/agriculture-alimentation/news/souverainete-alimentaire-emmanuel-macron-demande-un-reajustement-de-la-politique-commerciale-de-lue/ SZILÁGYI János Ede – RAISZ Anikó – KOCSIS Bianka (2017): A magyar agrárjog legújabb fejlődési irányai az élelmiszer-szuverenitás szempontjából. Agrár- és Környezetjog, 12(22), 181–201. Online: https://doi.org/10.21029/JAEL.2017.22.160 ; DOI: SZILÁGYI János Ede (2017): Az európai jog és a magyar mezőgazdasági földek forgalmának szabályozása. Agrár- és Környezetjog, 12(23), 148–181. Online: https://doi.org/10.21029/JAEL.2017.23.148 TANKA Endre (2017): A Közös Agrárpolitika várható reformja és az élelmiszer önrendelkezés. Gazdaság és jog, 25(3), 3–9. Online: https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/9441981 TÉGLÁSINÉ KOVÁCS Júlia (2017): Az élelemhez való jog társadalmi igénye és alkotmányjogi dogmatikája. PhD-disszertáció. Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem. Online: https://doi.org/10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2018.009 THIVET, Delphine (2013): Peasants’ Transnational Mobilization for Food Sovereignty in La Vía Campesina. In COUNIHAN, Carole – SINISCALCHI, Valeria (szerk.): Food Activism: Agency, Democracy and Economy. London: Bloomsbury. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350042155.ch-013 TÓTH András (2021): Az Európai Unió (szabályozási) útja a szuverenitás felé az adatalapú gazdaságban. Európai Tükör, 24(2), 27–56. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2021.2.2 TÓTH András (2024): A digitális átalakulás szabályozása az Európai Unióban. Budapest: ORAC. USDA (2023): USDA Invests in Bison Purchase Pilot Incorporating Indian Country Bison for Tribal Feeding Programs. Online: https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2023/10/12/usda-invests-bison-purchase-pilot-incorporating-indian-country VON ONDARZA, Nicolai – OVERHAUS, Marco (2022): Rethinking Strategic Sovereignty: Narratives and Priorities for Europe after Russia’s Attack on Ukraine. SWP Comment, 2022, 1–8. Online: https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2022C31/ WILLS, Joe J. (2017): Contesting World Order? Socioeconomic Rights and Global Justice Movements. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316809921 WINDFUHR, Michael – JONSÉN, Jennie (2005): Food Sovereignty: Towards Democracy in Localized Food Systems. ITDG Publishing. WITTMAN, Hannah (2023): Food Sovereignty: An Inclusive Model for Feeding the World and Cooling the Planet. One Earth, 6(5), 474–478. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.011" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(642) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "69-89" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2024.3.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1212) "

The article aims to shed light on the legal (mainly legislative) implications of the food sovereignty movement as an agricultural policy paradigm. Food sovereignty grew out of a movement in the second half of the 1990s, whose proponents defined themselves as the counterpart of increasingly globalised food supply chains. In this article, after presenting the main elements of the food sovereignty paradigm, I will focus on two main themes. On the one hand, what sovereignty in food sovereignty means, who is sovereign in the first place; and on the other hand, what ideas and desires the proponents of the paradigm have for a well-functioning agriculture and food system. This will be followed by an examination, through the example of the Hungarian legal system, of the legal consequences if one aims to build a legal framework for agriculture based on the principles of the paradigm. As Hungarian law must necessarily operate within the framework of EU law, it is also important to explore the scope given to Member States to implement elements of the paradigm at national level. Finally, I will make some further proposals that could advance the implementation of food sovereignty in domestic context.

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A tanulmány célja, hogy az élelmiszer-szuverenitás mint agrárpolitikai paradigma jogi (elsősorban jogalkotási) következményeit megvilágítsa. Az élelmiszer-szuverenitás az 1990-esévek második felében mozgalmi keretekből nőtte ki magát, amelynek képviselői az egyre inkább globalizálódó élelmiszer-ellátási láncok ellenlábasaként határozták meg önmagukat. A cikkben, miután bemutatom az élelmiszer-szuverenitás paradigmájának legfőbb elemeit, két fő témakört bontok ki. Egyrészt azt, hogy mit jelent(het) a szuverenitás az élelmiszer-szuverenitásban, ki egyáltalán a szuverén; másrészt pedig azt, hogy a paradigma támogatóinak milyen elképzelései és kívánalmai vannak a jól és megfelelően működő mezőgazdaságról és élelmiszerrendszerről. Ezt követi annak vizsgálata a magyar jogrendszer példáján keresztül, hogy milyen jogi következmények fakadnak abból, ha az agrárpolitikai döntéshozók a paradigma elvein alapulva kívánják felépíteni az agráriumra vonatkozó jogi szabályozást. Mivel a magyar jognak szükségszerűen az uniós jog adta keretek között kell operálnia, azt is fontos feltárni, hogy milyen tagállami mozgástér adott a paradigma egy-egy elemének nemzeti megvalósítására. Végezetül, további javaslatokat fogalmazok meg, amelyek előrelendíthetik az élelmiszer-szuverenitás érvényesülését hazai viszonylatban.

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