object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(1764) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2017-12-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-12 11:35:40" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(1647) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(121) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "7–33" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1814) "

Prior studies underline the limited scope of research that has been published in regard to the attitudes of the people towards people with disabilities at a work place and the core of this problem has been investigated through the literature review. The purpose of this article is to draw attention towards the in-depth research in the different dimensions of a phenomenon called “attitude”, with special emphasis on the relationship between employers and employees with no disabilities and the impact of behavioural attitude on the personal and professional integration of people with disabilities in the labour market. To have an in-depth overview of the attitudes of employers and peers towards employees with disabilities, it is also important to have an understanding of this concept from previous researches (both qualitative and quantitative). An electronic and hand search method was adopted to compile journals, books and online material. After reviewing extensive literature, the qualitative findings are discussed from two different standpoints in context of the employability of people with disabilities in the world of work: firstly, influence from personal and social experiences (external influences) and later, influence of the multi-dimensional working environment (internal influences). One of the limitations faced by the authors during this study was the dearth of published articles of recent years in context of the relationship between disability and human resource practices. The findings of this qualitative literature review will be used to develop an instrument to conduct a quantitative study in order to help understand the conceptual impact of attitudes of people with no disabilities and improve the professional inclusion of people with disabilities in the world of work.

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A fogyatékkal élők felé mutatott munkahelyi magatartást, hozzáállást igen kevés tudományos kutatás vizsgálta-vizsgálja, a témát elsősorban szakirodalmi feldolgozások formájában ismerheti meg a nyilvánosság. Cikkünk elsődleges célja az volt, hogy mélyebb részletekre is kiterjedő kutatás keretében is bemutassuk, mit is jelent, milyen rejtett dimenziókkal rendelkezik az „attitűd”, azaz hozzáállás kifejezés. Vizsgálatunk során különös hangsúlyt fektettünk a nem fogyatékkal élő munkáltatók és alkalmazottak, valamint a fogyatékkal élő munkatársaik kapcsolatára, továbbá a fogyatékkal élők személyes és szakmai megítélésére, a munka világába történő bevezetésükre, munkaerőpiaci integrációjukra. Ahhoz, hogy a munkáltatók és a munkatársak fogyatékkal élő személyek iránti hozzáállását mélyebben is megismerhessük, nagyon fontos a korábban elvégzett kvalitatív és kvantitatív kutatások eredményeinek ismerete, részletes áttekintése. Az irodalomfeldolgozás során számos, a témához kapcsolódó és a témát elemző folyóiratot, könyvet és online publikációt tekintettünk át, amelynek során két fő vizsgálati szempontot választottunk ki. Az első szempont a fogyatékkal élők munkalehetőségeinek értékelésére fókuszál, személyes és társadalmi tapasztalatok alapján (külső befolyásoló tényezők), míg a második szempontból a belső befolyásoló hatásokat, azaz a munkahelyi környezet különféle dimenzióit vizsgáljuk. A kutatás korlátai közül ki kell emelni azt a tényt, hogy a fogyatékkal élők munkaerőpiaci helyzetét vizsgáló szakirodalmi források köre igencsak szűkös. Ezt a helyzetet szeretnénk javítani a jelen tanulmányunkban közreadott összegző irodalmi forráselemzés segítségével, amely a további kvantitatív kutatások megalapozását szolgálja. A tervezett kvantitatív kutatás segítségével jobban megérthetjük a nem fogyatékkal élők hozzáállását, amely a fogyatékkal élők kedvezőbb társadalmi és munkaerőpiaci inklúzióját, befogadását segítheti elő.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(140) "“The Only Disability in Life is a Bad Attitude”: A Literature Review on Hindrances in the Professional Front of People with Disabilities" ["hu_HU"]=> string(148) "„A legfőbb fogyatékosság a rossz hozzáállás” – Irodalmi áttekintés a fogyatékkal élők szakmai téren tapasztalható problémáiról" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#761 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1894) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1764) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Sharma" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Sharma" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Ambuj" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Ambuj" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#739 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1895) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1764) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Dunay" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Dunay" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Anna" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Anna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(19) "rossz hozzáállás" [1]=> string(8) "akadály" [2]=> string(19) "fogyatékkal élők" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(12) "Bad Attitude" [1]=> string(10) "Hindrances" [2]=> string(24) "People with Disabilities" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5981) ["id"]=> int(981) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1764) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }
PDF (English)
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After 2010, the Hungarian decentralized education system has become centralized. The state has understood and accurately defined its role and responsibility in maintaining a good-qualified educational system. The main purpose of the centralized system was to ensure equal opportunities and conditions in every school, regardless of whether the school is in a poor or rich settlement. Furthermore, it is not incidental that the education and social areas have become part of a large ministry of human resources, as Secretary of State authorities. My question is that while governmental roles and responsibilities in the field of education have become clear and distinct, while structural changes have been made with significant administrative tools of centralization, has the cooperation in education and social sector been improved? My other question is that whether State secretariats within the EMMI (Ministry of Human Capacities) and their coordinating and control bodies that govern the education and social sectors have found or are seeking ways and methods that mutually help each other in their interventions, goals and programs? This paper seeks answers to these questions by briefly analysing and presenting concrete educational and social programs.

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2010 után a magyar decentralizált oktatási rendszer centralizálttá vált. Az állam újrafogalmazta szerepét és felelősségét egy minőségi oktatási rendszer fenntartásában és működtetésében. A központosított rendszer kialakításának fő célja az volt, hogy minden iskolában egyenlő esélyeket és feltételeket biztosítson, függetlenül attól, hogy az iskola szegény vagy gazdag településen van-e. Nem véletlen, hogy az oktatási és szociális területek irányítása államtitkársági szervezetként vált egy nagy humánerőforrás-minisztérium részévé. Kérdésem az, hogy miközben a kormányzati szerepek és felelősségek az oktatás területén világossá és egyértelművé váltak, miközben strukturális változások történtek a centralizáció adminisztratív eszközeivel, vajon öszszességében javult-e az oktatás és a szociális szektor együttműködése? Másik kérdésem az, hogy az EMMI-ben(Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma), valamint az oktatási és szociális szektorokat irányító koordinációs és ellenőrző szervezeteken belül, a kormányzat fejleszti-e azokat az eszközöket, amelyek eredményesebbé tehetik a szociálpolitikai és oktatáspolitikai beavatkozásokat? A tanulmány konkrét oktatási és szociális programok rövid elemzésével és bemutatásával igyekszik választ adni ezekre a kérdésekre.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(94) "The Current Issues of Sectoral Co-operation in Overcoming Social and Educational Disadvantages" ["hu_HU"]=> string(100) "Az ágazati összefogás aktuális kérdései a szociális és oktatási hátrányok leküzdésében" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2025) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1798) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Bauer" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Bauer" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Lilla" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Lilla" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(21) "ágazati összefogás" [1]=> string(22) "szociális hátrányok" [2]=> string(21) "oktatási hátrányok" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(21) "Sectoral Co-operation" [1]=> string(20) "Social Disadvantages" [2]=> string(25) "Educational Disadvantages" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#789 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(6106) ["id"]=> int(1045) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1798) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }
PDF
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This paper aims to give an introduction to the topic of gender equality, starting with lightning the interdisciplinary of the topic of gender equality, continuing with the argument what is the correlation between the women’s equality and the science of law. The paper can not be complete without framing the legal background of women’s equality, and one has to consider that Hungarian legislation also can not be evaluated apart from the legal provisions of the European Union. The last chapters of the paper ont he one hand map the gap between legal theory and law practice, and ont he other hand mention the most significant activity of the civil sector. Lastly, the study evaluates elements of recent research results from the European-level EWSDGE (European Women Shareholders Demand Gender Equality) project.

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Jelen tanulmány célja elsősorban bevezetést nyújtani a női egyenlőség témájába, megvilágítva annak interdiszciplináris jellegét, folytatásként emellett meghatározva a női egyenlőség és a jogtudomány összefüggéseit. A cikk nem lehet teljes a női jogegyenlőség jogi szabályozásának keretezése nélkül, és a magyar szabályozás pedig természetesen nem lehet értékelés tárgya az Európai Unió jogi rendelkezéseinek számbavétele nélkül. Az utolsó fejezet egyrészt az elvi jogi tételekben megfogalmazottak és a joggyakorlat közötti szakadékra fókuszál, míg másrészt megemlíti a civil szektor legfontosabb tevékenységeit ebben a körben. Végezetül a tanulmány közread szemelvényeket az utóbbi évek európai szintű kutatásaiból, egy csokorra való adattal a EWSDGE (European Women Shareholders Demand Gender Equality) projekt kutatási eredményeiből.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(89) "Gender Balance in Economic Decision-making – Legal Backgrounds in Europe and in Hungary" ["hu_HU"]=> string(99) "Női egyenlőség a gazdasági döntéshozatalban – jogi háttér Európában és Magyarországon" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2029) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1858) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Borbás" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Borbás" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Beatrix" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Beatrix" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(17) "Női egyenlőség" [1]=> string(7) "Európa" [2]=> string(13) "Magyarország" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(14) "Gender Balance" [1]=> string(6) "Europe" [2]=> string(7) "Hungary" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#740 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(6112) ["id"]=> int(1048) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1858) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }
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The Hungarian ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (hereinafter: CRPD) dates back to 2007. The aim of this study is to examine how far the implementation of the legal requirements and the political message of the CRPD have come over the past decade, with a special focus on a specific key article of the convention (Article 19 “Living independently and being included in the community”). In this article, as the first part of the study, the structure and the internal cohesion system of the CRPD is described, the correct understanding of which is an essential precondition of the proper interpretation and implementation of each article. In the second part, the author gives a detailed analysis of the indicators of the implementation of Article 19. In this part, general aspects of the implementation of the CRPD are identified as follows. The convention is not only a legal instrument but a political agenda as well, targeting at the worldwide implementation of the social model of disability, replacing the traditional medical model, however, preserving some aspects of this latter. Understanding and considering the values of these models is necessary to understand the introductory (horizontally applicable) chapters of the CRPD. As the CRPD also emphasises, attention should be taken to the fact that the group of persons with disabilities is heterogeneous, so disability-related law and policies should also be diverse respectively. In the course of enforcement of human rights specified in the CRPD, it is necessary to recognise the internal linkages between the specific rights and the situations in which the enforcement of specific rights conflicts with the enforcement of other rights. In these situations decision-makers should keep the basic values of the CRPD (protection of human dignity and improving the quality of life of persons with disabilities) in mind, which can determine the guidelines of the proper implementation.

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Magyarország 2007-benratifikálta az ENSZ Fogyatékossággal Élő Személyek Jogairól szóló Egyezményét (a továbbiakban: CRPD). E tanulmány célja annak vizsgálata, hogyan haladt előre az elmúlt évtizedben hazánkban a CRPD jogi követelményrendszerének átültetése és politikai üzenetének átvétele, különös tekintettel az egyezmény egyik kulcsjelentőségű cikkére (19. cikk „Önálló életvitelhez és a közösségbe való befogadáshoz való jog”). E cikk – mint a tanulmány első része – a CRPD struktúráját, belső összefüggésrendszerét mutatja be, amelynek megértése nélkülözhetetlen előfeltétele az egyes cikkek megfelelő értelmezésének, átültetésének. A második részben pedig a szerző részletesen elemzi a 19. cikk átültetésének indikátorait. Jelen rész tehát a CRPD átültetésének alábbi, általános szempontjaira fókuszál. Az egyezmény nem csupán jogi norma, hanem politikai dokumentum is, amely a fogyatékosság ún. társadalmi modelljének világszerte történő érvényre juttatását tűzi ki célul a hagyományos, ún. orvosi modell felváltásával (ugyanakkor fenntartva ez utóbbi modell néhány elemét). E modellek megértése és értékeinek tudatosítása elengedhetetlen a CRPD bevezető – horizontálisan alkalmazandó – rendelkezéseinek átültetéséhez. Ahogy a CRPD is hangsúlyozza, a fogyatékos személyek köre igen heterogén, s az ebből fakadó sokszínűségre a fogyatékossággal kapcsolatos jogszabályok és szakpolitikák kialakítása során is tekintettel kell lenni.  A CRPD-benfoglalt emberi jogok érvényre juttatása során észre kell venni az egyes jogok közötti kölcsönhatásokat és azok esetleges összeütközéseit is. Az utóbbi esetben a döntéshozóknak a CRPD alapvető értékeit (emberi méltóság védelme, a fogyatékos személyek életminőségének javítása) kell szem előtt tartania a megfelelő végrehajtás érdekében.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the control of party financing control, the special relationship between the parties to the public authorities and the role of the State Audit Office (SAO) audits and their general experience and the role of laws in renewing.

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Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy képet adjon a pártok finanszírozása ellenőrzésének szabályozásáról, a pártok közhatalomhoz való különleges viszonyáról és az Állami Számvevőszék (ÁSZ) által végzett ellenőrzések és azok általános tapasztalatairól, valamint a törvények megújításában betöltött szerepéről.

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object(Publication)#793 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(1947) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2017-12-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-11 10:50:30" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(1828) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(121) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "119–145" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1249) "

Classical Athens as a historical case study of democracy offers insight into the practices how a democracy could protect its regime and constitutional order. In order to envisage the way the Greek democracy exercised this protection, the paper focuses on the ideas and practices with which the Athenians tried to halt the erosion of democratic order and protect themselves from unbalanced power relations, that is, from the situation when someone gains supremacy over the others and changes the complete character of the political order. However, it was not just an egalitarian democratic order which gave actual power into the hands of citizens, but a regime which did not know the modern idea of separation of powers. Thus, the paper’s main concern is the classical repertoire of those practices which helped to control excessive power, and to maintain democratic order under the circumstances of egalitarian power shares and majority rule. This problematization may be embedded into the current theoretical discourses on the various crises of democracy (sometimes in the form of ‘populism’ as a phenomenon), and may be understood as an empirical case study offering theoretical starting points for contemporary theories of democracy.

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A tanulmányban áttekintem, hogy az ókori athéni demokráciának, mint egy ténylegesen létezett, noha a moderntől eltérő demokratikus rendszernek milyen eszközei voltak a demokratikus rend, illetve az ebben az értelemben vett alkotmány védelmére. Elsősorban a politikai aspektusokra fókuszálok, vagyis azokra az eszközökre és eszmékre, amelyekkel kontrollálni próbálták az aktív polgárok/politikusok túlhatalmát, valamint megakadályozták a demokratikus rend felbomlását. Továbbá azt igyekszem megmutatni, hogyan működött egy olyan – demokratikus – politikai rendszer, amely a hatalmat ténylegesen elosztotta a politikai aktorok, a polgárok között, és ahol viszonylag gyenge volt, illetve nem értelmezhető a modern értelemben vett hatalommegosztás. Az alapkérdés tehát egy egalitárius módon szétosztott hatalom és többségi elven működő demokrácia önvédelmi, demokráciavédelmi, végső soron alkotmányvédelmi rendszere; úgy értelmezve Athént mint történeti empirikus esetet, az eszközöket pedig mint egy repertoár részeit. A problémafelvetés érdekességét az adja, hogy a kortárs politikaelméleti diskurzusban az utóbbi években különösen figyelemre méltóan tematizálódik a demokrácia válsága (néha önmagában, néha a ’populizmus’ égisze alatt), és erre a problémára az egyik teoretikus válasz egy olyan – ténylegesen létezett – demokrácia praxisa és eszméi felől jöhet, amely a liberális demokráciák időszaka előtt létezett.

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The research in this study and the issues related to the new types of security challenges examine the private security sector in terms of individual areas of expertise and outline effective responses to the question of the problem of irregular migration in Europe, the security risk of the spread of radical Islamic terrorism, as well as the problem of terrorism perpetrated by asymmetric methods in Europe. The study primarily examines these issues with tools of weapons management, supplemented by the possibility of extending the right to arms in the special areas of the private security sector. 

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Jelen tanulmányban szereplő kutatás a magánbiztonsági szektor egyes szakterületei szempontjából vizsgál olyan új típusú biztonsági kihívásokra jellemző kérdéseket és vázol fel hatékony válaszokat, mint az irreguláris migráció problémájának kérdésköre Európában, a radikális iszlám terrorizmus térnyerésének biztonsági kockázatai, valamint az aszimmetrikus módszerekkel elkövetett terrorcselekmények problémája Európában. A tanulmány a vizsgált kérdésköröket elsősorban a fegyverigazgatás eszközrendszerével vizsgálja, kiegészítve a lőfegyvertartási jog kiterjesztésének a lehetőségével a magánbiztonsági szektor speciális szakterületeinek vonatkozásában.

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A Kúria gyakorlatából

Berkes Bálint
177–186.
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Between 1 October and 1 December 2017, the adjudicating and non-litigious panels of the Curia of Hungary examined the implementation of the following issues on fundamental rights: equality before the law and prohibition of discrimination [Article XV, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a case concerning the freedom to provide services within the European Union and the activity of operating games of chance and gambling machines; children’s right to the protection and care necessary for their proper physical, intellectual and moral development [Article XVI, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a legal dispute regarding the compulsory preventive vaccination of a child and in a case touching upon a parent’s request for the reduction of child maintenance payments; and the right to seek remedy [Article XXVIII, paragraph (7) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a dispute in which the Curia of Hungary was obliged to reopen its proceedings as a result of a successful constitutional complaint.

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Between 1 October and 1 December 2017, the adjudicating and non-litigious panels of the Curia of Hungary examined the implementation of the following issues on fundamental rights: equality before the law and prohibition of discrimination [Article XV, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a case concerning the freedom to provide services within the European Union and the activity of operating games of chance and gambling machines; children’s right to the protection and care necessary for their proper physical, intellectual and moral development [Article XVI, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a legal dispute regarding the compulsory preventive vaccination of a child and in a case touching upon a parent’s request for the reduction of child maintenance payments; and the right to seek remedy [Article XXVIII, paragraph (7) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary] in a dispute in which the Curia of Hungary was obliged to reopen its proceedings as a result of a successful constitutional complaint.

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In the period between 1 June and 31 December 2017 the European Court of Human Rights adopted a number of decisions with relevance to many actual or potential Hungarian applicants. It reviewed the system of legal remedies introduced as a response to the Court’s pilot judgment concerning inhuman or degrading prison conditions, and accepted it as an avenue to be exhausted. The Grand Chamber adopted its judgment concerning the prohibition on the simultaneous disbursement of salaries and pensions in the public sector; as well as another one concerning the Hungarian courts’ refusal to deal with a pecuniary claim stemming from ecclesiastical law. The Court further adopted a decision in respect of applications taking issue with a pack of legislation on foreign-currency-based consumer loan agreements. It also heard a complaint concerning segregation of Roma pupils in a school maintained by the Greek Catholic Church and examined the role of public interest litigation in such cases. Moreover, it adjudicated cases concerning the overhaul of disability benefits, ill-treatment in police proceedings, freedom of assembly and fair trial. The subject matters of reviewed cases concerning other countries included the applicability of Article 5 § 4 to a period when the applicant had not been in detention; the right to informational self-determination under Article 8; the limits on employers’ right to monitor employees’ communications including e-mail exchanges; the application of Article 18 concerning the limitation on the use of restrictions on rights guaranteed by the Convention; the respective roles of the Court and the Committee of Ministers concerning the nonexecution of a pilot judgment by the respondent State; domestic remedies to be exhausted following the attempted coup in Turkey in 2016; the interpretation of “relevant new information” under Article 35 § 2 (b) and the possibility of invoking a change in the Court’s case-law as such; and the applicability of the right to free elections in case of secession referenda.

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In the period between 1 June and 31 December 2017 the European Court of Human Rights adopted a number of decisions with relevance to many actual or potential Hungarian applicants. It reviewed the system of legal remedies introduced as a response to the Court’s pilot judgment concerning inhuman or degrading prison conditions, and accepted it as an avenue to be exhausted. The Grand Chamber adopted its judgment concerning the prohibition on the simultaneous disbursement of salaries and pensions in the public sector; as well as another one concerning the Hungarian courts’ refusal to deal with a pecuniary claim stemming from ecclesiastical law. The Court further adopted a decision in respect of applications taking issue with a pack of legislation on foreign-currency-based consumer loan agreements. It also heard a complaint concerning segregation of Roma pupils in a school maintained by the Greek Catholic Church and examined the role of public interest litigation in such cases. Moreover, it adjudicated cases concerning the overhaul of disability benefits, ill-treatment in police proceedings, freedom of assembly and fair trial. The subject matters of reviewed cases concerning other countries included the applicability of Article 5 § 4 to a period when the applicant had not been in detention; the right to informational self-determination under Article 8; the limits on employers’ right to monitor employees’ communications including e-mail exchanges; the application of Article 18 concerning the limitation on the use of restrictions on rights guaranteed by the Convention; the respective roles of the Court and the Committee of Ministers concerning the nonexecution of a pilot judgment by the respondent State; domestic remedies to be exhausted following the attempted coup in Turkey in 2016; the interpretation of “relevant new information” under Article 35 § 2 (b) and the possibility of invoking a change in the Court’s case-law as such; and the applicability of the right to free elections in case of secession referenda.

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The Constitutional Court (CC) made 76 decisions between 1 September and 31 October. From these 76 decisions, 20 examined the petitions on the merits. In 5 cases the CC found legal provisions or ordinary court’s decisions unconstitutional. The CC made 2 decisions in posterior norm control, 9 in judicial initiatives for norm control in concrete cases, and 64 in constitutional complaints. Most of the constitutional complaints submitted to the CC (49 cases) were against judicial decisions. In this time period the CC ruled on petitions concerning the Act on social security pension benefits and many other legal provisions on agricultural and forestry land turnover, on the National Land Fund and on Natura 2000 sites. In Decision 21/2017. (IX. 11.) AB, the CC ruled on a judicial initiative for norm control and found provisions of a government decree unconstitutional, because they were contrary to the Act on social security pension benefits. The government decree was a lower level legal norm compared to the Act on social security pension benefits and granted a lower old-age pension than the Act. In Decision 24/2017. (X. 10.) AB the CC reviewed the Act CXXII of 2013 on agricultural and forestry land turnover and found some of its provisions unconstitutional for violating the right to succession (Fundamental Law Article XIII para 1). In this Decision the CC also declared an omission on the part of the law-maker that resulted in violating the Fundamental Law because the essential content of the legal regulation that can be derived from the Fundamental Law was incomplete. The CC declared omissions that resulted in violating the Fundamental Law in two more cases. In Decision 27/2017. (X. 25.) AB the CC stated that the regulation of the National Land Fund lacked the guarantees of keeping the Fund’s assets safe. In Decision 28/2017. (X. 25.) AB the CC pointed out that the rules of selling Natura 2000 sites could not provide adequate level of protection for the natural resources. In another case, the CC reviewed other aspects of the Act on social security pension benefits. According to the Act, the pension of public servants and government officials should be suspended if they continue to work after reaching the retirement age. The CC found these provisions to be in accordance with the right to property and the right to non-discrimination, thus rejected the petitions.

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The Constitutional Court (CC) made 76 decisions between 1 September and 31 October. From these 76 decisions, 20 examined the petitions on the merits. In 5 cases the CC found legal provisions or ordinary court’s decisions unconstitutional. The CC made 2 decisions in posterior norm control, 9 in judicial initiatives for norm control in concrete cases, and 64 in constitutional complaints. Most of the constitutional complaints submitted to the CC (49 cases) were against judicial decisions. In this time period the CC ruled on petitions concerning the Act on social security pension benefits and many other legal provisions on agricultural and forestry land turnover, on the National Land Fund and on Natura 2000 sites. In Decision 21/2017. (IX. 11.) AB, the CC ruled on a judicial initiative for norm control and found provisions of a government decree unconstitutional, because they were contrary to the Act on social security pension benefits. The government decree was a lower level legal norm compared to the Act on social security pension benefits and granted a lower old-age pension than the Act. In Decision 24/2017. (X. 10.) AB the CC reviewed the Act CXXII of 2013 on agricultural and forestry land turnover and found some of its provisions unconstitutional for violating the right to succession (Fundamental Law Article XIII para 1). In this Decision the CC also declared an omission on the part of the law-maker that resulted in violating the Fundamental Law because the essential content of the legal regulation that can be derived from the Fundamental Law was incomplete. The CC declared omissions that resulted in violating the Fundamental Law in two more cases. In Decision 27/2017. (X. 25.) AB the CC stated that the regulation of the National Land Fund lacked the guarantees of keeping the Fund’s assets safe. In Decision 28/2017. (X. 25.) AB the CC pointed out that the rules of selling Natura 2000 sites could not provide adequate level of protection for the natural resources. In another case, the CC reviewed other aspects of the Act on social security pension benefits. According to the Act, the pension of public servants and government officials should be suspended if they continue to work after reaching the retirement age. The CC found these provisions to be in accordance with the right to property and the right to non-discrimination, thus rejected the petitions.

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