Milyen módon és mértékben kezelik a biztonsági stratégiák a korrupció kérdését?
A korrupció és a biztonság összefüggéseinek vizsgálata az amerikai és a brit biztonsági stratégiák alapján
Copyright (c) 2024 dr. Szabóné dr. Gál Marianna
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Absztrakt
A cikk a korrupció és a biztonság összefüggéseit vizsgálja. Válaszokat keres arra a kérdésre, hogy miért jelent fenyegetést a korrupció egy nemzet vagy a nemzetközi közösség biztonságára. Áttekinti a legújabb tudományos eredményeket, így a korrupció legújabb megnyilvánulási formáit, kitér a stratégiai korrupció napjainkban alkalmazott formáira. Górcső alá veszi az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és az Egyesült Királyság biztonsági stratégiáját abból a szempontból, hogy figyelembe veszi-e a korrupciót mint biztonsági tényezőt, és tartalmaz-e korrupció elleni célkitűzéseket. Megtudhatjuk, hogy elszigetelten kezeli-e a két állam biztonsági stratégiája és antikorrupciós stratégiája a jelenséget, vagy érzékelhető-e a stratégiai területek összhangja.
Kulcsszavak:
Hivatkozások
BAEZ CAMARGO, Claudia – KASSA, Saba (2024): How (Strategic) Corruption Fuels Insecurity by Affecting Power. Online: https://baselgovernance.org/blog/how-strategic-corruption-fuels-insecurity-affecting-power
BÁGER, Gusztáv (2011): Corruption Risk in Public Administration. Public Finance Quarterly, 56(1), 44–57.
BERDAL, Mats – ZAUM, Dominik szerk. (2013): Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power after Peace. New York: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203101308
BOUCHER, A. et al. (2007): Mapping and Fighting Corruption in War-Torn States. Report from the Project on Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Settings Future of Peace Operations. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center. Online: https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/Mapping_and_Fighting_Corruption_in_War-Torn_States_1.pdf
BUZAN, Barry (1944): New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century. International Affairs, 67(3), 431–51. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945
CARR, Edward Hallett (1946): The Twenty Years Crisis. London: Harper Perennial.
CEIP (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) (2014): Corruption. The Unrecognized Threat to International Security. Washington, DC: CEIP.
COCKAYNE, James –, LUPEL Adam. (2011): Peace Operations and Organized Crime. Enemies or Allies? New York: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203804735
COCKAYNE, James (2016): Hidden Power: The Strategic Logic of Organized Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.
DASSAH, Maurice (2018): Theoretical Analysis of State Capture and Its Manifestation as Governance Problem in South Africa. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 14 (1): 1–10. DEL CASTILLO, Graciana (2008): Rebuilding War-Torn States. The Challenges of Post-Conflict Economic Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.001.0001
DOYLE, Michael W. (1997): Ways of war and peace: Realism, liberalism, and socialism. New York: Norton.
DUNNE, Tim – SCHMIDT, C. Brian (2001): Realism. In J. BAYLIS, John – and SMITH, Steve.: Globalization of World Politics. Oxford University Press.
DZIEDZIC, Michael (2016): Criminalized Power Structures. The Overlooked Enemies of Peace. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Online: https://doi.org/10.5771/9781442266353
FELSON, Marcus (2006): Crime and Nature. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204260
GALTUNG, Fredrik – TISNÉ, Martin (2009): A New Approach to Postwar Reconstruction. Journal of Democracy, 20(4), 93–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0132
GARDINER, Stephen M (2006): A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption. Environmental Values, 15, 397–413. Online: https://doi.org/10.3197/096327106778226293
GAZDAG Ferenc – REMEK Éva (2018): A biztonsági tanulmányok alapjai. Budapest: Dialóg Campus.
GRAYCAR, Adam – SIDEBOTTOM, Aiden (2012): Corruption and Control: A Corruption Reduction Approach. Journal of Financial Crime, 19(4), 384–399. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/13590791211266377
GREEN, Penny – WARD, Tony (2004): State Crime. Governments, Violence and Corruption. London: Pluto Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs3bm
GOULD, D. J. (1991): Administrative Corruption: Incidence, Causes, and Remedial Strategies. In FARAZMAND, Ali (szerk.): Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. New York: Dekker, 467–480.
HADZHIEV, Boyan (2020): Enablers of Hybrid Warfare: The Bulgarian Case. Journal of International Studies, 13(1), 28–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-1/2
HEYWOOD, Paul Michael (1997): Political Corruption: Problems and Perspectives. Political Studies, 45(3), 417–435. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00089
HEYWOOD, Paul Michael – ROSE, Johnatan (2014): Close but No Cigar: The Measurement of Corruption. Journal of Public Policy, 34(3), 507–529. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X14000099
HOLMES, Leslie (2015): Corruption: A Very Short Introduction. [H. n.]: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689699.001.0001
HUBERTS, L. W. J. C. (1998): What Can Be Done Against Public Corruption and Fraud: Expert Views on Strategies to Protect Public Integrity. Crime, Law and Social Change, 29, 209–224. Online: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008348803253
HUSS, Oksana – POZSGAI-ALVAREZ, Joseph (2022): Strategic Corruption as a Threat to Security and the New Agenda for Anti-Corruption. Online: https://www.corruptionjusticeandlegitimacy.org/post/strategic-corruption-as-a-threat-to-security-and-the-new-agenda-for-anti-corruption
IFE&P (Institute for Economics & Peace) (2018): Positive Peace Report 2018. Online: https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Positive-Peace-Report-2018.pdf
JOHNSØN, Jesper (2016): Anti-corruption Strategies in Fragile States. Theory and Practice in Aid Agencies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719715
KURKI, Milja (2008): Causation in International Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491481
LAHIRY, Sujit (2020): The Changing Narrative of Security Discourse: From State Security to Human Security in South Asia? World Affairs, 183(2), 183–205. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0043820020921153
LAMBSDORFF, Johann (2007): The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Policy. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492617
LE BILLON, Philippe (2003): Buying Peace or Fuelling War: The Role of Corruption in Armed Conflicts. Journal of International Development, 15(4), 413–426. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.993
LE BILLON, Philippe (2005): Overcoming Corruption in the Wake of Conflict. In Global Corruption Report 2005. Berlin: Transparency International, 73–82.
LE BILLON, Philippe (2008) Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post Conflict Corruption. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 344–361. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310802058851
LEGVOLD, Robert (2009): Corruption, the Criminalized State, and Post-Soviet Transitions. In RORBERG, Robert (szerk.): Corruption, Global Security, and World Order. India: Pentagon Security International, 194–239.
MARTINI, Maíra (2014): Transparency International, State Caputre: An Overview. Online: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/State_capture_an_overview_2014.pdf
MAKARENKO, Tamara (2004): The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism. Global Crime, 6(1), 129–145. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1744057042000297025
MURRAY, Matthew H. – VINDMAN, Alexander – CRUZ BUSTILLOS, Dominic (2021): Assessing the Threat of Weaponized Corruption. Lawfare, 2021. július 7. Online: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/assessing-threat-weaponized-corruption
NAÍM, Moisés (2012): Mafia States. Organized Crime Takes Office. Foreign Affairs, 91(3), 100–111. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23217958
NYE, Joseph S. (1967): Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417–427. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254
O’DONNELL, Madalene (2006): Post-Conflict Corruption: A Rule of Law Agenda? In HURWITZ, Agnés – HUANG, Reyko (szerk.): Civil War and the Rule of Law. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 225–261. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685856663-012
OECD (2015): Consequences of Corruption at the Sector Level and Implications for Economic Growth and Development. Abingdon: OECD. Online: http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264230781-en
PERSSON, Anna – ROTHSTEIN, Bo – TEORELL, Jan (2013): Why Anticorruption Reforms Fail. Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action Problem. Governance, 26(3), 449–471. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01604.x
PETERS, Anne (2012): Conflict of Interest as a Cross-Cutting Problem of Governance. In PETERS, Anne – HANDSCHIN, Lukas (szerk.): Conflict of Interest in Global, Public and Corporate Governance. Cambridge University Press, 3 – 38. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139248945.003
RABALLAND, Gael – RECANATINI, Francesca (2023): Corruption in Fragile, Conflict and Violent Settings: False Dilemmas and Tnadequate toolbox? WorldBankBlogs, 2023. július 11. Online: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/governance/corruption-fragile-conflict-and-violent-settings-false-dilemmas-and-inadequate-toolbox
ROSE-ACKERMAN, Susan (1978): Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. New York: Academic. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-596350-3.50005-3
ROSE-ACKERMAN, Susan (1999): Corruption and Government, Causes, Consequences, and Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175098
ROSE-ACKERMAN, Susan (2004): Governance and Corruption. In LOMBORG, Bjorn (ed.): Global Crises, Global Solutions. New York: Cambridge University Press. 310–345. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492624.007
RUSCH, Jonathan (2021): The Biden Administration National Security Study Memorandum on Corruption: Implications for the UK. Faculty of Law Blogs, 2021. július 1. Online: https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2021/07/biden-administration-national-security-study-memorandum-corruption
SHELLEY, Louise (2005): The Unholy Trinity: Transnational Crime, Corruption and Terrorism. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(2), 101–111. Online: https://traccc.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/The-Unholy-Trinity-Transnational-Crime-Corruption-and-Terrorism.pdf
SKIDMORE, David (1999): Security: A New Framework for Analysis. American Political Science Association, 93(4), 1010–1011. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2586187
SOLTANI, Fakhreddin – YUSOFF, Mohammad Agus (2012): Concept of Security in the Theoretical Approaches. Research Journal of International Studies, 1, 7–17. Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261177640_Concept_of_Security_in_the_Theoretical_Approaches
SZABÓNÉ GÁL Marianna (2022): A Gazdasági Együttműködési és Fejlesztési Szervezet globális integritásfejlesztési törekvései. Közbeszerzési Értesítő Plusz, 4(11). Online: https://doi.org/10.37371/KEP.2022.8.2
VANNUCCI, Alberto (2015): Three Paradigms for the Analysis of Corruption. Labour & Law Issues, 1(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-2695/5468
VILLENEUVE, Jean-Patrick – MUGELLINI, Giulia – HEIDE, Marlen (2019): International Anti-Corruption Initiatives: a Classification of Policy Interventions. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26, 431–455. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-019-09410-w
WENDT, Alexander (1999): Social Theory of International Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
WOLFERS, Arnold (1952): National Security’ as an Ambiguous Symbol’. Political Science Quarterly, 67(4), 481–502. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2145138
ZAMUDIO-GONZÁLEZ, Laura (2020): International Intervention Instruments against Corruption in Central America. Governance, Development, and Social Inclusion in Latin America. Palgrave Pivot. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40878-7
ZAUM, Dominik – CHENG, Christine (2012): Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. Selling the Peace? London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203803783
ZELIKOW, Philip et al. (2020): The Rise of Strategic Corruption. Foreign Affairs, 99(4), 107–120. Online: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/rise-strategic-corruption-weaponize-graft
ZHANG, Yahong – VARGAS-HERNÁNDEZ, J. G. (2015): Introduction: Corruption and Government Anti-Corruption Strategies. In ZHANG, Yahong – LAVENA, Cecilia (szerk.): Government Anti-Corruption Strategies: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Abingdon: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.1201/b18560
Jogi források
- 2005. évi CXXXIV. törvény az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete Meridában, 2003. december 10-én kelt Korrupció elleni Egyezményének kihirdetéséről
Action Plan for Anti-money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Finance (2016). Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/action-plan-for-anti-money-laundering-and-counter-terrorist-finance
Basel Institute on Governance. Online: https://baselgovernance.org/
Cross Government Counter Fraud Functional Strategy 2024–2027. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-counter-fraud-functional-strategy-2024-2027/cross-government-counter-fraud-functional-strategy-2024-2027-html
First Annual Report 2016. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015
Independent Reporting Mechanism Action Plan Review: United Kingdom 2023–2025. Online: https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/United-Kingdom_Action-Plan-Review_2023-2025.pdf
Integrated Security for Germany, National Security Strategy 2022. Online: https://www.nationalesicherheitsstrategie.de/National-Security-Strategy-EN.pdf
National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015.
National Security Capability Review. Including the Second Annual Report on Implementation of the National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/705347/6.4391_CO_National-Security-Review_web.pdf
National Security Study Memoranda. Online: https://bit.ly/406y3ux
The White House (2021b): Memorandum on Establishing the Fight Against Corruption as a Core United States National Security Interest. Online: https://bit.ly/3PuNx6J
UK National Action Plan for Open Government 2024–2025. Online: https://bit.ly/4j7fCi2
United Kingdom Anti-corruption Strategy 2017–2022. Online:
United States Strategy on Countering Corruption 2021. Online:https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/United-States-Strategy-on-Countering-Corruption.pdf
U.S. Strategy on Countering Corruption Implementation Plan U.S. Department of State. Online: https://www.state.gov/implementing-the-u-s-strategy-on-countering-corruption/