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In the course of the analysis of current global trends in several scientific fields, it is of paramount importance to determine the direction of existing foreign relations,
especially in light of the currently observable geopolitical and security policy concerns. The role of the European Union in the world economy and geopolitics is decisive. Its
policies and applied measures have a significant influence on foreign relations. As already have been observed in events of previous years , in the priority areas of the current security environment – highlighting also the negative effects arising from the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict –, the Union has introduced several economic and defensive measures and sanctions that contribute to the public condemnation of countries representing opposing interests (currently most notably the Russian aggression). At the same time, the already existing complex economic processes contribute to the rise of economic dependence, as a result of which politically opposing interests often can be considered economically rational decisions. In addition, from a security policy perspective, the different degrees of exposure of the Member States to foreign relations also arise a growing concern.

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Az aktuális globális trendek elemzése során, amely tudományterületet érint, kiemelkedően fontos a fennálló külkapcsolatok és az azokra vonatkozó tendenciák irányának meghatározása, különösképpen a jelenlegi geopolitikai és biztonságpolitikai aggályok tükrében. Az Európai Unió világgazdaságban és geopolitikában betöltött szerepe meghatározó, szakpolitikái és alkalmazott intézkedései pedig jelentős befolyást gyakorolnak a külkapcsolatokra. Amint az már a korábbi évek eseményei során is megfigyelhető volt, a biztonsági környezet prioritásként kezelt kérdésköreiben – kiemelve a jelenlegi orosz–ukrán konfliktusból fakadó negatív hatásokat is – az alapvetően demokratikus értékeket valló Unió számos olyan gazdasági és védelmi intézkedést, szankciót vezetett be, amellyel hozzájárul az ellentétes érdekeket képviselő országok nyílt elítéléséhez (jelen esetben legélesebben az orosz agressziót). Ugyanakkor a komplex gazdasági folyamatok hozzájárulnak a gazdasági függőség kialakulásához, amelynek következtében éppen ellentétes érdekek jelenthetik a gazdasági tekintetben racionálisnak vélt döntéshozatalt. Ezenfelül biztonságpolitikai szempontból aggályként merülhet fel a tagállamok eltérő mértékű függősége a fenntartásokkal kezelt külkapcsolatoknak való kitettségből adódóan.

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The paper discusses the issue of economic maturity in the case of Ukraine. The country has joined the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program in 2008 and since then several economic issues and problems were revealed related to their accession. The aim of this paper is to analyze the economic integration maturity of Ukraine before the Maidan square revolution and since then. The paper suggests that the country was not fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria in 2014, and during the reign of the Poroshenko administration the situation only worsened. The paper forms the hypothesis that Ukraine does not fulfill all the economic criteria for EU accession in 2021 despite their political willingness. To prove this, the paper uses the methodology of economic integration maturity theory. Future prolongation of the work could be a research about the current possibilities of the Ukrainian government in the framework of Eastern Partnership.

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A cikk Ukrajna gazdasági érettségének alakulását tárgyalja. Az ország 2008-ban csatlakozott az Európai Unió Keleti Partnerség programjába, amelynek keretein belül az európai államok mélyebb betekintést nyerhettek az ukrán gazdaság helyzetébe. A cikk célja Ukrajna gazdasági érettségének elemzése az Euromajdan előtti és utáni állapotokat összehasonlítva a háború kitöréséig. A fő hipotézis szerint Ukrajna gazdasági fejlettsége nem felel meg az elvártaknak, annak ellenére sem, hogy komoly politikai szándék vezérli az ukrán vezetést, és elhivatottak az EU-csatlakozás ügyében, amely az utóbbi években kibontakozó reformok bevezetésében testesült meg. Az állítás bizonyításához kvalitatív elemzést, illetve adatelemzést használok fel a gazdasági integrációs érettség keretrendszerén belül. További kutatási területe a témának Ukrajna Keleti Partnerségen belül betöltött szerepe és gazdasági lehetőségeinek elemzése.

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object(Publication)#768 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(6636) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-01-19" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-01-23 12:55:24" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8180) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(6512) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4531) "290/2014. (XI. 26.) Korm. rendelet a kedvezményezett járások besorolásáról. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a1400290.kor Bristow, Gillian (2005): Everyone’s a ‘Winner’: Problematising the Discourse of Regional Competitiveness. Journal of Economic Geography, 5(3), 285–304. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbh063 Brzáková, Kristýna – Kraft, Jiří (2017): Economic Context of European Subsidies and Their Impact on Regional Economic Disparities on the Example of the Czech Republic. E + M, Ekonomie a Management, 20(2), 65–76. Online: https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2017-2-005 Cerqua, Augusto – Pellegrini, Guido (2018): Are We Spending Too Much to Grow? The Case of Structural Funds. Journal of Regional Science, 58(3), 535–563. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12365 Egységes szerkezetbe foglalt területi kohéziós útmutató (2009). Budapest: Nemzeti Fejlesztési és Gazdasági Minisztérium. European Commission (1999): ESDP – European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. European Commission (2006): Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion 2007–2013. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2006/community-strategic-guidelines-on-cohesion-2007-2013 European Commission (2022): Eighth Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/cohesion-report/ European Parliament (2009): The Treaty of Lisbon. Fact Sheets on the European Union. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/5/the-treaty-of-lisbon Gazdaságfejlesztési Operatív Program (GOP) (2007). Budapest: Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya. Online: https://www.palyazat.gov.hu/doc/355 Jeneiné Gerő Henriett Emese – Kincses Áron – Tóth Géza (2021): A hazai mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások térbeli jellegzetességei. Területi Statisztika, 61(6), 769–796. Online: https://doi.org/10.15196/TS610604 Kertész Krisztián (2021): Nemzetgazdasági és regionális konvergencia az Európai Unióban. Tagállamok és megyéik felzárkózása az Európai Unióban. Európai Tükör, 24(3), 33–58. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2021.3.2 Komlósi, Éva et al. (2015): Quality-Related Regional Differences in Entrepreneurship Based on the GEDI Methodology: The Case of Hungary. Acta Oeconomica, 65(3), 455–477. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/032.65.2015.3.6 Krugman, Paul (1994): Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(28). Michalewska-Pawlak, Małgorzata (2011): Rural Areas Development as a Field of Intervention of the European Union Cohesion Policy after 2013. Studies in Agricul¬tural Economics, (113), 161– 166. Online: https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.119652 Mikuš, Ornella – Kukoč, Marin – Jež Rogelj, Mateja (2019): The Coherence of Common Policies of the EU in Territorial Cohesion: A Never-Ending Discourse? A Review. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika), 65(3), 143–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.17221/229/2018-AGRICECON Porter, Michael E. et al. (2004): Competitiveness in Rural U.S. Regions: Learning and Research Agenda. Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335764_Competitiveness_in_Rural_US_Regions_Learning_and_Research_Agenda Sebestyén Tamás – Varga Attila (2016): A hálózati szerkezet és a hálózati csúcsok jellemzőit integráló hálózati mutató: az ENQ index. Területi Statisztika, 56(1), 4–29. Szerb László et al. (2013): The Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index – Measuring Regional Entrepreneurship. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Territorial Agenda 2030 (2020). Online: https://territorialagenda.eu:443/ Új Magyarország Fejlesztési Terv (UMFT) (2007). Budapest: Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya. Online: https://www.palyazat.gov.hu/doc/109# Varga, Attila et al. (2018): Estimating the Economic Impacts of Knowledge Network and Entrepreneurship Development in Smart Specialization Policy. Regional Studies, 54(1), 48–59. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1527026 Zsibok, Zsuzsanna (2018): Linking Macro and Regional Level Economic Forecasts: Alternative Regional Growth Paths in Hungary. Deturope – The Central European Journal of Regional Development and Tourism, 10(3), 120–142. Online: https://doi.org/10.32725/det.2018.027" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(532) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "45-60" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32559/et.2022.3-4.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1235) "

In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, accession to the European Union has made significant development resources available from the Structural Funds. The bulk of these development funds has gone directly to support small and medium-sized enterprises. The present research addresses the question of whether the territorial allocation of SME support has been driven rather competitiveness than convergence. Are there more successful regions in the country in this area? The research examines the spatial distribution of non-reimbursable aid to SMEs in the six Hungarian convergence regions of the 2007–2013 planning period at the microregional level. The author examines the application activity of the microregion’s enterprises according to the indicators of the economic development of the microregion. The research uses several statistical methods to find the correlations between the development of a microregion and the application absorption of SMEs in that region. The research results highlight the microregions where the activity of SMEs exceeded the level of the surrounding microregions, or where the entrepreneurs of a region were less successful in using the opportunities provided by development funds.

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Közép- és Kelet-Európa országai számára az Európai Unióhoz való csatlakozással jelentős fejlesztési forrás vált elérhetővé a strukturális alapokból. A fejlesztési források meghatározó része közvetlenül a kis- és középvállalkozások támogatására irányult. Jelen vizsgálat azt a kérdést járja körül, hogy a kkv-támogatások területi elosztásában inkább a versenyképesség vagy a felzárkózás, a konvergencia szempontjai érvényesültek-e. Találhatók-e ezen a területen sikeresebb térségek az országban? A kutatás a 2007–2013 közötti tervezési időszakban a kis- és középvállalkozásoknak nyújtott vissza nem térítendő támogatások területi eloszlását vizsgálja járási szinten, az akkori hat magyarországi konvergenciarégió területén. A szerző a járások gazdasági fejlettségére vonatkozó indikátorok függvényében vizsgálja a térség vállalkozásainak pályázati aktivitását. A kutatás során több statisztikai módszert alkalmazva keresi az összefüggéseket egy térség fejlettsége és az ottani kkv-k pályázati abszorpciója között. A kutatás eredményeként kirajzolódnak azok a térségek, ahol a kkv-k aktivitása meghaladta a környező térségek szintjét, vagy egy járás vállalkozói éppen kevésbé sikeresen tudtak élni a fejlesztési források adta lehetőségekkel.

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Brussels Cornelissen, Rob (2018): Conflicting Rules of Conflict: Social Security And Labour Law. In Verschueren, Herwig (szerk.): Residence, Employment and Social Rights of Mobile Persons On How EU Law Defines Where They Belong. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 255–284. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780687292.013 Cremers, Jan (2021): Mapping the Rules on Posting and Short Term Migration of Third Country Nationals: The Legal Framework and Practice in the Netherlands. Brussels: ETUI. Eichenhofer, Eberhard (2009): Application of the Coordination Regulation in the Context of Decentralization and Regionalization in Matters of Social Security. In Jorens, Yves (szerk.): 50 Years of Social Security Coordination. Past – Present – Future. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 72–90. Fuchs, Maximilian (2017): Distacco dei lavoratori, Unione Europea e ordinamenti nazionali. Recent Developments and Proposed Changes in the Area of Posting. Faculty of Law at the University of Zagreb. (Updated version of two papers given in October 2017 at the above international workshop Università degli Studi di Napoli and at a FreSsco seminar.) Gellérné Lukács Éva (2008): Személyek szabad mozgása az Európai Unióban. Budapest: Tullius. Gellérné Lukács, Éva (2018): European Labour Authority: The Guardian of Posting within the EU? Magyar Munkajog/Hungarian Labour Law, 5(1), 1–21. Gellérné Lukács Éva – Kovács Réka (2019): Szociális biztonsági koordináció és munkaerőmozgás – az Alpenrind-eset és az Osztrák Legfelsőbb Közigazgatási Bíróság ítélete. Európai Tükör, 22(3), 79–91. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2019.3.6 Grimm, Dieter (2015): The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization: The European Case. European Law Journal, 21(4), 460–473. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12139 Hungler Sára et al. (2020): Az Európai unió szociális és munkajoga. Budapest: ELTE Eötvös. Kártyás Gábor (2020): Kiküldött munkavállalók a magyar és az uniós jogban. Budapest: Pázmány Press. Kártyás, Gábor (2022): Posted Workers and the Coordination of Social Security Systems. Hungarian Labour Law E-Journal, (1), 51–67. Mei, Anne Pieter van der (2013): India-EU Migration: The Social Security Rights of Indian Nationals Moving to and within the European Union. CARIM-India Research Report, 24. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2361463 Meline, Pauline (2019): The External Dimension of EU Social Security Coordination – Towards a Common EU Approach. Leiden–Boston: Brill–Nijhoff. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004415331 Mussche, Ninke – Lens, Dries (2019): The ECJ’s Construction of an EU Mobility Regime-Judicialization and the Posting of Third-country Nationals. JCMS, 57(6), 1247–1261. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12891 Pacolet, Jozef – Wispelaere, Frederic De (2014): Posting of Workers Report on A1 Portable Documents Issued in 2012 and 2013. Brussels: European Commission. Picard, Séverine – Pochet Philippe (2018): The Posting of Workers Saga: A Potted Version of the Challenges Engulfing Social Europe. ETUI Policy Brief, 6. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211853 Rennuy, Nicolas (2020): Posting of Workers: Enforcement, Compliance, and Reform. European Journal Of Social Security, 22(2), 212–234. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1388262720931658 Strban, Grega (2018): Member States’ Approaches To Bilateral Social Security Agreements. European Journal Of Social Security, 20(2), 129–147. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1388262718771789 Verschueren, Herwig (2016): Employment and Social Security Rights of Third- Country Labour Migrants under EU Law: An Incomplete Patchwork of Legal Protection. European Journal of Migration and Law, (18), 373–408. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342107 Verschueren, Herwig (2018): Employment and Social Security Rights of Third Country Nationals Under the EU Labour Migration Directives. European Journal of Social Security, 20(2), 100–115. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1388262718771792 Wispelaere, Frederic De – Pacolet, Jozef (2015): Posting of Workers. Report on A1 portable documents issued in 2014. Network Statistics FMW&SSC, European Commission. Wispelaere, Frederic De – Smedt, Lynn De – Pacolet, Jozef (2020) Posting of Workers: Report on A1 Portable Documents Issued in 2018. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. Jogi források és egyéb dokumentumok Az Európai Parlament És a Tanács 96/71/EK irányelve (1996. december 16.) a munkavállalók szolgáltatások nyújtása keretében történő kiküldetéséről 2018/957/EU irányelvvel módosított 5. cikke (HL L 18., 1997. 01. 18., 1–10.) A Tanács 1958. szeptember 25-i 3. rendelete a migráns munkavállalók szociális biztonságáról (JO 1958, 561.) és a végrehajtására elfogadott a Tanács 1958. december 3-i 4. sz. rendelete a migráns munkavállalók szociális biztonságáról szóló 3. sz. rendelet végrehajtási eljárásairól és kiegészítő rendelkezéseiről (OJ 1958, 30, 597.) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 883/2004/EK rendelete (2004. április 29.) a szociális biztonsági rendszerek koordinálásáról (a továbbiakban: Rendelet) (EGT és Svájc vonatkozású szöveg) (HL L 200., 2004. 06. 07., 1–86.) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 987/2009/EK rendelete (2009. szeptember 16.) a szociális biztonsági rendszerek koordinálásáról szóló 883/2004/EK rendelet végrehajtására vonatkozó eljárás megállapításáról (EGT és Svájc vonatkozású szöveg) (HL L 284., 2009. 10. 30., 1–42.) ECJ 35/70 Manpower-eset [ECLI:EU:C:1970:120] ítélete C 527/16. Altun-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2018:669], és a Vueling C-370/17. és C-37/18. sz. egyesített ügyek. [ECLI:EU:C:2020:260] ítéletei C-115/11. sz. Format-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2012:606] ítélete C-178/97. sz. Banks-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2000:169] ítélete C-2/05. sz. Herbosch Kiere eset [ECLI:EU:C:2006:69] ítélete C-2/05. sz. Rijksdienst-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2006:69] ítélete C-202/97. sz. Fitzwilliam-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2000:75] ítélete C-404/98. sz. Plum-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2000:607] ítélete C-527/16. sz. Alpenrind-eset [ECLI:EU:C:2018:669] ítélete C-611/10. és C-612/10. sz. Waldemar Hudzinski kontra Agentur für Arbeit Wesel- Familienkasse. és Jaroslaw Wawrzyniak kontra v Agentur für Arbeit Mönchengladbach [ECLI:EU:C:2012:339] egyesített ügyek ítélete C-620/15. sz. A-Rosa Flussschiff eset [ECLI:EU:C:2017:309] ítélete C-620/2018 Magyarország v. Európai Parlament és Tanács eset [ECLI:EU:C:2020:1001] ítélete C-64/12 Scheckler-ügy [ECLI:EU:C:2013:551] ítélete Document of Council of the European Union: ST 7698/19 (Brussels, 22 March 2019). Interinstitutional File: 2016/0397(COD) on Proposal for a Regulation Of The European Parliament and of The Council Amending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the Coordination of Social Security Systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 Laying Down the Procedure for Implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 (Text with Relevance for the EEA and Switzerland). Analysis of the Final Compromise Text With a View to Agreement Document of the Council of the European Union ST15068/21 Interinstitutional File: 2016/0397(COD) on Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the Coordination of Social Security Systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 Laying Down the Procedure for Implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 (Text with Relevance for the EEA and Switzerland). Analysis of the Compromise Text with a View to Agreement Jelentés a szociális biztonsági rendszerek koordinálásáról szóló 883/2004/EK rendelet, valamint a 883/2004/EK rendelet végrehajtására vonatkozó eljárás megállapításáról szóló 987/2009/EK rendelet módosításáról szóló európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendeletre irányuló javaslatról. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2018-0386_HU.html" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(532) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "61-91" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32559/et.2022.3-4.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1409) "

The main objective of the study is to explore and highlight the main challenges arising from the development of EU law in the field of the regulation of postings as exceptions under social security legislation. Since 1959, finding an appropriate solution to the derogation from the main rule (lex loci laboris) has been a fundamental challenge. The main driver of legal development has been the need and the result of addressing the issue: Is posting really an instrument of unfair competition or, on the contrary, a genuine instrument of freedom to provide services?
With this in mind, it is necessary to take into account the specific regulatory challenges and the law-enhancing effects of the judgments of the European Court of Justice. The Commission’s proposal to amend the social security coordination rules in 2016, which sought to respond to the new challenges but which has not yet been adopted, was an important milestone in the regulation of posting. Among a number of specific issues, the shortcomings and limitations of administrative procedures, lack of capacity, and the lack of interest of the institutions in controls deserve to be highlighted. The Commission’s proposal itself has not provided complex answers to these challenges, and the challenges and sensitive issues will remain on the agenda, the search for solutions in principle and in practice remains a timely issue.

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A tanulmány alapvető célja, hogy a szociális biztonsági jogszabályok hatálya alatt a kiküldetések mint kivételek szabályozása területén feltárja és kiemelje az uniós jogfejlődés miatt megjelenő legfontosabb kihívásokat.
1959 óta a főszabálytól (lex loci laboris) való eltérésre alapvető fontosságú kihívás megfelelő megoldást találni. A jogfejlődés motorja egy nagyon jelentős alapkérdés körüljárásának igénye. A kiküldetés valóban a tisztességtelen verseny vagy – ezzel szemben – a szolgáltatásnyújtás szabadságának valódi eszköze?
Erre tekintettel szükséges figyelembe venni a konkrét szabályozási kihívásokat, az Európai Bíróság ítéleteinek jogfejlesztő hatásait. Ennek aktualitását adja, hogy a kiküldetések kapcsán is fontos mérföldkőnek számított az a jogalkotási javaslat, amelyet a Bizottság 2016-ban terjesztett elő, a szociális biztonsági koordinációs rendeletek módosítására. A javaslat igyekezett megválaszolni a rendeletek hatálybalépését követően jelentkező új kihívásokat, de azt a mai napig nem fogadták el a Tanácsban és az Európai Parlamentben. Számos konkrét kérdés közül kiemelendők az adminisztratív eljárások hiányosságai, korlátai, a kapacitások hiánya, és ennek okai, az intézmények érdekeltségének hiánya az ellenőrzésekben. A kihívásokra a Bizottság benyújtott javaslata maga sem adott komplex válaszokat, a rendezést igénylő érzékeny kérdések tehát továbbra is napirenden lesznek, amelyekre az elvi és gyakorlati megoldások keresése időszerű feladat lesz a jövőben is.

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Several scandals shed light on the eroding capacity and legitimacy of the Single Market’s scientific decision-making in the current era of constant economic, environmental and societal challenges when the need for solid science has never been greater. A sector-specific nature still characterises the EU law and the Single Market competencies. Yet, the emerging relevance of the EU law’s horizontal evolution inevitably leads us to the cross-sectoral elements of EU expert bodies and scientific decision-making. The purposes of this paper are 1. to describe the evolution of EU expert bodies with the comparison of two relatively diverse policy areas of the EU’s food sector and transportation, which are similarly characterised by the scandals of the glyphosate saga and the Dieselgate scandal; 2. to explore the sector-specific elements of the scientific decision-making of these

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112023 Zheng, Xinzhu – Wang, Ranran – Hoekstra, Arjen Y. – Krol, Maarten S. – Zhang, Yaxin – Guo, Kaidi – Sanwal, Mukul – Sun, Zhen – Zhu, Junming – Zhang, Junjie – Lounsbury, Amanda – Pan, Xunzhang – Guan, Dabo – Hertwich, Edgar G. – Wang, Can (2021): Consideration of Culture Is Vital If We Are to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. One Earth, 4(2), 307–319. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ONEEAR.2021.01.012" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(532) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "117-145" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32559/et.2022.3-4.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1479) "

The European Union (EU) has increasingly focused on democratising innovation and promoting engagement in research to address policy concerns collectively. In the 21^st century, attaining sustainable development is a global priority, and governments face complex hurdles in meeting their goals. Alone, unilateral initiatives to encourage socio-economic or political progress are inadequate, needing bilateral or multilateral collaborations to bridge gaps between political and economic interests. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), negotiated since the late 1950s, influence sustainable development aims and share common features despite diverse categorisations. This study, based on secondary data and grey literature, investigates how bilateral relationships shape international cooperation and sectoral priorities in the context of sustainable development goals. Focusing on Bangladesh and Hungary, the study highlights their cooperation in areas like human resource development and energy projects as key milestones towards sustainability. Leveraging a knowledge economy and strategic lessons can contribute to achieving sustainable development, which is particularly crucial in the face of natural disasters. The study’s findings have practical implications for policy guidelines to bolster the Bangladesh–Hungary bilateral relationship for advancing long-awaited sustainable development goals in the 21^st century.

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A N M Zakir Hossain is a Ph.D. student at the Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences in National University of Public Service. He is an academician and researcher of Bangladesh and now at Budapest, Hungary, he awarded Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship and joined as a PhD student. His research interests are politics of refugee, public policy, governance, agricultural policy local government, gender studies etc.

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Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences

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object(Publication)#113 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(6767) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-01-19" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-01-23 10:59:45" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8361) ["sectionId"]=> int(29) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(6643) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(6398) "Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 1306/2013/EU rendelete (2013. december 17.). A közös agrárpolitika finanszírozásáról, irányításáról és monitoringjáról és a 352/78/EGK, a 165/94/EK, a 2799/98/EK, a 814/2000/EK, az 1290/2005/EK és a 485/2008/EK tanácsi rendelet hatályon kívül helyezéséről. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02013R1306-20200201 Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 1308/2013/Eu rendelete (2013. december 17.). A mezőgazdasági termékpiacok közös szervezésének létrehozásáról, és a 922/72/ EGK, a 234/79/EK, az 1037/2001/EK és az 1234/2007/EK tanácsi rendelet hatá¬lyon kívül helyezéséről. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1308&from=BG Az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződés egységes szerkezetbe foglalt változata (2012). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT Daugbjerg, Carsten (1999): Reforming the Cap: Policy Networks and Broader Institutional Structures. JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies, 37(3), 407–428. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00171 Dénes Zoltán (2021): A válság ellenére is nőtt a hazai mezőgazdaságban elérhető jövedelem. Világgazdaság, 2021. április 17. Online: https://www.vg.hu/agrar/2021/04/a-valsag-ellenere-is-nott-a-hazai-mezogazdasagbanelerheto-jovedelem Eurostat (2015): Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Statistics. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/ks-fk-14-001 Feldman Zsolt (2022): Ismét nyílik a Mezőgazdaság digitális átállásához kapcsolódó precíziós fejlesztések támogatása pályázat. Magro.hu, 2022. december 30. Online: https://www.magro.hu/agrarhirek/ismet-nyilik-a-mezogazdasag-digitalis-atallasahoz-kapcsolodo-precizios-fejlesztesek-tamogatasa-palyazat/ Guo, Xiangdong et al. (2021). Agricultural Support Policies And China’s Cyclical Evolutionary Path of Agricultural Economic Growth. Sustainability, 13(11), 6134. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116134 Győri Enikő (2021): Válságból válságba, avagy mit tanult az Európai Unió a gazdasági krízisek kezelése terén. Európai Tükör, 24(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2021.3.5 Halmai Péter (2021): Középpontban a reziliencia. A Gazdasági és Monetáris Unió mélyülésének egyes mechanizmusai. Pénzügyi Szemle, 66(1), 7–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.35551/PSZ_2021_1_1 Halmai Péter (2022): Poszt-Covid kilábalás: középpontban a kínálati oldal. Külgazdaság, 66(1), 58–71. Online: https://doi.org/10.47630/KULG.2022.66.1-2.58 Hegedűs Szilárd – Lencsés Enikő (2022): Az agrárium teljesítményének változása a 2008-as gazdasági válság és a COVID-19 hatására Magyarországon. In Szegedi Krisztina (szerk.): Diszkussziók gazdasági és pénzügyi kihívásokról, fenntarthatóságról és szabályozói megfelelőségről a Covid alatt. Budapest: Budapesti Gazdasági Egyetem, 3–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.29180/9786156342409_1 KSH (2020): Agrárcenzus 2020. Online: https://www.ksh.hu/agrarcenzusok_agrarium_2020 Lentner, Csaba (1998): Dilemmas of Hungary’s Agricultural Future Contrasted with its Historical Background and Developed Market Economy Models. In Gidai, Erzsébet (szerk): On the Eve of the 21st Century. Challenges and Responses. Budapest: Akadémiai, 175–184. Lentner Csaba (2004): A magyar agrárfinanszírozás jellemzői az EU csatlakozás küszöbén. Gazdálkodás, 48(1), 69–78. Mészáros Kornélia – Lencsés Enikő (2019): Az EU támogatás politikájának változása a szarvasmarha ágazatban Magyarországon. In: Bálint Csaba et al. (szerk.): Rurális térségek a 21. században. [H. n.]: Doktoranduszok Országos Szövetsége, 157–164. Online: https://oszkdk.oszk.hu/storage/00/02/81/60/dd/1/Rur__lis_t__rs__gek_tanulm__nyk__tet_(1).pdf Muhaimin, Abdul Wahib – Retnoningsih, Dwi – Pariasa, Imaniar Ilmi (2023): The Role of Women in Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Evidence from East Java Indonesia. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1153, 012005. Online: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1153/1/012005 Nagy István (2022): Több, mint 5300 milliárd forintot fordítunk az Agrárium támogatására. Online: https://drnagyistvan.hu/tobb-mint-5300-milliard-forintot-forditunk-az-agrarium-tamogatasara/ Nyikos Györgyi (2022): Fejlesztéspolitika. Következő Nemzedék EU, helyreállítási és rezilienciaépítési eszköz. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/145091/1/Fejlesztespolitika_KovetkezonemzedekEUhelyreallitasiesrezilienciaepitesieszkoz.pdf Popp József – Lakner Zoltán – Oláh Judit (2019): A Közös Agrárpolitika reformja 2021–2027 között. A falu, 34(1), 11–21. Online: http://www.agrarlapok.hu/sites/default/files/falu_2019_01.pdf Potori Norbert – Kovács Máté – Vásáry Viktória (2013): A közvetlen támogatások új rendszere Magyarországon 2014–2020 között: kötelező elemek és a döntéshozók mozgástere. Gazdálkodás, 57(4), 323–332. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/15829 Rumanovská, L’ubica (2016): Impact of EU Common Agricultural Policy 2014–2020 Implementation on Agriculture in Slovak Republic. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 16(1), 459–466. Online: http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.16_1/Art71.pdf Roubík, Hynek et al. (2022): Current Coronavirus Crisis and Past Pandemics – What Can Happen in Post-COVID-19 Agriculture? Sustainable Produciton and Consumption, 30(March), 752–760. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.01.007 Szabo, Luboslav – Grznár, Miroslav – Zelina, Michal (2018): Agricultural Performance in the V4 Countries and its Position in the European Union. Agricultural Economics, 64(8), 337–346. Online: https://doi.org/10.17221/397/2016-AGRICECON The World Bank (2022): Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, Value Added (% of GDP). Online: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS&country= Zsarnóczai, J. Sándor – Zéman, Zoltán (2019): Output Value and Productivity of Agricultural Industry in Central-East Europe. Agricultural Economics, 65(4), 185–193. Online: https://doi.org/10.17221/128/2018-AGRICECON" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(532) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "147-165" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32559/et.2022.3-4.7" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(978) "

Agriculture has traditionally been a key sector of the Hungarian economy. With the accession to the EU in 2004, the Common Agricultural Policy (KAP) was introduced in Hungary, which has provided many challenges and opportunities for farmers. The aim of this paper is to review the development of the KAP, focusing on the events
since accession. In addition, the macro-economic role of agriculture in the context of the EU28 and the Visegrad group of countries will be examined. The analysis also includes a micro-level analysis between 2004 and 2020, using data from the test farm system to examine the evolution of output, value added, wealth and subsidies through
time-series analysis. Our analysis shows that Hungarian agriculture has reached the EU28 average level of development in several variables, and uses its resources with high efficiency, but its development is hampered by small farm size and the resulting lower creditworthiness and mechanisation.

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A mezőgazdaság hagyományosan meghatározó ágazata a magyar nemzetgazdaságnak. A 2004-es EU-csatlakozással a közös agrárpolitika (KAP) érvényes lett hazánkban is, amely számos kihívást és lehetőséget adott a termelőknek. A tanulmány célja, hogy áttekintse a KAP fejlődését, fókuszban a csatlakozás óta eltelt eseményekkel. Ezen túlmenően a mezőgazdaság makrogazdasági szerepét vesszük górcső alá, az EU28 és a visegrádi országcsoport kontextusában. Az elemzésben mikroszintű elemzést is végzünk a 2004–2020 közötti időszakra, amelyben a tesztüzemi rendszer adatait alapul véve vizsgáltuk meg a kibocsátás, hozzáadott érték, vagyon és a támogatások alakulását idősoros elemzéssel. Megállapítottuk, hogy a magyar mezőgazdaság több változó vonatkozásában elérte az EU28 átlagos fejlettségi szintjét, erőforrásait magas hatékonysággal használja fel, de fejlődését gátolja az alacsony üzemméret és az ebből fakadó alacsonyabb hitelképesség és gépesítettség.

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object(Publication)#763 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7212) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-01-19" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-01-23 10:54:16" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8999) ["sectionId"]=> int(29) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7088) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2768) "Az EUB 2017. szeptember 20-i Tilly-Sabco kontra Bizottság, C-183/16 P, ECLI:EU:C: 2017:704 ítélet. Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 1907/2006/EK rendelete (2006. december 18.) a vegyi anyagok regisztrálásáról, értékeléséről, engedélyezéséről és korlátozásáról (REACH), az Európai Vegyianyag-ügynökség létrehozásáról, az 1999/45/EK irányelv módosításáról, valamint a 793/93/EGK tanácsi rendelet, az 1488/94/EK bizottsági rendelet, a 76/769/EGK tanácsi irányelv, a 91/155/EGK, a 93/67/EGK, a 93/105/EK és a 2000/21/EK bizottsági irányelv hatályon kívül helyezéséről (HL L 396, 2006.12.30., 1.) . Európai Bizottság [é. n.]: Bizottsági eljárás (komitológia). Online: https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/adopting-eu-law/implementing-and-delegated-acts/comitology_hu Európai Bizottság (2019): Communication from the Commission to The European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions The European Green Deal. COM(2019) 640 final Jelentés a 76/769/EGK tanácsi irányelvnek az egyes veszélyes anyagok és készítmények, 2-(2-metoxietoxi)etanol, 2-(2-butoxietoxi)etanol, metilén-difenil-diizocianát, ciklohexán és ammónium-nitrát forgalomba hozatalának és felhasználásának korlátozásai tekintetében történő módosításáról szóló európai parlamenti és tanácsi határozatra irányuló javaslatról. A6-0135/2008 Európai Parlament. Schuchtár Endre (2004): A műszaki tartalmú jogalkotás az EU-ban. In Kiss Jenő (szerk.): Gyakorlati tudnivalók az EU-ról. Budapest: GKM. Schuchtár Endre (2021): Műszaki stabályozási érdekességek az EU és az Egyesült Királyság megállapodásából. Európai Tükör, 24(2), 63. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2021.2.3 Stockholmi egyezmény a környezetben tartósan megmaradó szerves szennyező anyagokról (2006). Az Európai Unió Hivatalos Lapja, L 209/3. 2006. július 31. Szegedi László – Teleki Bálint (2020): A glifozát környezetre és emberi egészségre gyakorolt hatásaival kapcsolatos jogi kérdések. Publicationes Universitatis Miskolcinensis Sectio Juridica et Politica, Tomus XXXVIII/2, 246–265. Online: https://doi.org/10.32978/sjp.2020.039 Tájékoztató az EU vegyi anyagokat engedélyező tevékenységéről (2019). Online: https://www.nnk.gov.hu/index.php/kemiai-biztonsagi-es-kompetens-hatosagi-fo/reach/segedletek/310-tajekoztato-az-eu-vegyi-anyagokat-engedelyezo-tevekenysegerol Teleki Bálint (2019): Az európai uniós pénzügyi felügyeleti ügynökségek és az uniós közigazgatási eljárásjog kérdése. Pro Futuro, 9(2), 27–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.26521/Profuturo/2019/2/5437" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(532) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "167-177" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(22) "10.32559/et.2022.3-4.8" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1071) "

The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) was established in 2006 by means of an EU Regulation (REACH). A new agency of the European Commission has been launched in Helsinki to support Commission decision-making and action on chemicals legislation to protect human health and the environment, and to contribute to the
proper functioning of the internal market, innovation and the competitiveness of the European chemical industry. Through my work as a five times elected national expert member in the Socio-economic Analizing Committee (SEAC) since the establishment of this organisation, I have seen the development of the public administration body of the industrial sector established by EU legal act, which has now become an institute with 600 employees and mainly manages budgetary resources (129 MEUR in 2021). In addition to the fact that its creation points towards a single European public administration, its development is also influenced by the recent political orientation of the European Commission, which is illustrated by presenting a few examples.

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Az Európai Vegyianyag-ügynökség (angol rövidítéssel a továbbiakban: ECHA) létrehozása egy EU-rendelettel (REACH) indult 2006-ban. Az Európai Bizottság új ügynöksége azzal a céllal kezdte meg működését Helsinkiben, hogy munkájával támogassa a bizottsági döntéshozatalt és tevékenységet a vegyi anyagokra vonatkozó jogszabályok esetében az emberi egészség és környezet védeleme érdekében, valamint hozzájáruljon a belső piac megfelelő működéséhez, az innovációhoz és az európai vegyipar versenyképességéhez. A szervezet Társadalmi Gazdasági Tudományos Bizottságában (SEAC) ötször beválasztott tagként, a megalakulásától végzett nemzeti szakértői munkám révén láttam rá az uniós jogi aktussal létrehozott iparágazati közigazgatási szerv fejlődésére, amely mára 600 fős intézetté vált és döntően költségvetési forrásból gazdálkodik (129 millió euró 2021-ben). Amellett, hogy létrejötte az egységes európai közigazgatás irányába mutat, fejlődésére hatással van az Európai Bizottság új keletű politikai irányultsága is, amelyet néhány példa bemutatásával érzékeltetek.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(151) "The Establishment of the European Chemicals Agency and Its Activities in the Light of my 15 Years’ Experience as a Member of the Scientific Committee" ["hu_HU"]=> string(165) "Az Európai Bizottság vegyianyag-ügynökségének létrehozása és tevékenységének jellemzése tudományos bizottsági tagságom 15 éves tapasztalata alapján" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(16) "SCHUCHTÁR Endre" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#769 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(8999) ["email"]=> string(20) "schuchtare@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7212) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Schuchtár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Endre" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(9) { [0]=> string(14) "Európai Unió" [1]=> string(19) "Európai Bizottság" [2]=> string(32) "Európai Vegyianyag-ügynökség" [3]=> string(15) "EU-ügynökség" [4]=> string(28) "vegyi anyagok szabályozása" [5]=> string(26) "veszélyes kémiai anyagok" [6]=> string(14) "REACH-rendelet" [7]=> string(45) "kockázat és gazdasági-társadalmi elemzés" [8]=> string(30) "EU-vegyipar versenyképessége" } ["en_US"]=> array(9) { [0]=> string(14) "European Union" [1]=> string(19) "European Commission" [2]=> string(25) "European Chemicals Agency" [3]=> string(11) "EU agencies" [4]=> string(23) "regulation of chemicals" [5]=> string(19) "dangerous chemicals" [6]=> string(16) "REACH regulation" [7]=> string(32) "risk and socio-economic analysis" [8]=> string(36) "EU chemical industry competitiveness" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#771 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(31529) ["id"]=> int(5730) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7212) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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After Hungary’s accession to the European Union, a group of Hungarians following a very particular path of integration appeared in Brussels, namely Hungarians working in the institutions of the European Union for a shorter or longer period of time. In our paper, based on an online survey, we seek to answer the questions of the basic socio-demographic composition of the Hungarian workforce in the EU institutions, the extent to which they are integrated into their new host societies, the motivations for taking up employment in the EU, and the motivations for planning to stay or return. Our results can provide important input for researchers, decisionmakers
and future Hungarian employees of the EU institutions, to understand the situation and composition of Hungarians working in the EU institutions, as well as their motivations and plans.

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Magyarország európai uniós csatlakozását követően Brüsszelben megjelent egy sajátos összetételű csoport, nevezetesen az EU intézményeiben hosszabb-rövidebb időre munkát vállaló magyarok és hozzátartozóik, akik az integrációnak egy igen sajátos útját járják.
Cikkünkben egy online kérdőíves felmérés alapján arra a kérdésre keressük a választ, hogy alapvetően milyen a szociodemográfiai összetétele az Unió intézményeiben dolgozó magyar munkavállalói sokaságnak, mennyire integráltak új lakóhelyük társadalmába, továbbá milyen motivációk mentén vállaltak az EU-ban munkát, valamint milyen motivációk mentén tervezik a maradást vagy a hazatérést. Eredményeink adalékul szolgálhatnak a téma kutatói, a döntéshozók és a jövőben EU-s szolgálatba álló magyar munkavállalók számára az uniós intézményekben dolgozó magyarok helyzetének és összetételének megismeréséhez, motivációik, terveik megértéséhez.

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