object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(3101) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 09:49:40" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2980) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "7–50" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(687) "

In this present paper we characterize the agent, represented in the concept of the “institution of human rights”, apart from the conflict relation discussed in an earlier paper, with its dysfunction relation. Similarly to conflict, dysfunctionality is also considered as a logical property. Our aim is to demonstrate which strategies defined by exact mathematical-logical tools can be used to handle situations in the sphere of human rights when the operation and actuation is carried out in the midst of hindrances and disturbing factors. According to our answer: with the adaptive strategic tools of public administration. This is demonstrated through in silico experiments.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(114) "Az emberi jog intézménye működésének akadályozó és zavaró tényezői és adaptivitása: az AdPAS-projekt" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#761 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3516) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3101) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Bukovics" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#739 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3519) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3101) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(3) "Kun" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(27) "institution of human rights" [1]=> string(13) "AdPAS-project" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8601) ["id"]=> int(2231) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3101) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#114 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3102) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 09:48:30" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(2981) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "51–67" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1442) "

The role of public administration in the Holocaust has recently become an intensely debated issue. In this respect a large number of researchers are concerned, rightly, with the legal framework and the applied means of the administrative apparatus, but few take up the issue of the moral responsibility of the public servants themselves. It is this aspect that is highlighted by the present study which seeks to answer the emerging questions on both a theoretical and a historical level. Of the theories concerning this topic the most significant is that of the noted sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. The Polish-born sociologist holds that the major factor leading to the Holocaust can be found in the working of the bureaucratic machine but he tends to neglect – or at least underestimates – the role of anti-Semitism. This study makes an attempt to refute his thesis. In order to achieve this aim the author, on the one hand, depicts the activity of the bureaucratic apparatus and throws light on “official anti-Semitism” by presenting original documents, on the other hand analyzes the role of anti-Semitic prejudices in a local community. The study uses Mezőberény, a small town in Békés county, Hungary as an example. The rise of right-wing ideologies from the 1930s is demonstrated from a Mezőberény perspective, analyzing how the extreme right-wing anti-Semitic movements prepared the grounds for the Holocaust of 1944.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(43) "Általános értékelés és esettanulmány" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(56) "A holokauszt és a közigazgatás Magyarországon (1944)" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3517) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3102) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gulyás" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Éva" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(9) "Holocaust" [1]=> string(13) "anti-Semitism" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#789 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8603) ["id"]=> int(2232) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3102) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3105) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 09:55:33" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2984) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "69–89" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2160) "

In 2013 the special procedures of the United Nations Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights OCHCR include the activities of 51 special rapporteurs with different thematic and country mandates. The study analyzes the mandate and the practice of the special rapporteur on defending human rights defenders. This mandate was established in 2000 by the UN. Up until now there have been two defenders: Hina Jilani (Pakistan) 2000–2008, and Margaret Sekaggya (Uganda) 2008–2014. At the writing of this article the position is vacant, in March 2014 a new rapporteur will be elected by the UN Human Rights Council. There are many violations against human rights defenders worldwide from killing them to stigmatizing their activities. These actions are committed by states and non-state actors. The goal of the institution is to provide a conducive environment for the defenders of human rights all over the world by gathering and spreading information about their problems via the different channels of the UN system as well as directly. The rapporteur may initiate urgent action to defend endangered defenders. There is special attention paid to women and other vulnerable human rights defenders like LGBTQ, young, migrant and local people. In this study the rapporteur’s different documents and communications are analyzed in the context of the international scholarly literature and the practical experience of the author, who was the ombudsman of Hungary 2007–2013 having access to the international and European human rights system. The defender of human right defenders observe this arena from every relevant aspect of the UN Human Rights Declaration in a document called “Commentary”(2011), which is the basic programme and strategy of her activities. The present study pays special attention to the right to protest, especially to demonstrations and strikes, as being one of the most problematic areas of activities in human rights defence during the author’s ombudsman mandate in Hungary. This study focuses on the problems of global democracy and the cooperation of NGO networks and international organizations (e.g. the UN).

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(111) "Az ENSZ emberi jogi különleges jelentéstevője (special rapporteur) az emberi jogok védelmezőinek védője" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(164) "„Mezítlábas diplomaták” – példa a civil jogvédő szervezetek és a globális/nemzetközi intézmények együttműködésére az emberi jogok védelmében" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3521) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3105) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Szabó" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Máté" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(18) "special rapporteur" [1]=> string(21) "United Nations Office" [2]=> string(20) "Human Rights Council" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#764 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8607) ["id"]=> int(2234) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3105) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3107) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 09:58:07" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2986) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "91–103" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1607) "

Political parties have always played an important role in the organization of national referenda in Hungary since the first referendum act came into effect following the political system change in 1989. The role of parties in referenda has arisen due to uncertainties over the content of the constitutional right to referendum. Does this right only mean there is a constitutionally guaranteed right for a citizen to participate in national referenda (i.e. the right to participate in national referenda), or does it mean there is a constitutional guarantee encompassing the entire process (including e.g. collecting signatures, i.e. the right to initiate a referendum). The answer to this question also defines the role of the parties in a referendum procedure. If the right to referendum is restricted to only participation in national referenda, then in case the Supreme Court refuses a referendum proposal, parties would obviously not be entitled to submit a constitutional complaint to the Constitutional Court against this decision stating the violation of their fundamental rights. However, if the right to referendum is extended to every stage of the referendum process (including e.g. collecting signatures), then parties should also be entitled to submit a constitutional complaint to the Constitutional Court because of the violation of their constitutional right to referendum. In this case parties are eventually entitled to enforce a national referendum in a country. This paper is intended to discuss these questions according to the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "A népszavazáshoz való jog mint alapjog" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#791 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3522) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3107) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Téglási" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "András" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" [1]=> string(10) "referendum" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#774 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8610) ["id"]=> int(2235) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3107) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3109) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 10:00:38" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(2988) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "105–113" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1546) "

The Constitutional Court confirmed its case law concerning the freedom of speech: the freedom of expression allows wider criticism of public figures than non-public figures. The condition of “appreciable public interest” in the new Civil Code may narrow the scope of the freedom of expression without any reason; therefore, it is contrary to the Fundamental Law. The distinction between facts and value-judgments is of outstanding constitutional importance, which shall be taken into account when a judge interprets the provisions of criminal law, ’facts’ may not be interpreted too widely. It is in conformity with the freedom of press to set certain requirements at the time of elections for the press owned by local governments in order to ensure a fair, balanced and impartial campaign, without discriminating against or supporting a specific political party or candidate.

The Constitutional Court did not find unconstitutional the interpretation of the law on electoral procedure by the Curia, which allows the placing of campaign posters on electric pylons during the elections. The Court ruled that the system of “winner compensation” is not discriminative and does not violate the right to vote.

The Court declared that the amendment of the Act on National Security was contrary to the Fundamental Law, which permitted continuous national security control and – during this process – secret information gathering for thirty days twice a year against a person who was under national security control.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(61) "Véleménynyilvánítás szabadsága – Alkotmánybíróság" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3524) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3109) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Köblös" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Adél" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" [1]=> string(24) "Act on National Security" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#795 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8614) ["id"]=> int(2237) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3109) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3110) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 10:02:33" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(2989) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "115–122" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1219) "

Between March 2014 and May 2014, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to human dignity [Article II of the Fundamental Law], right to have access to and disseminate information of public interest [Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law], right to peaceful assembly [Article VIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law], right to freedom of expression and right to freedom of the press [Article IX, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law], political campaign advertisements [Article IX, paragraph (3) of the Fundamental Law], the provision of social security [Article XIX of the Fundamental Law], right to the preservation of one’s physical and mental health [Article XX of the Fundamental Law], right to stand as candidate in parliamentary elections, in local governmental and mayoral elections, and in elections to the European Parliament [Article XXIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law], right to have one’s affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities, and right to a fair court trial [Article XXIV, paragraph (1) and Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law].

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object(Publication)#797 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(3112) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-24 18:53:01" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(2991) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "123–128" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(1940) "

The Google case before the Court of Justice raised very interesting points about, on the one hand, data protection rules, in particular the so-called “right to be forgotten” and its application to search engines and, on the other hand, the territorial scope of EU data protection rules, in particular their application to internet companies based outside the EU.

The case started with a number of complaints from Spanish residents to the Spanish Data Protection Agency (AEPD) about information concerning events several years previous that could be found upon googling their name. The AEPD upheld the complaints and issued a decision calling on Google Inc. and its daughter Google Spain to take the necessary measures to withdraw the data from their index and to render future access to the information impossible via their search engine. Both companies appealed against that decision before the Spanish courts. In the national proceedings two main issues arose upon which a ruling from the Court of Justice was sought. As for the first one, the Court ruled that an internet search engine operator is responsible for the processing of personal data which appear on web pages published by third parties. Thus, if, following a search made on the basis of a person’s name, the list of results displays a link to a web page which contains information on him, the person in question may ask the operator directly to remove that link from the list of results. Should the operator not grant his request, the matter can be brought before the competent authorities and courts in order to obtain, under certain conditions, that removal.

As for the second issue, the Court set out that, despite being located in California, US, Google Inc. must comply with EU data protection rules since its Spanish daughter company participates in Spain in the promotion and sale of advertising space offered by the Google search engine.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(152) "Az egyének védelme az interneten elérhető személyes adataik keresőmotorok általi kezelésének vonatkozásában – az Európai Unió Bírósága" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#771 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3526) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(3112) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(16) "Court of Justice" [1]=> string(15) "Data Protection" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#803 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8621) ["id"]=> int(2239) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(3112) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#804 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(3113) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-22 10:07:20" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(2992) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(232) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "111–122" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1044) "

Since the last issue of Acta Humana, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled on a number of important cases. The present review intends to analyse a decision concerning the Hungarian abolition of service pensions and their conversion into allowances, affecting a high number of applicants. It also discusses the judgment concerning the premature dismissal of the former President of the Supreme Court of Hungary. Two further cases are included for their relevance from a procedural point of view. Among cases concerning other countries, this paper covers judgments concerning the representation of extremely vulnerable victims before the Court, the “extraordinary rendition” programme of the CIA, the recognition of parenthood of children born as a result of a surrogacy arrangement and the ban on wearing religious face covering in public. Furthermore, an inter-State judgment about collective expulsion as well as a jurisprudential novelty concerning the “significant disadvantage” admissibility criterion are also evoked.

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