object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2734) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-02-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 11:47:17" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2613) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(206) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "9–23" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(942) "

Throughout the first part of the 20th century suffrage was an important issue in Hungary; several electoral reforms and reform proposals came to light paving the way to universal, equal and secret suffrage. However, the idea of plural suffrage also came up for debate twice in this period. Plural suffrage means that some people’s votes weigh more than others’ or some electors are eligible to vote multiple times. This practice is a clear deviation from equal suffrage and unimaginable in a contemporary democratic rule of law, except for the plural right to vote of the Italian and Hungarian minorities in Slovenia. It is worth examining these two cases, the underlying motives and the opinion of contemporary constitutional law experts. I will overview the key events of the extension of suffrage in Hungary since 1847 and provide an international outlook on the appearance of plural suffrage in public law and scientific works.

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Aiming at an efficient sentencing system is a cross-border research between the sciences of public administration and law. This paper is based on the experience gained while developing the 2013 institutional strategy of the court of Miskolc. Administration reform is mainly based on internal organizational rules and not on laws and regulations. Several technical details are beyond the interest of legal studies, such as the allocation of human resources, stable and efficient standards and an effective supervision system, the training and motivation of judges, work distribution, case preparation. Since rarely do legal disputes arise in these areas, there is usually no conflict of interests to resolve.

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object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2740) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-02-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:35:55" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2619) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(206) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "39–66" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(676) "

Local governments are the most basic expressions of our community life. The autonomy of locally elected bodies – among others – is highlighted by their decision-making competence.

The autonomy of local governments reflects the freedom of local communities. Gábor Kecső in his excellent paper published in two subsequent issues discusses one of the cornerstones of local government autonomy from an international perspective: the possibility to access funds.

The article is undoubtedly loosely related to individual fundamental rights; however, the importance of the topic and its thoroughly researched nature makes it recommendable for publishing.

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A helyi, települési önkormányzat közösségi létünk legközvetlenebb környezete. A helyi közösségek választott testületeinek autonómiája, önállósága – egyebek mellett – döntési kompetenciáikban ölt testet. A helyi önkormányzatok autonómiája a helyi közösségek szabadsága is egyben.

Kecső Gábor egymást követő két lapszámban közlésre szánt, magas színvonalú írása az önkormányzati autonómia egyik alapkérdését, a saját forráshoz jutás lehetőségeit vizsgálja nemzetközi összehasonlításban. A szakcikk egyéni alapjogokkal való összefüggése nem kétségesen közvetett, ugyanakkor a téma hiánypótló jellege és a feldolgozás igényessége mindenképpen a közlés mellett szólt.

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object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(24) { ["id"]=> int(2747) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-02-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 12:15:45" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2626) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(206) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "67–72" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(76) "Víz és jog: A vízhez való jog érvényesíthetősége az ENSZ keretében" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#789 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3081) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2747) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Bujdos" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ágnes" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#790 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7888) ["id"]=> int(1891) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2747) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2749) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-02-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-10-12 15:57:12" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(2628) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(206) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "73–78" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(627) "

Between December 2014 and February 2015, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to the protection of one’s family life [Article VI, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law], equality before the law and the prohibition of discrimination [Article XV, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law], the public task of providing social security to all Hungarian citizens by the State [Article XIX, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law], right to a fair trial and right of appeal [Article XXVIII, paragraphs (1) and (7) of the Fundamental Law].

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object(Publication)#769 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2750) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-02-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-10-12 15:58:03" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(2629) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(206) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "79–95" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(731) "

The paper provides an overview of the activities of the Hungarian Constitutional Court from 20 November 2014 to 13 February 2015. The Constitutional Court made 79 decisions in this period (26 resolutions and 53 orders), not counting the cases resolved in the secretary general or single judge phase. In the great majority of the cases the Constitutional Court examined constitutional complaints against certain court decisions (52 cases, 5 out of which were decisions concerning elections), i.e. the cases where the Constitutional Court examined the conformity of Acts with the Fundamental Law were in the minority (28 decisions). The plenary session made 23 decisions, while the five member panels passed 56 case decisions.

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By an Opinion given in 1996, the Court of Justice concluded that, as Community law stood at that time, the European Community had no competence to accede to the ECHR. Since then, the situation has fundamentally changed with the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, and provides that the EU is to accede to the ECHR.

In accordance with this obligation, the Commission prepared a draft agreement containing the details of the accession. Then, as it always does prior to the conclusion of important international agreements, the Commission asked the Court to give its Opinion on the compatibility of the draft agreement with EU law.

In a new Opinion given in December 2014, the Court identified several problems in the draft agreement and found that it was not compatible with EU law.

The Court set out that the draft agreement did not ensure coordination between the ECHR and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and that it was liable to undermine the mutual trust between EU Member States regarding the respect of fundamental rights. In addition, it allows for the possibility that the EU or Member States might submit an application to the European Court of Human Rights (EctHR) concerning an alleged violation of the ECHR by a Member State or the EU in relation to EU law, which is clearly in breach of the Treaties.

Moreover, the co-respondent mechanism as well as the procedure for the prior involvement of the Court in proceedings before the ECtHR would risk adversely affecting, on the one hand, the division of powers between the EU and its Member States and, on the other hand, the competences of the EU and the powers of the Court, including the autonomy and effectiveness of the preliminary ruling procedure.

Lastly, by empowering the ECtHR to review acts, actions or omissions on the part of the EU in the area of the common foreign and security policy, the draft agreement fails to have regard to the specific characteristics of EU law in this area.

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In the last months, the European Court of Human Rights adopted two judgments against Hungary, concerning, respectively, the law on tobacco retail and that on the allowances of disabled people. Both cases raised interesting issues of admissibility as well.

Apart from those decisions, this paper presents briefly some other judgments concerning, respectively, the State’s responsibility for the intervention in Iraq, the conditions of asylum seekers in the European Union, the right to a legal counsel in the framework of anti-terrorist police operations, the retrospective application of a criminal law, the home birth, the surrogacy arrangements and the freedom of movement. Besides, it reports on an interesting judgment concerning a case where a Supreme Court misrepresented, grossly arbitrarily, the findings of a previous Strasbourg judgment.

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