object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2398) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:20:40" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2279) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "7–15" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(351) "

Terrorism is not a recent problem nor it is a novelty for governments to intervene in people’s everyday life due to the possible threats that terrorism signifies. As opposed to this, it is only as of late that safety has come into focus on a worldwide level, which can be explained by the ever-growing ubiquitous presence of modern terrorism.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(351) "

Terrorism is not a recent problem nor it is a novelty for governments to intervene in people’s everyday life due to the possible threats that terrorism signifies. As opposed to this, it is only as of late that safety has come into focus on a worldwide level, which can be explained by the ever-growing ubiquitous presence of modern terrorism.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "Terrorism and Human Rights" ["hu_HU"]=> string(98) "9/11-re adott lehetséges válaszok az Egyesült Államok és Németország példáján keresztül" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2646) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2398) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Csányi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(4) "9/11" [1]=> string(11) "terrorizmus" [2]=> string(3) "CIA" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(4) "9/11" [1]=> string(9) "terrorism" [2]=> string(3) "CIA" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7183) ["id"]=> int(1547) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "Pdf" ["publicationId"]=> int(2398) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#114 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2401) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:22:06" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(2282) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "17–31" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(2021) "

The recent terror attacks in the EU claim bigger and bigger challanges not only from the security experts but from the people who work in law enforcements, soldiers and also from researchers in different scientific fields, who are focusing on the reasons of these attacks. Although the motives can be various but in the background particular psycho-dynamic processes are lying. This statement is especially true referring to the single-handedly committed attacks, which have a high national security risk and show a clear increase in prevalence.

In our opinion, the role of criminal psychology has valorized since the attacks are not committed impulsively but most of the times these are carefully and systematically pre-planned and are accompanied with psychological manifestations. On the basis of the slaughters'subsequent analysis it is proved that one in every third cases the assasin was not necessarily involved in any terrorist organization and the offenders were struggling with mental disorders, which signs were felt in their very close milieu. Criminal psychology can not only help in recognising the psychopathological symptoms but also can contribute to detect specific crimes by analysing the radicalization.

The facts, which come from the ‘populations of the vulnerable youths’ situations, identifications and social environment, signify a real problem in the background of the lonely assassins. The lonely assassins (unlike the average) react more sensitive to certain ideologies or role models and they are more opened to special studies and they introject without any criticism. An additional difficulty is that during the process of the radicalization -next to the world wide web-interpersonal relationships get more and more influential role which in many cases realise in a particular milieu, in the world of the prison. In this studium we are looking for answers referred to above questions and the lonely assassins motives, which define the typology of lonely assassins.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2021) "

The recent terror attacks in the EU claim bigger and bigger challanges not only from the security experts but from the people who work in law enforcements, soldiers and also from researchers in different scientific fields, who are focusing on the reasons of these attacks. Although the motives can be various but in the background particular psycho-dynamic processes are lying. This statement is especially true referring to the single-handedly committed attacks, which have a high national security risk and show a clear increase in prevalence.

In our opinion, the role of criminal psychology has valorized since the attacks are not committed impulsively but most of the times these are carefully and systematically pre-planned and are accompanied with psychological manifestations. On the basis of the slaughters'subsequent analysis it is proved that one in every third cases the assasin was not necessarily involved in any terrorist organization and the offenders were struggling with mental disorders, which signs were felt in their very close milieu. Criminal psychology can not only help in recognising the psychopathological symptoms but also can contribute to detect specific crimes by analysing the radicalization.

The facts, which come from the ‘populations of the vulnerable youths’ situations, identifications and social environment, signify a real problem in the background of the lonely assassins. The lonely assassins (unlike the average) react more sensitive to certain ideologies or role models and they are more opened to special studies and they introject without any criticism. An additional difficulty is that during the process of the radicalization -next to the world wide web-interpersonal relationships get more and more influential role which in many cases realise in a particular milieu, in the world of the prison. In this studium we are looking for answers referred to above questions and the lonely assassins motives, which define the typology of lonely assassins.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Radicalisation of Lone-wolf Terrorism" ["hu_HU"]=> string(43) "A magányos merénylők radikalizálódása" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2650) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2401) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Farkas" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Johanna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(11) "terrorizmus" [1]=> string(20) "magányos merénylő" [2]=> string(15) "radikalizáció" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(9) "terrorism" [1]=> string(14) "Radicalisation" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#788 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7187) ["id"]=> int(1549) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2401) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2404) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:23:39" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2285) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "33–44" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(826) "

In this article I will undertake the general analysis of the nexus between terrorism and the media, based on the fact, that the long term operation of terror organizations is unimaginable without the publicity. The essence of this subtle relationship cannot be understood without discussing the trends of terrorism in our days. So in the first part I will deal with the features of terrorism of our age. In the second part, by moving on to the relationship between terrorism and the media, I will not delve into technical details as well, as the question of how do terrorist organizations utilize the written media, the radio, the television and the internet, to spread their propaganda. I will rather examine the topic from the perspective of the human right for dignity, the perspective of security, and media ethics.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(844) "

A cikkben a terrorizmus és a média kapcsolatrendszerének általános elemzésére vállalkozom abból kiindulva, hogy a terrorszervezetek hosszabb távú működése elképzelhetetlen lenne a nyilvánosság nélkül. A szövevényes kapcsolatrendszer tartalmát nem lehetne megérteni, ha napjaink terrorizmusának tendenciáira nem térnék ki. Ezért a tanulmány első részében korunk terrorizmusának jellemzőivel foglalkozom. A második részben, rátérve a terrorizmus és a média kapcsolatrendszerére, nem mélyedek el technikai kérdésekben, és abban sem, hogy a terrorszervezetek miként alkalmazzák az írott sajtót, a rádiót, a televíziót és az internetet a propagandájuk terjesztéséhez. Inkább az emberi méltósághoz való jog, a biztonság és a médiaetika szempontjai alapján vizsgálom a témát.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(47) "On the Relation Between Terrorism and the Media" ["hu_HU"]=> string(42) "A terrorizmus és a média kapcsolatáról" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2654) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2404) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Horváth" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Attila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(11) "terrorizmus" [1]=> string(6) "média" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(9) "terrorism" [1]=> string(5) "media" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#762 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7191) ["id"]=> int(1551) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2404) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(26) { ["id"]=> int(2405) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:29:17" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2286) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "45–57" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(746) "

The terror attacks of 2016 had pointed out the dillematic relationship between refugee protection and counter terrorism measures.

In the first part of this study I examined the background of the European terror attacks from the aspect of the milieu and maven theory. The main thesis is that the extremist imams are playing a catalist role of radicalisation withing their community. In the second part of the study I analyzed the possibility of taking steps against the extremist islamic preachers with the instrument of the internal and international law. Finally I had traversed the case-law of the Europoean Court of Human Rights regarding the principle of non-refoulement related to terrorists who are embondig terrorist threat.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(746) "

The terror attacks of 2016 had pointed out the dillematic relationship between refugee protection and counter terrorism measures.

In the first part of this study I examined the background of the European terror attacks from the aspect of the milieu and maven theory. The main thesis is that the extremist imams are playing a catalist role of radicalisation withing their community. In the second part of the study I analyzed the possibility of taking steps against the extremist islamic preachers with the instrument of the internal and international law. Finally I had traversed the case-law of the Europoean Court of Human Rights regarding the principle of non-refoulement related to terrorists who are embondig terrorist threat.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(149) "The Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights Regarding the Principle of Non-refoulement Related to Terrorists Who Are Emboding Terrorist Threat" ["hu_HU"]=> string(158) "Az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának a non-refoulement elvhez kapcsolódó gyakorlata a nemzetbiztonsági fenyegetést jelentő személyekkel kapcsolatban" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(107) "Terrorism and Radicalisation: The Possibilities of Taking Steps Againts Extremist Islamic Preachers (Imams)" ["hu_HU"]=> string(106) "Terrorizmus és radikalizáció: a szélsőséges iszlám hitszónokok elleni fellépés lehetőségeiről" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#796 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2656) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2405) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Király" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Zoé Adrienn" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(11) "Terrorizmus" [1]=> string(15) "radikalizáció" [2]=> string(33) "Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(9) "Terrorism" [1]=> string(14) "radicalisation" [2]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7195) ["id"]=> int(1553) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2405) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2408) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:31:52" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(2289) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "59–70" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1652) "

Terrorism in our days poses new challenges to the European governments and citizens as well, because it operates with new tools, much more professional leaders with presumably strategic thinking – compared to previous times – and with a communication activity involving the media, especially the electronic media. Out of the range of terrorist organisations, the present study chooses and discusses ISIS in detail. Although recently the citizens in Europe have also witnessed some terrorist acts, the large majority of them (fortunately) meet only the mediatized reality. However, the information content of news, fake news and hoaxes can often be questioned. The authors choose the transformation model from the communication models in order to demonstrate how many actors are needed to transfer the – edited - messages about terrorism, violence, suffering, etc. to the final (media) consumer, who can also act as a forwarder or sharer of messages. The model also reflects on the forwarders of messages related to terrorism as well as the main differences among shared topics. The categorised target groups consuming media content are also defined. The study also covers the ISIS message sent to the people in the Balkans and the target groups – which are supposed to be receptive to the message. Russia can also be an important factor in the war against terrorism – due to its world power status and geopolitical location – as it is discussed in the last section of the paper. The closing chapter of the study gives an analysis of the possible responses given by the European societies to the activities of terrorist organisations.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1736) "

A terrorizmus a korábbi időszakokhoz képest újfajta eszközökkel, sokkal profibb, stratégiai gondolkodást feltételező vezetőkkel, a médiát, különösen az elektronikus médiát bevonó, manipulatív kommunikációs aktivitásával megannyi új kihívás elé állítja az európai kormányokat és a lakosságot egyaránt. Tanulmányunkban a terrorszervezetek sorából elsősorban és részletesen az ISIS-szel foglalkozunk. Bár az utóbbi időben a polgárok Európában is közvetlen szemtanúi lehettek terrorcselekményeknek, a nagy többség (szerencsére) csak a mediatizált valósággal találkozik, a hírek, álhírek, hoaxok információtartalma gyakran megkérdőjelezhető. A kommunikációs modellek közül a transzformációs modell segítségével mutatjuk be, hogy a terrorizmusról, erőszakról, szenvedésről stb. szóló üzenetek – szerkesztett formában – hány szereplőn keresztül jutnak el a végső (média)fogyasztóhoz, aki maga is lehet az üzenetek továbbküldője, illetve megosztója.

Tanulmányunkban külön foglalkozunk a Balkán lakosságának szóló ISIS-üzenettel, illetve az ott található – az üzenetre a tervek szerint fogékony – célcsoportokkal. Oroszország nagyhatalmi helyzete és geopolitikai elhelyezkedése okán is fontos tényező lehet a terrorizmus elleni harcban. Nemcsak arra utalunk, hogy a csecsen háborúk után megnőtt Oroszországban a terrorcselekmények száma, hanem arra is, hogy Dagesztánban már volt egy próbálkozás egy iszlám köztársaság kikiáltására – sikertelenül. Tanulmányunk záró részében az európai társadalmak lehetséges válaszreakcióit elemezzük a terrorszervezetek aktivitásai ellen.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(55) "Terrorism and the Information Security of Media Content" ["hu_HU"]=> string(126) "A terrorizmus és a médiatartalmak információbiztonsága, különös tekintettel az ISIS-re, a Balkánra és Oroszországra" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#791 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2661) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2408) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kollár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#795 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2662) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2408) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(18) "Vinárné Bellász" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Zsuzsanna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(11) "terrorizmus" [1]=> string(14) "médiatartalom" [2]=> string(4) "ISIS" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(9) "Terrorism" [1]=> string(13) "media content" [2]=> string(4) "ISIS" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#794 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7199) ["id"]=> int(1556) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2408) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in Europe, but the fight against this ever changing threat is always opening new chapters. According to European Union data underpinned by the international research institutes the number of terrorist acts against all efforts and measures taken has a significant growing tendency during our last decade. For this reason it is worth mentioning how the terrorism looks like through the European Union’s glasses.

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Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in Europe, but the fight against this ever changing threat is always opening new chapters. According to European Union data underpinned by the international research institutes the number of terrorist acts against all efforts and measures taken has a significant growing tendency during our last decade. For this reason it is worth mentioning how the terrorism looks like through the European Union’s glasses.

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object(Publication)#789 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2411) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:35:39" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(2292) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "85–102" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(214) "

The article analyses the planning methods, vision, strategy, policy goals of the Islamic State, as well as the economic basis and methods, to show the reasons in the emergence of this terrorist organization.

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The article analyses the planning methods, vision, strategy, policy goals of the Islamic State, as well as the economic basis and methods, to show the reasons in the emergence of this terrorist organization.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(63) "The Strategy, Political and Military Plans of the Islamic State" ["hu_HU"]=> string(58) "Az Iszlám Állam stratégiája, politikai, katonai tervei" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#809 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2665) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2411) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Resperger" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(10) "stratégia" [1]=> string(8) "politika" [2]=> string(14) "Iszlám Állam" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(8) "strategy" [1]=> string(9) "political" [2]=> string(13) "Islamic State" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#802 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7205) ["id"]=> int(1558) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2411) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#800 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2412) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:40:42" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(2293) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "103–123" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1711) "

Apropos of the terror attacks in Paris (January and November 2015.), Brussel (2016.), Nizza and Germany more and more people think that the terror attacks and the connected risks are the results of the strengthening immigration. We can define the following question. Is there an actual connection or not? Scientific analysis of the data can show the relation between migration and terror attacks which does not correspond with the public opinion.

There is a decline in terror attacks and the number of the migrants in the 1st half of the last quarter of century. Ten years ago something must have happened, because both of the scales started to grow and a double wave, staged growing has developed. The minimum number of terror attacks from 2004 raised progressively until 2008. The number of the migrants started later to grow, in 2005. Until 2012 there was a stagnation in both categories. After that the number of terror attacks started a drastic grow and the growing of the number of the migrants started to grow only after a year. Therefore there is a relation between the changes of the number of the terror attacks and the migration. That means the citizens of developed countries do not have to be frighten from terror attacks, because the migrants are entering their country. Many of them must leave their home country because of the Euro-Atlantic countries generated such a situation in which the terror spread in some countries and their citizens must leave their home.

The study shows the possible role of some factors – like psychological or social psychological ones – in the establishing or culminating of the present situation, e.g terror threats and migration crisis.

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object(Publication)#804 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2414) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:46:07" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["submissionId"]=> int(2295) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "125–133" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(574) "

Between 20 August and 15 November 2016, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: freedom of expression and freedom of the press [Article IX, paragraphs (1), (2) and (4) of the Fundamental Law], the obligation of children of adult age to provide care for their parents if they are in need [Article XVI, paragraph (4) of the Fundamental Law] and right to have one’s affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities [Article XXIV, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law].

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The Constitutional Court (CC) made 83 decisions between 1 September and 25 November 2016, most of them (70) in 5-member chambers. There were 6 decisions that found a body of law or a regular court’s decision unconstitutional. The decisions reached in plenary session were rarely unanimous: out of 13 cases only 3 were reached without any concurring or dissenting opinions and these 3 unanimous decisions dismissed the cases in quiestion.

Many decisions reflected some of the legal aspects of the referendum held in October on refugee quota. The CC dismissed the constitutional complaint on voting from abroad. The current law on referendum does not allow to vote from abroad for those who have a residence in Hungary but are abroad on the day of the referendum. The complainant stated it is unconstitutional that the law on referendum discriminates between those citizens who have residence in Hungary and are at home or are abroad on the day of the referendum. According to the CC the complainant had no standing because the law in question was not applied by the regular court and also because the CC has already decided a similar case – but in connection with the law on parlamentary elections.

In two other decisions the CC found two decisions of the Curia unconstitutional. In both cases two television chanels broadcasted an advertistment of the Government that urged the citizents to vote. According to the two chanels it wasn’t a political advertistment, therefore strict rules on political advertisments are not to be applied to it. According to the National Electoral Committee the two chanels were correct: simply because the referendum was initiated by the Government it doesn’t make an advertisment on the importance to go to vote political. The Curia disagreed: it pointed out, that during th campainge the opposing parties focused on to urge the citizens to take part in or to refrain from voting. Therefore the nature of the advertistment (whether it is political or not) must be examined in a larger context. The Curia decided the Government’s ad was political because of the direction of the campaign, therefore the two chanels broke the law on political advertistments. The CC ruled the advertisments were not political, because according to the law to apply int he case does not require an examination of the „larger context”, for example of what is happening int he campaign. According to the CC any advertistment that urges the citizens to vote or to refrain from voting cannot be taken as political advertistment.

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Asylum is still one of the EU’s current top policy areas, which not only has an important political, economic and social impact but is also closely linked with the protection of fundamental rights. The author of this article has already analysed several times in this review’s columns the landmark decisions of the Court of Justice in which the EU judges examined, in the light of the fundamental rights, the EU norms on the grant of asylum as well as the procedures necessary for the purpose of applying these norms.

In this article, the two most important 2016 rulings of the Court of Justice in the area of asylum are analysed from the perspective of fundamental rights. In C-601/15 PPU J.N., the Court ruled that EU law allows an asylum seeker to be detained when the protection of national security or public order so requires. In joined cases C-443/14 & C-444/14 Alo & Osso, the Court set out that a place-of-residence condition may be imposed on beneficiaries of subsidiary protection if they face greater integration difficulties than other non-EU citizens who are legally resident in the Member State that has granted such protection.

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Asylum is still one of the EU’s current top policy areas, which not only has an important political, economic and social impact but is also closely linked with the protection of fundamental rights. The author of this article has already analysed several times in this review’s columns the landmark decisions of the Court of Justice in which the EU judges examined, in the light of the fundamental rights, the EU norms on the grant of asylum as well as the procedures necessary for the purpose of applying these norms.

In this article, the two most important 2016 rulings of the Court of Justice in the area of asylum are analysed from the perspective of fundamental rights. In C-601/15 PPU J.N., the Court ruled that EU law allows an asylum seeker to be detained when the protection of national security or public order so requires. In joined cases C-443/14 & C-444/14 Alo & Osso, the Court set out that a place-of-residence condition may be imposed on beneficiaries of subsidiary protection if they face greater integration difficulties than other non-EU citizens who are legally resident in the Member State that has granted such protection.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(109) "Protection of Fundamental Rights in the Area of Asylum: Two Cases from the Court of Justice’s 2016 Case-law" ["hu_HU"]=> string(164) "Az alapvető jogok védelmével kapcsolatos kérdések a menekültügyi eljárásokban: két jogeset az Európai Bíróság 2016. évi ítélkezési gyakorlatából" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#810 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2675) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2418) ["seq"]=> int(10) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(19) "Európai Bíróság" [1]=> string(26) "menekültügyi eljárások" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(18) "Fundamental Rights" [1]=> string(16) "Court of Justice" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#820 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7220) ["id"]=> int(1566) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2418) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#819 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2420) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2016-10-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-15 13:50:10" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(11) ["submissionId"]=> int(2301) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(182) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "157–169" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1037) "

This case-law review will present some important decisions adopted by the European Court of Human Rights between 15 August and 15 November 2016. One of the cases against Hungary, concerning the right to access to State-held information, was heard directly by the Court’s Grand Chamber because it raised a serious question affecting the interpretation of the Convention. The Court further examined the amended rules of whole-life sentences in Hungary, as well as a case concerning the freedom of expression before Parliament and another concerning the protection of property.

As regards cases against other countries discussed in this paper, their subject-matters include, among others, the requirements concerning the conditions of detention, the distribution of the burden of proof in asylum proceedings, the conditions concerning the restriction of the access to a lawyer, the home birth and the question whether a passive behaviour, an act of defiance, may be seen as a form of expression protected by the Convention.

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