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Online: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/769/Mothers-of-Srebrenica-v-the-Netherlands-and-the-UN/ BORECZKI, Szabolcs (2015): Az immunitás és a nemzetközi magánjogi szabályozás összefüggései. Fontes Iuris, 1(3–4), 76–87. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/fontesiuris/issue/view/739/428 DE BRABANDERE, Eric (2019): Measures of Constraint and the Immunity of International Organisations. In RUYS, Tom – ANGELET, Nicolas – FERRO, Luca (eds.): Cambridge Handbook on Immunities and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 327–349. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108283632.017 MFAT-UN (2005): Nemzetközi szervezetek Magyarországon (International Organisations in Hungary), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s homepage, Online: https://ensz.kormany.hu/nemzetkozi-szervezetek-magyarorszagon NEMESSÁNYI, Zoltán (2021): A nemzetközi szervezetek immunitása és a joghatóság polgári és kereskedelmi ügyekben. In VÉKÁS, Lajos – OSZTOVITS, András – NEMESSÁNYI, Zoltán (eds.): Nemzetközi magánjogi rendeletek az Európai Unió Bírósága gyakorlatában. Budapest: HVG-ORAC, 105–121. PARK, Joshua (2019): In Haiti, the United Nations is a Violator of Human Rights. Harvard International Review, 20 November 2019. Online: https://hir.harvard.edu/in-haiti-the-un-is-a-violator-of-human-rights/ REINISCH, August ed. (2000): International Organizations Before National Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494437 SHAW, Malcolm N. (2021): International Law. Ninth Edition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. VAN ALEBEEK, Rosanne – NOLLKAEMPER, André (2012): Privileges and Immunities of International Organizations in the Case Law of Dutch Courts. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2012-81. Online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2117821 VARGA, Réka (2023): Szabad kezük van? Nemzetközi szervezetek immunitása Magyarországon, különös tekintettel a munkaügyi kérdésekre. In AUER, Ádám – BANKÓ, Zoltán – BÉKÉSI, Gábor – BERKE, Gyula – HAZAFI, Zoltán – LUDÁNYI, Dávid (eds.): Ünnepi tanulmányok Kiss György 70. születésnapjára: Clara pacta, boni amici. Budapest: Wolters Kluwer Hungary, 666–675. Legal sources Act I of 1956 on the incorporation of Charter of the United Nations Act CLXVI of 2010 on the promulgation of the Headquarters Agreement between the European Institute of Innovation and Technology and the Government of the Republic of Hungary Act LII of 2012 on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations in New York, Extension of the privileges, immunities and facilities provided for in the international agreement dated February 13, 1946, to the institutions and senior officials of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation operating in Hungary Act XLI of 2015 on the promulgation of the Agreement on the Establishment of the International Investment Bank, signed in Moscow on 10 July 1970 and amended on 20 December 1990, and of the Charter annexed to the Agreement, as well as of the Protocol on the amendment of the Agreement and the Charter and of the notifications issued for becoming a party to the Protocol Act CXXII of 2015 on the promulgation of the Agreement between the Government of Hungary and the United Nations Children’s Fund on the Establishment of the United Nations Children’s Fund Global Service Center Act VII of 2016 on the promulgation of the agreement between the Government of Hungary and the Global Green Growth Institute on the privileges and immunities of the Global Green Growth Institute Act VIII of 2017 on the promulgation of the Agreement between the Government of Hungary and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) on the legal status of the International Federation’s Budapest Regional Office and Global Service Center Act XXVIII of 2017 on private international law Act XI of 2019 on the promulgation of the Agreement between the International Investment Bank and the Government of Hungary regarding the Headquarters of the International Investment Bank in Hungary and on the promulgation of the amendment to the Charter annexed to the Agreement on the Establishment of the International Investment Bank, signed in Moscow on 10 July 1970 and amended on 20 December 1990, as promulgated by Act XLI of 2015 Act XCIII of 2019 on promulgation of the Headquarters Agreement between the Government of Hungary and the Secretariat of the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States on the Representative Office of the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in Hungary Legislative Decree 15 of 1957 on the promulgation of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, done at New York on 13 February 1946 Legislative Decree 22 of 1965 on the promulgation of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations Done at Vienna on 18 April 1961 Legislative Decree 23 of 1967 on the promulgation of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, done at New York on 21 November 1947 Legislative Decree 7 of 1971 on the promulgation of the Agreement, signed in Moscow on 10 July 1970, on the establishment of the International Investment Bank, and of the Statute of the Bank annexed to the Agreement Government Decree No. 171/1993 (XII. 8.) on the promulgation of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Hungary and the International Labour Organization on the establishment of the Budapest Office of the ILO Central and Eastern European Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, signed in Geneva on 23 September 1992 Government Decree No. 203/2007 (VII. 31.) on the promulgation of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Hungary and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regarding the establishment of the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, the FAO Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe and the FAO Shared Services Center Government Decree No. 38/2023 (IV. 20.) on emergency measures relating to the headquarters of an international organisation Government Decision 1139/2023 (IV. 13.) on Hungary’s representation on the Board of Governors of the International Investment Bank Decision 36/2014 (XII. 18.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Decision 3284/2020 (VII. 17.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization adopted by the International Labour Conference on 9 October 1946 T/9894. sz. törvényjavaslat Magyarország 2025. évi költségvetéséről. Fejezeti indokolások [Draft Law No. T/9894 on Hungary’s budget for 2025, Annex II]. Online: https://www.parlament.hu/irom42/09894/09894KIEGSZ003.pdf United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (Not yet in force). Online: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/4_1_2004.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "3-18" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(981) "

This article examines how Hungary addresses the tension between the functional immunity of international organisations and the fundamental right of access to a court. While international organisations traditionally enjoy broad, often absolute, immunity grounded in functionality rather than sovereignty, recent constitutional court and ECtHR case law has introduced human-rights based limits, particularly in labour disputes. Focusing on Hungarian headquarters agreements, the study shows how international obligations interact with domestic constitutional requirements. The Constitutional Court of Hungary, following ECtHR jurisprudence (e.g. Waite and Kennedy; Beer and Regan), accepts functional immunity only where “reasonable alternative” dispute-settlement mechanisms exist, ensuring that access to justice is not illusory. Hungary has therefore systematically included clauses making immunity in labour disputes conditional on the availability of such procedures.

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The immunity of international organizations is not a new concept in international law, yet it remains a topic of interest from time to time, either because an official has committed an act that violates the law, or because it has been suggested that immunity is not necessarily consistent with certain human rights requirements, such as the right of access to a court. Although international law has not changed and continues to grant absolute immunity to international organizations, constitutional court decisions and cases before the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter: ECtHR) have added nuance to the picture.

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GALGANO, Francesco (2005): La globalizzazione nello specchio del diritto [Globalisation through the Prism of Law]. Bologna: Il Mulino. HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. (1996): The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster. KÁDÁR, Béla (2005): Globalizálódás és kisországi stratégia [Globalisation and Small Country Strategies]. In VIZI, E. Szilveszter (ed.): Székfoglalók a Magyar Tudományos Akadémián 2001: Társadalomtudományok [Inaugural Speeches of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]. Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. KIS, Norbert – MÁTHÉ, Gábor eds. (2024): The Evolution of the European States. Paradigms of State Organisation. Budapest: Ludovika University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/01217_00 LÁMFALUSSY, Sándor (2000): Szerkezeti változások az európai pénzpiacon [Structural Changes in the European Financial Market]. In GLATZ, Ferenc (ed.): Székfoglalók a Magyar Tudományos Akadémián: 1995–1998. V. Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. LŐRINCZ, Lajos (2010): Magyary Zoltán helye a magyar közigazgatás-tudományban [Zoltán Magyary’s Place in the Hungarian Science of Pubic Administration]. In GELLÉN, Márton – HOSSZÚ, Hortenzia (eds.): Államszerep válság idején. Magyary Zoltán emlékkötet [The Role of the State in Times of Crisis. Zoltán Magyary Memorial Volume]. Budapest: CompLex Kiadó, 39–45. MAGYARY, Zoltán (1936a): A közigazgatás legfőbb vezetése szervezési szempontból [The Top Management of Public Administration in Organisational Terms]. Budapest: Budapest Székesfőváros Statisztikai Hivatala. MAGYARY, Zoltán (1936b): A közigazgatás gazdaságossága és eredményessége [Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Administration]. In MÁRTONFFY, Károly (ed.): A mai magyar közigazgatás. Az 1936. évi Közigazgatási Továbbképző Tanfolyam előadásai, közzéteszi Kozma Miklós belügyminiszter [The Hungarian Administration Today. Lectures of the 1936 Public Administration Training Course, published by Miklós Kozma, Minister of the Interior], Budapest, 53–60. MAGYARY, Zoltán (1942): Magyar Közigazgatás. A közigazgatás szerepe a XX. század államában. A magyar közigazgatás szervezete, működése és jogi rendje [Hungarian Public Administration. The Role of Public Administration in the 20th Century State. The Organisation, Operation and Legal System of the Hungarian Public Administration]. Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda. MÁRTONFFY, Károly (1940): A magyar közigazgatás megújulása [The Renewal of the Hungarian Public Administration]. Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda. MÁTHÉ, Gábor (2011): Magyar Közigazgatástudományi Intézet 1931–1945 [Hungarian Institute of Public Administration 1931–1945]. In FAZEKAS, Marianna (ed.): A közigazgatás tudományos vizsgálata egykor és ma. 80 éve jött létre a budapesti jogi karon a Magyar Közigazgatástudományi Intézet [The Academic Study of Public Administration Past and Present. The Hungarian Institute of Public Administration Was Established 80 Years Ago at the Budapest Law Faculty]. Budapest: Gondolat, 46–55. NAVRACSICS, Tibor (2011): Magyary Program a köz szolgálatára [Magyary Programme in the Service of the Public]. Ministry of Public Administration and Justice, 14 June 2011. Online: https://2010-2014.kormany.hu/hu/kozigazgatasi-es-igazsagugyi-miniszterium/hirek/magyary-program-a-koz-szolgalatara OGRIS, Werner (2010): Der Rechtsstaat [The Rule of Law]. In OGRIS, Werner – MÁTHÉ, Gábor (eds.): Die Habsburgermonarchie auf dem Wege zum Rechtsstaat? [The Habsburg Monarchy on the Way to a Constitutional State?] Budapest–Wien: Magyar Közlöny Lap- és Könyvkiadó, 15–32. RABKIN, Jeremy (2004): The Case for Sovereignty. Why the World Should Welcome American Independence. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. SÁRI, János (1995): A hatalommegosztás történelmi dimenziói és mai értelme avagy az alkotmányos rendszerek belső logikája [The Historical Dimensions and Contemporary Understanding of the Division of Power or the Internal Logic of Constitutional Systems]. Budapest: Osiris. SZENTES, Tamás (2000): Fejlődés, rendszerváltás és versenyképesség a globalizálódás korában [Development, Regime Change and Competitiveness in the Era of Globalisation]. Budapest: MTA. TAMÁS, András (2009): A jogállam közigazgatásának “fejlődése”: közigazgatásból magánüzlet [The “Evolution” of Public Administration in the Rule of Law: From Public Administration to Private Business]. Justum Aequum Salutare, 5(3), 57–74. TOMCSÁNYI, Móric (1933): Magyar közigazgatási és pénzügyi jog [The Hungarian Administrative and Financial Law]. Budapest: Published by the Author. TOMCSÁNYI, Móric (1940): Magyarország közjoga [The Public Law of Hungary]. Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda. VARGA, Csaba (1993): A jogállamiság és joga. Magyar Tudomány, 38(8), 941–950." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "19-36" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.2" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(578) "

This study assesses the significance of Zoltán Magyary’s work and confirms his place in the history of science. As a key figure in public administration in Hungary, he combined the study of public administration and administrative law into a single, uniform discipline. The study also presents an historiographical overview of his work and examines the impacts of his rich oeuvre on contemporary practice, touching upon various issues of the European Union and the global world order as well as on the future of nation states, which are the embodiments of sovereignty.

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This study assesses the significance of Zoltán Magyary’s activity and marks his place in the history of science. As a classic in Hungarian public administration, he combined the study of public administration and administrative law into a single, uniform discipline. A historiographic overview is also given and the impacts of his rich oeuvre on our age is analysed, touching upon various issues of the European Union and the global world order as well as the future of national states, which are the tokens of sovereignty.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/15.5.885 CALLIES, Christian (2020): Constitutional Identity in Germany. One for Three or Three in One? In CALLIES, Christian – VAN DER SCHYFF, Gerhard (eds.): Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 153–181. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616256.008 CALLIES, Christian – SCHNETTGER, Anita (2020): The Protection of Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. In CALLIES, Christian – VAN DER SCHYFF, Gerhard (eds.): Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 348–371. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616256.016 CSINK, Lóránt (2015): Az Alaptörvény identitása – honnan hová? In TÓTH, Judit (ed.): Ünnepi kötet Dr. Tóth Károly címzetes egyetemi tanár 70. születésnapjára. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis, 134–141. CZUBIK, Pawel (2022): Sovereignty in International Law. In RAISZ, Anikó (ed.): International Law from a Central European Perspective. Miskolc–Budapest: CEA Publishing, 95–113. Online: https://doi.org/10.54171/2022.ar.ilfcec_5 DRAGOȘ, Bogdan – LAURENȚIU, Mihai (2022): Între constituții și dreptul UE: abordări în alte state membre. In STOICA, Valeriu (ed.): CJUE și CCR – Identități în dialog. București: Universul Juridic, 89–139. DRINÓCZI, Tímea (2020): Constitutional Identity in Europe: The Identity of the Constitution. A Regional Approach. German Law Journal, 21(2), 105–130. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.1 DUMBRAVĂ, Horatius (2024): The Effects of Constitutional Court Judgments in the Context of EU Integration: The Case of Romania as an EU Member State. ERA Forum, 25(1), 61–78. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-024-00794-9 FABBRINI, Federico (2013): The Constitutionalization of International Law: A Comparative Federal Perspective. European Journal of Legal Studies, 6(2), 3–29. Online: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2578685 FLOREA, Dumitrița (2023): Implicarea statelor în procesul de formare a normelor juridice internaționale. Răspundere și sancțiuni internaționale. București: Editura Universul Juridic. JAKAB, András (2016): Az európai alkotmányjog nyelve. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. KÉRI, Veronika – POZSÁR-SZENTMIKLÓSY, Zoltán (2017): Az Alkotmánybíróság határozata az Alaptörvény E) cikkének értelmezéséről. JeMa Jogesetek Magyarázata, 2017(1–2), 5–15. MOTOC, Iulia (2022): Dialogul dintre CJUE, CEDO și curțile constituționale europene: reflecții despre pluralismul constituțional și art. 2 TUE. In STOICA, Valeriu (ed.): CJUE și CCR – Identități în dialog. București: Universul Juridic, 313–332. ORBÁN, Endre (2020): Alkotmányos identitás az Európai Unióban. Budapest: Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont Jogtudományi Intézet. Online: https://jog.tk.elte.hu/uploads/files/monografia3.pdf ORBÁN, Endre – SZABÓ, Patrik (2022): A „visszafoglalás elve”. Az Alkotmánybíróság 32/2021. (XII. 20.) AB határozata az uniós jog hazai érvényesüléséről. Közjogi Szemle, 15(2), 103–111. Online: https://orac.hu/pdf/KJSz_202202_103-111o_OrbanEndre_SzaboPatrik.pdf RĂZVAN LUPU, Andrei (2022): Identitatea constituțională națională și dreptul Uniunii Europene. In STOICA, Valeriu (ed.): CJUE și CCR – Identități în dialog. București: Universul Juridic, 291–312. ROSENFELD, Michel (1995): Identity of the Constitutional Subject. Cardozo Law Review, 1995(16), 1049–1109. SCHNETTGER, Anita (2020): Article 4(2) TEU as a Vehicle for National Constitutional Identity in the Shared European Legal System. In CALLIES, Christian – VAN DER SCHYFF, Gerhard (eds.): Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616256.002 STEPKOWSKI, Aleksander (2023): Polish Constitutional Identity and the EU Challenges: European Law as a Tool for the Redrafting of the Polish Constitution. In VARGA ZS., András – BERKES, Lilla (eds.): Common Values and Constitutional Identities. Miskolc–Budapest: CEA Publishing, 225–270. Online: https://doi.org/10.54237/profnet.2023.avlbcvci_7 SYRYT, Aleksandra (2023): Impact of the European Integration Process on the Amendments in the Constitutional System of Public Authorities: Between Integration and Sovereignty. The Role of the Constitutional Identity. In SCHANDA, Balázs (ed.): The Character of Legislative Process Adopted to Amend the Constitution. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwosci, 49–109. TEODOROIU, Simona-Maya – ENACHE, Marian – SAFTA, Marieta (2019): Identitatea constituțională națională și dialog judiciar. In DORNEANU, Valer – KRUPENSCHI, Claudia-Margareta (eds.): Identitatea constituțională națională în contextul dreptului european. București: Editura Hamangiu, 37–50. Online: https://www.ccr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Identitatea-constitutionala-nationala-in-contextul-dreptului-european-2019.pdf TÉGLÁSI, András – BOROS, Luca (2022): Néhány gondolat az alkotmányos identitásról. Miskolci Jogi Szemle, 17(2), 421–428. Online: https://doi.org/10.32980/MJSz.2022.2.2032 VARGA, Attila (2019): Identitatea constituțională națională – sursă de conflicte sau de soluții? Unele aspect doctrinaire și jurisprudențiale. In DEACONU, Ștefan – TĂNĂSESCU, Elena Simina (eds): In honorem Ioan Muraru. București: Editura Hamangiu, 441–467. VARGA ZS., András (2016): Végleges szuverenitás, vagy korlátozott hatáskör-transzfer? Fontes Iuris, 2(1), 8–12. VERESS, Emőd (2023): Reform of the Romanian Judiciary and the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism – Considering the Practice of the Romanian Constitutional Court. Central European Journal of Comparative Law, 4(2), 317–348. Online: https://doi.org/10.47078/2023.2.317-348 Legal sources - 2 BvR 2735/14 Order of the Second Senate of 15 December 2015 of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany BVerfGE 37, 271 Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany BVerfGE 73, 339 Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany BVerfGE 89, 155 Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany BVerfGE 123, 267 Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany BVerfGE 142, 123 Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany Decision 22/2016 (XII. 5.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Decision 32/2021 (XII. 20.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Decision 20/2024 (XI. 28.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary Judgment of 24 November 2010 Ref. No. K 32/09 of the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland Judgment of the Court of 22 December 2010 in Case C-208/09 Ilonka Sayn-Wittgenstein v. Landeshauptmann von Wien Judgment of the Court of 12 May 2011 in Case C-391/09 Małgorzata Runevic-Vardyn and Lukasz Pawel Wardyn v. Vilniaus miesto savivaldybes administracija and Others Judgment of the Court of 16 April 2013 in Case C-202/11 Anton Las v. PSA Antwerp NV" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "37-51" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1139) "

The protection of sovereignty and constitutional identity as factors in the relationship between the European Union and its Member States has recently become a topical issue. The constitutional courts of the Member States have developed their case law concerning European integration essentially with reference to these two concepts. However, a number of unresolved questions have also arisen in relation to constitutional identity and national sovereignty. On the one hand, the specific elements of constitutional identity vary from one Member State to another. On the other hand, sovereignty has acquired a somewhat new meaning precisely in the process of European integration. The aim of the following paper is to explore two concepts, i.e. the protection of sovereignty and identity control, by analysing the relationship between them. In addition to presenting the relevant legal literature, this holistic review will also explore the relevant case law of the constitutional courts of the Member States, as certain constitutional courts have examined the relationship between national sovereignty and identity control in depth.

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object(Publication)#749 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8020) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-03-27" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-03-27 10:09:14" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10187) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(7896) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4585) "GYÖRGY, István (2019): Egyesült Királyság. In HAZAFI, Zoltán – LUDÁNYI, Dávid (eds.): Összehasonlító európai közszolgálat. Kézirat. GYULAVÁRI, Tamás – KUN, Attila (2013): A munkáltatói szabályzat az új Munka Törvénykönyvében. Magyar Jog, 60(9), 556–566. HAZAFI, Zoltán (2019): Kormányzati paradigmák, személyzeti rendszerek, közszolgálati „emberkép”. In HAZAFI, Zoltán (ed.): Kormányzati személyzetpolitika. Budapest, Dialóg Campus, 41–80. HAZAFI, Zoltán – KAJTÁR, Edit (2021): A COVID-járvány hatása a közszolgálati HRM fejlődésére. In RIXER, Ádám (ed.): A járvány hosszútávú hatása a magyar közigazgatásra. Budapest: Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, 247–263. HAZAFI, Zoltán – SZEKÉR, Enikő (2021): Személyügyi döntéstámogatás informatikai rendszerének bevezetése a magyar közszolgálatban. Belügyi Szemle, 69(8), 1335–1360. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2021.8.3 HEGYESI, Zoltán (2024): A közigazgatás szervezési elvei a területi közigazgatás vizsgálatának szemszögéből. Belügyi Szemle, 72(8), 1447–1470. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ-AJIA.2024.v72.i8.pp1447-1470 Hutton Review of Fair Pay in the Public Sector: Final Report (2011). Online: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/2562/1/hutton_fairpay_review.pdf IVÁN, Dániel (2023): A közszolgáltatások megszervezésének formái. De Iurisprudentia Et Iure Publico, 14(1), 60–81. KÁNTÁS, Péter (2001): A mérlegelés dilemmái. Jogelméleti Szemle, (3). Online: https://epa.hu/05200/05288/00007/pdf/EPA05288_jogelmeleti_szemle_2001_3_04.pdf KISS, György (2019): A közszolgálati életpálya („career”, „Laufbahn”, „carriere”) jogi szabályozásának alapja. In KISS, György (ed.): Közszolgálati életpályák jogi szabályozása. Budapest, Dialóg Campus, 19–21. LŐRINCZ, Lajos (2010): A közigazgatás alapintézményei. Budapest: HVG-ORAC. OECD (2015): Slovak Republic: Better Co-ordination for Better Policies – Services and Results. Paris, OECD Publishing. PAKSI-PETRÓ, Csilla (2020): Munkaköralapú humánerőforrás gazdálkodás intézményesítésének nemzetközi gyakorlata. Országtanulmány: Egyesült Királyság. In GÁSPÁR, Mátyás – SZAKÁCS, Gábor (eds.): Munkaköralapú humánerőforrás gazdálkodás intézményesítésének nemzetközi gyakorlata (országtanulmányok). Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 270–340. PAKSI-PETRÓ, Csilla (2023): A legújabb fejlődési irányok a brit közszolgálatban. In CSÓKA, Gabriella – LUDÁNYI, Dávid (eds.): Főbb közszolgálati modellek Európában. Budapest: Ludovika Egyetemi Kiadó, 11–32. STAROŇOVÁ, Katarína (2017): Performance Appraisal in the EU Member States and the European Commission. Bratislava: Government Office of Slovakia. Online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3031256 Legal sources Act XXIII of 1992 on the Legal Status of Civil Servants (Ktv.) Act CXXV of 2003 on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities (the Equal Treatment Act) Act I of 2012 on the Labour Code (Mt.) Act CXXV of 2018 on Government Administration (Kit.) Government Decree 88/2019 (IV. 23.) Government Decree 716/2021 (XII. 20.) Act No. 55/2017 Coll. on the Civil Service. Online: https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/113676/SVK-113676.pdf Civil Service Commission (2010): Code of Practice for Staff October 2010. Online: https://civilservicecommission.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/01b_Code-of-Practice-for-Staff.pdf Civil Service Commission (2018): Recruitment Principles. April 2018. Online: https://civilservicecommission.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/02a_RECRUITMENT-PRINCIPLES-April-2018-FINAL-.pdf Civil Service Human Resoucres (2012): Civil Service Competency Framework. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a815610ed915d74e33fda4b/cscf_fulla4potrait_2013-2017_v2d.pdf Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010. Online: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/25/contents Grade Structures of the Civil Service. Institute for Government. Online: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/civil-service-grades The Civil Service Management Code. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-servants-terms-and-conditions The Code of Practice on Equal Pay. Online: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/equalpaycode.pdf Guidelines for the Management of Underperformance. Online: https://circulars.gov.ie/pdf/circular/per/2016/24.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "53-76" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1217) "

Act CXXV of 2018 on Government Administration (hereinafter: Kit.) brought about a paradigm shift in Hungarian public service law. It has facilitated significant public law deregulation and decentralisation. Although it deliberately dismantled the former career ladder, it has been slow to set up new career paths in its place. Employers have been entrusted with the task of re-regulating their personnel-related activities. Thus, the main criticism of the law is levelled at what it omits. The transformation of the career framework ought to take place in a spirit which is consistent with the legislative objectives of the Kit. To this end, the practice of Anglo-Saxon countries is most worth taking into consideration, so we examined in detail the approaches taken by these countries to manage the risks posed by decentralisation. On the basis of this survey, we have drafted a public service HRM development framework of a longer-term nature which ensures the success of the process. Thus, bodies can benefit from the flexibility resulting from the recent decentralisation and deregulation while also being prepared to manage the related risks. Both these results will ensure high organisational efficiency.

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Act CXXV of 2018 on Government Administration (hereinafter: “Kit.”) has brought about a paradigm shift in the Hungarian public service law. It has established significant public law deregulation and decentralisation. Although it has knowingly dismantled the career system, it has been slow to set up the new personnel system. The employers have been entrusted with the re-regulation of the personnel activity. Thus, the main criticism can be levelled at what was left out of the law. Transformation shall take place in the spirit which is consistent with the legislative objectives of Kit. To this end, mostly the practice of Anglo-Saxon countries is worth taking into consideration, so we examined in detail what kind of solutions are applied by these countries to manage the risks resulting from decentralisation. Then, using these, we are drafting a public service HRM development framework of a longer-term nature which ensures the successfulness of developments. Thus, bodies can utilise the flexibility owing to the recent decentralisation and deregulation while they are prepared to manage the risks as well. These two together ensure high organisational efficiency.

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COM/2021/550. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0550 European Commission (2021b): The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan. COM(2021) 102 final. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0102 European Union (2017): Communication from the Commission – Guidelines on non-financial reporting (methodology for reporting non-financial information). C/2017/4234. Online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/845ab879-6182-11e7-9dbe-01aa75ed71a1 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "77-99" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1424) "

This study examines the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) framework, with a special focus on the social (“S”) dimension and its regulatory context in the EU. The central question of the research is how the social aspect of the ESG approach can become an integral part of corporate strategy and what regulatory instruments are best suited for encouraging socially responsible operations in the EU. While the environmental dimension has seen more development to date, the social dimension is becoming more prominent, in particular through Directive 2014/95/EU and the CSRD. This study aims to explore the mechanisms through which CSR can be integrated into the day-to-day operations of companies and how these practices affect their market position and social acceptance. The study uses qualitative methods, applying legal and literature analysis, which highlights the importance of employee welfare, community relations and transparent reporting. The results suggest that the inclusion of social considerations in mandatory reporting is not only an ethical but also an economic imperative. Corporate social performance affects credit risk, investor decisions and social trust. The study will allow a deeper understanding of the relationship between CSR and the ESG framework and thus contribute to the promotion of a sustainable and inclusive economy.

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Ez a tanulmány a vállalati társadalmi felelősségvállalás (CSR) szerepét vizsgálja az ESG (környezeti, társadalmi, irányítási) keretrendszeren belül, különös tekintettel a társadalmi („S”) dimenzióra és annak uniós szabályozási kontextusára. A kutatás központi kérdése, hogy az ESG társadalmi aspektusa hogyan válhat a vállalati stratégia szerves részévé, és milyen szabályozási eszközök ösztönzik a társadalmilag felelős működést az EU-ban. Míg a környezetvédelmi dimenzió fejlődése előrehaladottabb, a társadalmi dimenzió egyre hangsúlyosabbá válik, különösen a 2014/95/EU irányelv és a CSRD révén. A kutatás célja annak feltárása, hogy milyen mechanizmusokon keresztül integrálható a CSR a vállalatok mindennapi működésébe, és hogy ezek a gyakorlatok hogyan befolyásolják a vállalatok piaci pozícióját és társadalmi elfogadottságát. A tanulmány kvalitatív módszereket, jogi és szakirodalmi elemzést alkalmaz, kiemelve a munkavállalói jólét, a közösségi kapcsolatok és az átlátható jelentéstétel fontosságát. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a társadalmi szempontok beépítése a kötelező jelentéstételbe nemcsak etikai, hanem gazdasági kötelesség is. A vállalati társadalmi teljesítmény hatással van a hitelkockázatra, a befektetői döntésekre és a társadalmi bizalomra. A tanulmány hozzájárul a CSR és az ESG közötti kapcsolat mélyebb megértéséhez, valamint a fenntartható és befogadó gazdaság előmozdításához.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.001 ANGELO, Hillary – WACHSMUTH, David (2020): Why Does Everyone Think Cities Can Save the Planet? Urban Studies, 57(11), 2201–2221. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020919081 ARAOS, Malcolm – BERRANG-FORD, Lea – FORD, James D. – AUSTIN, Stephanie E. – BIESBROEK, Robbert – LESNIKOWSKI, Aleksandra (2016): Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Large Cities: A Systematic Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, 375–382. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.009 BIRKMANN, Joern – WELLE, Torsten – SOLECKI, William – LWASA, Shuaib – GARSCHAGEN, Matthias (2016): Boost the Resilience of Small and Mid-Sized Cities. Nature, 537(7622), 605–608. Online: https://doi.org/10.1038/537605a CARTER, Jeremy G. – HANDLEY, John – BUTLIN, Tom – GILL, Susannah (2018): Adapting Cities to Climate Change – Exploring the Flood Risk Management Role of Green Infrastructure Landscapes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(9), 1535–1552. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1355777 FILA, Dennis – FÜNFGELD, Hartmut – DAHLMANN, Heindriken (2023): Climate Change Adaptation with Limited Resources: Adaptive Capacity and Action in Small- and Medium-Sized Municipalities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26, 5607–5627. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-02999-3 FITTON, James M. et al. (2021): Challenges to Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Small Towns: Examples from Ghana, Uruguay, Finland, Denmark, and Alaska. Ocean & Coastal Management, 212. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105787 Ghana’s Fifth National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (2022). 2021 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Online: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_nir5_15052022_final.pdf Ghana Statistical Service (2021): Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census. General Report. HÖLSCHER, Katharina – FRANTZESKAKI, Niki – MCPHEARSON, Timon – LOORBACH, Derk (2019): Capacities for Urban Transformations Governance and the Case of New York City. Cities, 94, 186–199. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.037 MEASHAM, Thomas G. et al. (2011): Adapting to Climate Change through Local Municipal Planning: Barriers and Challenges. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16(8), 889–909. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9301-2 MESTI (2012): Ghana National Climate Change Policy. Accra. Online: https://pef.org.gh/documents/climate-change/national-climate-change-policy.pdf MESTI (2021): Ghana’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement (2020 – 2030). Accra: Environmental Protection Agency – Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation. Online: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ghana%27s%20Updated%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20to%20the%20UNFCCC_2021.pdf MUSAH-SURUGU, Issah J. – AHENKAN, Albert – BAWOLE, Justice N. (2019): Too Weak to Lead: Motivation, Agenda Setting and Constraints of Local Government to Implement Decentralized Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(2), 587–607. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0049-z National Development Planning Commission (2014): Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) II, 2014–2017. Medium-term National Development Policy Framework, Volume 1: Policy Framework. Online: https://ndpc.gov.gh/media/Ghana_Shared_Growth_and_Development_Agenda_GSGDA_II_2014-2017.pdf OLAZABAL, Marta – RUIZ DE GOPEGUI, Maria (2021): Adaptation Planning in Large Cities is Unlikely to be Effective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 206. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103974 POKU-BOANSI, Michael – COBBINAH, Patrick B. (2018): Are we Planning for Resilient Cities in Ghana? An Analysis of Policy and Planners’ Perspectives. Cities, 72, 252–260. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.09.005 Republic of Ghana (2011): Ghana’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Online: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanc2.pdf RUMBACH, Andrew (2016): Decentralization and small cities: Towards more effective urban disaster governance? Habitat International, 52, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.026 WISNER, Ben – PELLING, Mark – MASCARENHAS, Adolfo – HOLLOWAY, Ailsa – NDONG, Babacar – FAYE, Papa – RIBOT, Jesse – SIMON, David (2015): Small Cities and Towns in Africa: Insights into Adaptation Challenges and Potentials. In PAULEIT, Stephan et al. (eds.): Urban Vulnerability and Climate Change in Africa. Cham: Springer International, 153–196. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03982-4_5 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "101-117" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(894) "

This paper highlights how secondary cities, often overlooked in climate governance literature, face distinct implementation challenges compared to capital cities, yet play a key role in Ghana’s overall climate response. Utilising qualitative data in the form of interviews and document analysis it identifies significant barriers, including budgetary allocations, conflicting political priorities and weak organizational capacity at the municipal level.  

The paper concludes that effective climate action in these municipalities depends on establishing robust systems for local climate data collection and analysis, which currently remain underdeveloped. Additionally, integrating climate action into core local government functions, rather than treating it as a standalone initiative, is essential for sustainable urban development in Ghana’s rapidly growing urban centres.

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Az afrikai nagyvárosok küszködnek az éghajlatváltozás folyamatos és előre jelzett hatásaival. Ennek egyik oka a városi lakosság számának növekedése és a városi igazgatás nehezen reagáló tervezési rendszere. A klímaváltozáshoz való alkalmazkodás és/vagy a problémák enyhítése  széles körben elismert stratégiai cél. Az országos klímastratégiák elfogadásának és megvalósításának előrehaladása ellenére azonban kevés figyelem irányult a kutatás terén arra, hogyan kezelik és támogatják ezek a helyi kormányzati szintek szerepét. Ez az írás kritikai vizsgálat alá veszi a ghánai országos klímastratégiát és a városi szabályozásokat, hogy bemutassa, milyen szinten támogatott ebben a vonatkozásban a helyi önkormányzatok szerepe.  Három nagyváros szabályozásának példáján keresztül bemutatjuk, hogy az éghajlatváltozás globális ügy, hatásainak kezelése azonban jelentős mértékben igényel helyi lépéseket, illetve azok országos és önkormányzati forrásokkal való támogatását. Mivel a városi környezet explicit részletezése helyett jobbára csak utalásokat találhatunk, szükséges és lehetséges a klímaváltozással kapcsolatban további kutatás a helyi önkormányzati szinteken ahhoz, hogy a szükséges lépések azonosíthatóvá váljanak. Mivel az intézményi berendezkedés hiányosságai miatt a helyi önkormányzatok továbbra sem kényszerülnek a stratégia megvalósítására, ezért ezeket a cél eléréséhez gyorsan pótolni kell.

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object(Publication)#784 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7116) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-03-27" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-03-27 10:09:14" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8844) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(6992) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4594) "BIANCHI, Andrea – PEAT, Daniel – WINDSOR, Matthew eds. (2015): Interpretation in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198725749.001.0001 BRADLEY, Curtis A. (2008): Intent, Presumptions, and Non-Self Executing Treaties. The American Journal of International Law, 102(3), 540–551. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/20456642 BUERGENTHAL, Thomas (1995): International Human Rights in a Nutshell. Eagan: West Academic Publishing. CARRILLO, Margarita Robles (2020): Artificial Intelligence: From Ethics to Law. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101937 Council of Europe (1992): European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Online: https://rm.coe.int/1680695175 Council of Europe (1995): Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Online: https://rm.coe.int/168007cdac Council of Europe (2017): Opinion on the Provisions of The Law on Education of 5 September 2017 which Concern the use of the State Language and Minority and other Languages in Education Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 113th Plenary Session (8–9 December 2017). Opinion No. 902/2017. Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/venice-commission/-/cdl-ad-2017-030-e Council of Europe (2024): The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence. Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence GERKEN, Miriam (2022): Facilitating the Implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages through Artificial Intelligence. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Online: https://rm.coe.int/min-lang-2022-4-ai-and-ecrml-en/1680a657c5 HÁRS, András (2021): AI and International Law – Legal Personality and Avenues for Regulation. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 62(4), 320–344. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00352 HILDEBRANDT, Mireille (2020): The Artificial Intelligence of European Union Law. German Law Journal, 21(Special Issue 1), 74–79. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.99 KARLJUK, Maksim (2018): Ethical and Legal Issues in Artificial Intelligence. International and Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies, Working Paper 44. Online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3460095 KISSINGER, Henry A. – SCHMIDT, Eric – HUTTENLOCHER, Daniel (2021): The Age of AI and Our Human Future. New York – Boston – London: Little, Brown and Company. LAUD, Purushottam W. – JOHNSON, Wesley O. – ROSNER Gary L. (2021): Bayesian Thinking in Biostatistics. London: Chapman and Hall. Online: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439800102 MARSDEN, Harriet (2024): How Technology Helps and Harms Endangered Languages. The Week, 9 April 2024. Online: https://theweek.com/tech/how-technology-helps-and-harms-endangered-languages MERKOURIS, Panos – KAMMERHOFER, Jörg – ARAJÄRVI, Noora eds. (2022): The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law. The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009025416 PYM, Anthony – AYVAZYAN, Nune – PRIOLEAU, Jonathan (2022): Should Raw Machine Translation be Used for Public-Health Information? Suggestions for a Multilingual Communication Policy in Catalonia. Just Journal of Language Rights & Minorities, Revista de Drets Lingüístics i Minories, 1(1–2), 71–99. Online: https://doi.org/10.7203/Just.1.24880 REHM, Georg – WAY, Andy eds. (2023): European Language Equality. A Strategic Agenda for Digital Language Equality. Cham: Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28819-7 SHAH, Ronak – MCGREEVEY, Morag – REYNOLDS, Molly (2021): The Future of AI Regulation in Canada: What We Can Learn from the E.U.’s Proposed AI Framework. Torys, 25 May 2021. Online: https://www.torys.com/insights/publications/2021/05/the-future-of-ai-regulation-in-canada/ SURDEN, Harry (2019): Artificial Intelligence and Law: An Overview. Georgia State University Law Review, 35(4), 1305–1337. United Nations (1967): International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Online: https://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20am/ch_iv_04.pdf United Nations (1993): Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. A/RES/47/135. Online: https://docs.un.org/en/a/res/47/135 VÁZQUEZ, Carlos Manuel (1995): The Four Doctrines of Self-Executing Treaties. American Journal of International Law, 89(4), 695–723. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2203933" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(681) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "119-130" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2025.3.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(528) "

Artificial intelligence brings both benefits and risks concerning the realisation of linguistic rights for minority language communities. In this paper, I will examine what I perceive as the most evident benefits and challenges, primarily from a techno-optimistic perspective. Before doing so, however, I will first provide a brief overview of the relevant international and EU legal framework, with a particular focus on legal attempts to define artificial intelligence and the existing regulations on linguistic rights.

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Endre Sashalmi’s 2022 monograph Russian Notions of Power and State was the topic of a particularly vibrant roundtable discussion at the 2024 convention of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies in Boston, USA, on 24 November 2024. The book itself has received critical acclaim since its first appearance and was awarded the Marc Raeff prize of the Eighteenth-Century Russian Empire Studies Association in 2023. Despite the infelicitous scheduling of the panel on a Sunday morning, on the last half-day of the conference, it drew a large audience that actively participated in the discussion. The conversation continued after the formal close of the panel, both in the hallway and subsequently by email.

Professor Peter B. Brown of Rhode Island College organised the roundtable, and joined ex-officio the panellists of record: Professor Russell E. Martin of Westminster College, Professor Lawrence N. Langer of the University of Connecticut, Professor Carol B. Stevens of Colgate University, Professor David Goldfrank of Georgetown University, and Professor Donald Ostrowski of Harvard University, with Professor Eve Levin of the University of Kansas presiding as chair. Professor Sashalmi was also afforded the opportunity to reply during the session. All of the participants are senior scholars of Russia, Muscovy, and premodern Rus’ who have grappled with the issues tackled in Sashalmi’s book.

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Endre Sashalmi’s 2022 monograph Russian Notions of Power and State was the topic of a particularly vibrant round-table discussion at the 2024 convention of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies in Boston, USA, on November 24, 2024. The book itself has received critical acclaim since its first appearance, including the Marc Raeff prize of the Eighteenth-Century Russian Empire Studies Association in 2023. Despite the infelicitous scheduling of the panel on a Sunday morning at the last half-day of the conference, it drew a large audience that participated interactively in the discussion. The conversation continued after the formal close of the panel, both in the hallway and subsequently by email.

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