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" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(34) "The “Mother of All Agreements”" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Háda Béla" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#729 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(11682) ["email"]=> string(20) "hada.bela@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(9006) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Béla" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Háda" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Dr. Háda" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Béla" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "India" [1]=> string(14) "European Union" [2]=> string(20) "free trade agreement" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#745 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46947) ["id"]=> int(6847) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(9006) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Biztonságpolitika
President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s “Independent” Foreign Policy and the Philippines’ Position in the New World Order
In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines plays an important role in the strategies of the United States and China. The Philippine government is trying to establish a balance between the two world powers and at the same time take advantage of this situation. This goal is also served by the ‘independent’ foreign policy of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., who took office in 2022. The aim of this paper is to briefly summarise the key elements of Marcos’ foreign policy halfway through his term. It emphasises that, despite the risks, closer cooperation with the United States currently appears to be more rewarding, while geopolitical tensions with China are limiting the full development of the economic partnership.
" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(122) "President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s “Independent” Foreign Policy and the Philippines’ Position in the New World Order" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(17) "Klemensits Péter" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#754 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11366) ["email"]=> string(25) "peterklemensits@yahoo.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8794) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Klemensits" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Klemensits" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Péter" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Péter" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(68) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:42:"Eurázsia Központ, Neumann János Egyetem";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(14) "Southeast Asia" [1]=> string(44) "Philippines ‘independent’ foreign policy" [2]=> string(16) "Ferdinand Marcos" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#760 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46948) ["id"]=> int(6848) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8794) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }China and the U.S. in Southeast Asia Competing Visions, Divergent Approaches
This study examines U.S. and Chinese strategic communication in Southeast Asia during 2025, a year shaped by Donald Trump’s second presidential term. Focusing on Xi Jinping’s April 2025 visit and Trump’s October 2025 trip, the analysis compares how each leader’s messaging was formulated and received across the region. Drawing on official messages and Southeast Asian responses, the study finds that regional actors often perceived China’s communication as aligning with their development and connectivity priorities, while viewing the United States as an indispensable security and diplomatic partner. These perceptions illustrate how Southeast Asian states navigate the coexistence of China’s regional messaging and the U.S.’ continued strategic presence, informing their hedging and alignment strategies.
" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(39) "Competing Visions, Divergent Approaches" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(36) "China and the U.S. in Southeast Asia" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "Druhalóczki Éva Dóra, Eszterhai Viktor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11272) ["email"]=> string(27) "Eszterhai.Viktor@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8732) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-5237" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Magyar" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(164) "Head of the Research Programme on China and Indo-Pacific Region at the John Lukacs Institute for Strategy and Politics, Ludovika University of Public Service
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Eszterhai" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Eszterhai" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Viktor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Viktor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#763 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11271) ["email"]=> string(21) "d.evadora94@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8732) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(12) "Druhalóczki" ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Druhalóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Éva Dóra" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Éva Dóra" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(52) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:26:"Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(14) "Southeast Asia" [1]=> string(5) "China" [2]=> string(13) "United States" [3]=> string(21) "strategic competition" [4]=> string(9) "diplomacy" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#769 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46949) ["id"]=> int(6849) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8732) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Keep America In, China and Russia Out, and Iran Down The Global Strategy Behind the U.S.’ Effort to Create an Israeli–Arab Alliance
This article argues that the Trump administration’s core Middle East strategy – expanding the Abraham Accords into the wider Arab and Muslim world – reflects a renewed, Cold War-inspired containment of China and rollback of Iran. Normalisation between Israel and pivotal Arab countries, in particular Saudi Arabia, should be analysed through the prism of great power competition and as a potential catalyst for a broader geopolitical realignment between the Judeo-Christian and Islamic civilisations. The article situates Israeli–Arab normalisation and the significant investment of the U.S. in the region within the strategic imperative by the U.S. National Security Strategy to counter the emerging CRINK alliance – China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. These converging interests in the region will be measured across several key economic, diplomatic, and security-related indicators. It assesses how Iran’s nuclear programme and regional posture have reshaped Arab threat perceptions, prompting a departure from longstanding preconditions tying peace with Israel to the Palestinian issue. Events following the 7 October attacks, including the 2025 strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, the 2026 U.S.–Israeli military campaign in Iran, and the Gaza ceasefire agreement, are examined as accelerants of this shift. The article ultimately contends that an expanded Israeli-Arab peace would reinforce an American-led regional order at the expense of that of CRINK, further cementing its global dominance.
" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(82) "The Global Strategy Behind the U.S.’ Effort to Create an Israeli–Arab Alliance" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(52) "Keep America In, China and Russia Out, and Iran Down" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "Yissachar Or" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11379) ["email"]=> string(21) "oryissachar@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8802) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "IL" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(81) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:55:"Executive Director, David Institute for Security Policy";}" ["hu_HU"]=> string(81) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:55:"Executive Director, David Institute for Security Policy";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(2) "Or" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2) "Or" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Yissachar" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Yissachar" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(5) "Trump" [1]=> string(11) "Middle East" [2]=> string(6) "Israel" [3]=> string(15) "Abraham Accords" [4]=> string(4) "Iran" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#782 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46950) ["id"]=> int(6850) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8802) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Foreign Policy Fractures within the Trump Coalition
The study examines the differences between the foreign policy factions within the Make America Great Again (MAGA) coalition behind Donald Trump. Trump has extended the voter base of the Republican Party: the coalition that played a key role in his election is broader than the Republican Party and includes a number of actors and groups that have traditionally not been part of this political community. The study reviews the foreign policy factions within the MAGA coalition and their positions on key foreign policy issues, highlighting the role of President Trump in holding the coalition together.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(608) "The study examines the differences between the foreign policy factions within the Make America Great Again (MAGA) coalition behind Donald Trump. Trump has extended the voter base of the Republican Party: the coalition that played a key role in his election is broader than the Republican Party and includes a number of actors and groups that have traditionally not been part of this political community. The study reviews the foreign policy factions within the MAGA coalition and their positions on key foreign policy issues, highlighting the role of President Trump in holding the coalition together.
" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(51) "Foreign Policy Fractures within the Trump Coalition" ["hu_HU"]=> string(51) "Foreign Policy Fractures within the Trump Coalition" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(21) "Balogh Máté Gergely" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11367) ["email"]=> string(27) "baloghmategergely@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8795) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(71) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:45:"Debreceni Egyetem; Migrációkutató Intézet";}" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Balogh" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Máté Gergely" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "Donald Trump" [1]=> string(13) "United States" [2]=> string(16) "Republican Party" [3]=> string(23) "American foreign policy" [4]=> string(4) "MAGA" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#775 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46951) ["id"]=> int(6851) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8795) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Changing Power Dynamics of the East Asian Region? The Escalating China–Japan Relations
Although Sanae Takaichi’s identity and demeanour were known, one of her speeches caused serious tension in Sino–Japanese relations, leading to a rapid escalation of the relationship between the two sides. This was followed by economic measures, initially predictable ones like stopping Chinese tourists, or symbolic solutions like bringing pandas back from Tokyo Zoo. The study presents the background of the relationship, the escalation, and the expected future steps.
" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(92) "The Changing Power Dynamics of the East Asian Region? The Escalating China–Japan Relations" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Vörös Zoltán" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#790 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11376) ["email"]=> string(23) "voros.zoltan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8800) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Vörös" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Vörös" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:15:"NKE John Lukacs";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#779 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(12140) ["email"]=> string(20) "hada.bela@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8800) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Györgyi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Dávid" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(5) "china" [1]=> string(5) "japan" [2]=> string(9) "east asia" [3]=> string(6) "taiwan" [4]=> string(14) "foreign policy" [5]=> string(11) "world order" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#787 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46952) ["id"]=> int(6852) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8800) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Védelempolitika
The Role of Domestic Control in Proxy War Realignment A Case Study of Chad and Mali
Proxy war research is a growing field within International Relations theory. This paper focuses on proxy war realignment: the strategic decision of a proxy actor to shift its alignment to a rival sponsor, typically occurring in the context of great power competition. The selected case studies are both relevant and instructive: while Mali exemplifies a sharp pivot away from previous French and broader Western alignment toward Russia, Chad (thus far) avoided a similar break by pursuing cautious hedging among external partners, despite a significantly smaller-scale European intervention and France’s recent military withdrawal. Building upon existing academic explanations, this paper places the emphasis on domestic political control as the decisive variable driving realignment, offering both timely and pragmatic insights into whether external intervention can achieve its intended outcome in the Sahel region.
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The article examines the transformation of U.S. foreign policy towards Africa through the lens of the June 2025 peace agreement between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda, brokered by the United States, and backed by Qatar. It argues that the agreement exemplifies a pragmatic and overtly transactional turn in U.S. engagement, privileging strategic and economic interests – most notably access to critical mineral resources – over the aid-centric and normatively framed approaches that have traditionally characterised Western, including U.S. policy in the region. Situating the agreement within the historical context of colonial legacies, protracted regional conflicts, and the enduring volatility of Congolese–Rwandan relations, the article highlights the persistent role of armed actors, particularly the M23 movement, in undermining earlier peace initiatives such as the Luanda and Nairobi processes. The analysis further situates the U.S.-brokered accord within a broader recalibration of the Africa policy of the USA, driven by concerns over regional stability and intensifying geopolitical competition, especially with the People’s Republic of China. While the agreement signals a significant strategic pivot in U.S. engagement with Central Africa, the article concludes that its long-term efficacy remains uncertain, as enduring insecurity and unresolved structural drivers of conflict continue to cast doubt on the prospects for sustainable peace in the eastern DRC.
" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(31) "The DR Congo–Rwanda Agreement" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(66) "The New Paradigm of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changing Global Order" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(33) "Vörös Zoltán, Tarrósy István" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#747 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11377) ["email"]=> string(23) "voros.zoltan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8801) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Vörös" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Vörös" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:15:"NKE John Lukacs";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#756 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11378) ["email"]=> string(21) "tarrosy.istvan@pte.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8801) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Tarrósy" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "István" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(11) "world order" [1]=> string(17) "us foreign policy" [2]=> string(6) "africa" [3]=> string(6) "rwanda" [4]=> string(8) "dr congo" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#759 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46954) ["id"]=> int(6854) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8801) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Reflektorfényben
Trump 2.0 and Europe Challenges in a Changing World Order
This study examines the evolution of Donald Trump’s second-term foreign policy up to November 2025, concluding with the publication of the U.S. National Security Strategy. It analyses the strategic priorities, policy instruments, and underlying assumptions shaping U.S. external action during this period, situating them within an increasingly fragmented global order. The study assesses the implications of these developments for Europe, particularly in the areas of transatlantic relations, security commitments, and debates on strategic autonomy. By analysing key policy decisions and official strategic documents, the paper offers insights into patterns of continuity and change in U.S. foreign policy and their consequences for Europe’s role in the international system.
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Fragmented Maritime Governance and Structural Economic Exposure The South China Sea
This article examines how legal fragmentation, institutional complexity, and minilateral cooperation interact to shape governance outcomes in the South China Sea, and how these dynamics generate indirect but consequential effects for structurally exposed external states. Drawing on a selective literature review, the article develops a triangulated analytical framework integrating international legal debates on fragmentation and plural authority, regime-complexity approaches to ASEAN institutionalism, and international political economy perspectives on structural exposure. Methodologically, it combines doctrinal analysis of UNCLOS and arbitral jurisprudence with comparative examination of ASEAN claimant and involved state practice and process tracing of key legal and institutional developments. The analysis shows that, in the absence of hierarchical enforcement, ASEAN states selectively internalise arbitral reasoning and coordinate legal positions through minilateral arrangements, producing incremental legal stabilisation despite persistent contestation. These practices do not resolve disputes but stabilise expectations of conduct within a fragmented maritime order. Extending the analysis beyond the region, the article demonstrates how legal uncertainty and partial stabilisation in the South China Sea propagate through global value chains, shaping economic vulnerability in non-participant states such as Hungary. The article develops a conditional, configurational analytical framework for examining how maritime governance outcomes emerge in fragmented legal orders and highlights the relevance of international legal stability for economically interdependent states embedded in global production networks.
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" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(45) "The Tariff Policy of the Trump Administration" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(16) "Csizmazia Gábor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#761 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(10) { ["id"]=> int(11500) ["email"]=> string(26) "Csizmazia.Gabor@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8895) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(218) ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Csizmazia" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Csizmazia" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Gábor" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Gábor" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(5) "trade" [1]=> string(7) "tariffs" [2]=> string(14) "securitization" [3]=> string(14) "foreign policy" [4]=> string(23) "transatlantic relations" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#773 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(46957) ["id"]=> int(6857) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8895) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }