Equal Opportunities and Sport Regulation in the Context of Conflicts, Crises and Wars, Part 2
Proposed Solutions for Safeguarding Athletes within the Olympic Movement Amidst Geopolitical Changes
Copyright (c) 2026 Kapros Anikó, Resperger Viktória, Resperger István

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
In recent decades, the world of sport has increasingly become an arena of conflict between religious, political and economic interests during various crises. Drawing on historical experience, the authors attempt to define crisis situations in sport and present a comprehensive practical management model that can guide decision-makers and sports institutions. The study aims to contribute to developing a concept of sport that, amidst current global challenges, prioritises fairness for the Olympic Movement while primarily representing the interests of athletes. Using a military science approach, the authors first define various crises that occur in sport. Then they formulate practical solutions for managing conflict, crisis and war situations, based on solutions that are free from double standards and uphold the principle of equal opportunities. It is through the consistent application of adequate regulatory principles that sport can become a peaceful arena, which also safeguards the interests of sportsmen and sportswomen, while representing justice. To ensure comprehensive highest-level security during an Olympic event, close cooperation among military, law enforcement and counterterrorism units, as well as between civil and military national security services, is essential for the host country.
Keywords:
References
Civil National Security Services [s. a.]: About the Services. Online: https://nemzetbiztonsag.hu/en/about-the-services
Csisztu Channel (2025): “Everyone Is Entitled to Equal Treatment – That’s Why WADA Exists”. Kirsty Coventry exclusive. YouTube, 17 March 2025. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Kb-XiuVdLw
GARCIA, Borja – MEIER, Henk Erik (2022): The “Autonomy” of Developing Countries in the Olympic Movement: Assessing the Fate of Sports Governance Transplants in the Global South. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. Online: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.972717
International Olympic Committee [s. a.a]: Kimia Alizadeh. Biography. Online: https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/kimia-alizadeh-zenoorin
International Olympic Committee [s. a.b]: Olympism and the Olympic Movement. Online: https://www.olympics.com/ioc/athletes
International Olympic Committee (1992): Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad, Barcelona, 1992. Online: https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/33916/
International Olympic Committee (2017): IOC Suspends Russian NOC and Creates a Path for Clean Individual Athletes to Compete in PyeongChang 2018 under the Olympic Flag. Olympics.com, 5 December 2017. Online: https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-suspends-russian-noc-and-creates-a-path-for-clean-individual-athletes-to-compete-in-pyeongchang-2018-under-the-olympic-flag
International Olympic Committee (2021): Principles Relating to the Implementation of the CAS Award WADA v. RUSADA. Online: https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2021/02/Principles-implementation-CAS-WADA-Rusada.pdf
International Olympic Committee (2022): EB Recommends No Participation of Russian and Belarusian Athletes and Officials. Olympics.com, 28 February 2022. Online: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-eb-recommends-no-participation-of-russian-and-belarusian-athletes-and-officials
International Olympic Committee (2023a): Following a Request by the 11th Olympic Summit, IOC Issues Recommendations for International Federations and International Sports Event Organisers on the Participation of Athletes with a Russian or Belarusian Passport in International Competitions. IOC Press Release, 28 March 2023. Online: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-issues-recommendations-for-international-federations-and-international-sports-event-organisers
International Olympic Committee (2023b): Strict Eligibility Conditions in Place as IOC EB Approves Individual Neutral Athletes (AINs) for the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Olympics.com, 8 December 2023. Online: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/strict-eligibility-conditions-in-place-as-ioc-eb-approves-individual-neutral-athletes-ains-for-the-olympic-games-paris-2024
International Olympic Committee (2023c): IOC Session Withdraws Recognition of International Boxing Association. Olympics.com, 22 June 2023. Online: https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-session-withdraws-recognition-of-international-boxing-association
International Olympic Committee (2023d): Principles Relating to the Implementation of the Participation of Individual Neutral Athletes and their Support Personnel with a Russian or Russian Passport at the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Online: https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/News/2023/12/principles-of-participation-for-individual-neutral-athletes.pdf
International Olympic Committee (2025a): Olympic Charter. In force as of 30 January 2025. Online: https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-charter
International Olympic Committee (2025b): IOC Statement on the Rejection of Visas for the Israeli Delegation for the Upcoming Artistic Gymnastics World Championships by the Government of Indonesia. Olympics.com, 17 October 2025. Online: https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-statement-on-the-rejection-of-visas-for-the-israeli-delegation-for-the-upcoming-artistic-gymnastics-world-championships-by-the-government-of-indonesia
LIDDELL HART, Basil Henry (1991): Strategy. London: Penguin Books.
Múlt-kor (2020): Az olimpia, amelyet a vesztes országok nem érdemeltek meg. Múlt-kor Történelmi Magazin, 20 April 2020. Online: https://mult-kor.hu/az-olimpia-amelyet-a-vesztes-orszagok-nem-erdemeltek-meg-20200420
NÉMETH, György (2012): Hitler olimpiája. Rubikon, (7). Online: https://rubicon.hu/hu/cikkek/hitler-olimpiaja
NÉMETH, Árpád (2024): Szevasztok, oroszok, irániak, beloruszok, itt az aranyvízum. Index, 13 March 2024. Online: https://index.hu/kulfold/2024/03/13/europai-unio-portugalia-ausztria-gorogorszag-magyarorszag-aranyvizum-letelepedesi-kotveny-szabalyozas/
RESPERGER, István (2018): A válságkezelés és a hibrid hadviselés. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. Online: https://nbi.uni-nke.hu/document/nbi-uni-nke-hu/Resperger%20István_A%20válságkezelés%20és%20a%20hibrid%20hadviselés.pdf
TRUNKOS, Judit – HEERE, Bob (2017): Sport Diplomacy: A Review of How Sports Can Be Used to Improve International Relationships. In ESHERIK, Craig – BAKER, Robert E. – JACKSON, Steven – SAM, Michael (eds): Case Studies in Sport Diplomacy. West Virginia University: FIT Publishing, 1–17. Online: https://www.eusportdiplomacy.info/files/2-sport-diplomacy-in-international-relatio.pdf
Vatican News (2025): Globális Vallásközi Párbeszéd Konferencia Rómában, politikusok jubileuma. Vatican News, 25 June 2025. Online: https://www.vaticannews.va/hu/vilag/news/2025-06/globalis-vallaskozi-parbeszed-konferencia-bartos-monika.html