Peace or Peacelessness
The Possible Relationship between Religion and Conflict, in Particular for the Success of Crisis Response Operations
Copyright (c) 2025 Bartos Mónika

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Throughout the next pages, I seek to answer the question about the significance of religion in everyday life and in the emergence of conflicts in the areas and countries where the United Nations, the European Union, and NATO are conducting crisis response missions. In my strive to find answers, I have used the Global Peace Index of the Institute for Economics and Peace, the Religious Freedom Report by Aid to the Church in Need, the World Watch List developed by Open Doors, and reports by the US Department of State. In addition to outlining the debates surrounding religion and violence, I wish to broaden the perspective and pinpoint the potential background of conflicts. I ask the question as to how far it is possible and worthwhile to simplify matters while seeking to identify the causes, even in situations of religious tension, especially given that crisis response forces wish to offer effective help and practical solutions whilst promoting steps towards positive peace. Can churches and religious communities be of assistance in this? What examples of this can we find in the documents of the US Department of State?
Keywords:
References
BODA, Mihály (2020): Peacekeeper’s Autonomy and Military Authority. AARMS, 19(2), 65–78. Online: https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2020.2.5
BOUTROS-GHALI, Boutros (1992): An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to the Statement Adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. New York: UN Department of Public Information. Online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749?v=pdf
BUC, Philippe (2014): A középkor lenyomata: a szent háború. Világtörténet, 36(4), 557–578.
CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von (1917): A háborúról. Budapest: Athanaeum Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság.
Compass – Manual for Human Rights Education with Young People [é. n.]: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Online: https://www.coe.int/hu/web/compass/the-international-covenant-on-civil-and-political-rights
European Union (2025): Missions and Operations. Online: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/missions-and-operations_en
FERNANDEZ, S. Eleazar (2021): Violent Extremism in a Globalized World: A Threat to the Common Good. In BROCK, Rita Nakashima – LIEW, Tat-siong Benny (szerk.): Theologies of the Multitude for the Multitudes: The Legacy of Kwok Pui-Lan. [h.n.]: Claremont Press, 367–388. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2b07vtb.23
FOX, Jonathan (1998): The Effects of Religion on Domestic Conflicts. Terrorism And Political Violence, 10(4), 43–63. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559808427481
GAZDAG Ferenc – REMEK Éva (2018): A biztonsági tanulmányok alapjai. Budapest: Dialóg Campus Kiadó.
Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (2024): Conflict Barometer 2023. Online: https://hiik.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/coba23_v3.pdf
Institute for Economics & Peace (2023): Global Peace Index 2023: Measuring Peace in a Complex World. Online: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf
Institute for Economics & Peace (2025): Global Peace Index 2025. Online: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Global-Peace-Index-2025-web.pdf
Inter-Parliamentary Union (2023a): 146th Assembly and Related Meetings. Online: https://www.ipu.org/event/146th-assembly-and-related-meetings
Inter-Parliamentary Union (2023b): Marrakesh Communiqué. Online: https://www.ipu.org/event/parliamentary-conference-interfaith-dialogue#event-sub-page-documents/
Inter-Parliamentary Union (2025a): Parliamentarians Worldwide Unite in Rome to Champion Interfaith Dialogue. Online: https://www.ipu.org/news/press-releases/2025-06/parliamentarians-worldwide-unite-in-rome-champion-interfaith-dialogue
Inter-Parliamentary Union (2025b): Rome Communiqué. Online: https://www.ipu.org/impact/peace-and-security/interfaith-dialogue
JUERGENSMEYER, Mark (2001): Terror in the Name of God. Current History, 100(649), 357–361. Online: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.649.357
JUHÁSZ Krisztina (2019): Biztonságpolitika a 21. században 6. lecke. Online: https://eta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/1938/6/EFOP343%20Biztons%C3%A1gpolitika%20a%2021.%20sz%C3%A1zadban%206.%20lecke%20Juh%C3%A1sz%20Krisztina%202019.02.01.pdf
KISS Zoltán László (2015): Válságreagáló műveletek alkalmazott társadalomtudományi aspektusai. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó.
KOVÁCS Dániel (2024): A háborúban álló Libanontól a forrongó Balkánig – Magyar katonai missziók a világban. Növekedés, 2024. november 12. Online: https://novekedes.hu/elemzesek/a-haboruban-allo-libanontol-a-forrongo-balkanig-magyar-katonai-missziok-a-vilagban
LYNCH, Cecelia (2014): A Neo-Weberian Approach to Studing Religion and Violence. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 43(1), 273–290. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814541506
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2025): NATO Operations and Missions. Nato.int, 2025. július 30. Online: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm
Open Doors (2025a): World Watch List 2025. Online: https://www.opendoors.org/en-US/persecution/countries/
Open Doors (2025b): World Watch List 2025 – Advocacy report. Online: https://www.opendoors.org/persecution/WWL-2026-International-Advocacy-Report.pdf
Open Doors (2025c): World Watch List 2025 with comparison to WWL 2024 Online: https://www.opendoors.org/research-reports/wwl-documentation/WWL-2025-Table-of-Scores-and-Ranks-FINAL
Országgyűlési Könyvtár (2022): Az ENSZ szerepe a globális béke fenntartásában. Konyvtar.parlament.hu, 2022. június 15. Online: https://konyvtar.parlament.hu/nyitolap/-/asset_publisher/LFDc8ychJkfW/content/az-ensz-szerepe-a-globalis-beke-fenntartasaban-szakirodalom-a-konyvtar-ensz-leteti-gyujtemenyeben
Országgyűlési Könyvtár (2023): 75 éves az Emberi jogok egyetemes nyilatkozata. Konyvtar.parlament.hu, 2023. december 12. Online: https://konyvtar.parlament.hu/nyitolap/-/asset_publisher/LFDc8ychJkfW/content/75-eves-az-emberi-jogok-nyilatkozata
P. VÉRTESALJAI László SJ (2022): Ferenc pápa elindult 39. apostoli útjára, a Bahreini Királyságba. Vatican News, 2022. november 3. Online: https://www.vaticannews.va/hu/papa/news/2022-11/papa-latogatas-bahrein-indulas-roma-fiumicino-parbeszed-iszlam.html
PHILLIPS, Charles – AXELROD, Alan szerk. (2005): Encyclopedia of Wars. Facts on File. New York.
RECORD, Jeffrey (2003): Bounding the Global War on Terrorism. [H. n.]: US Army War College Press.
SANTOR, Emily Beth (2017): The Dehumanizing Illusion of Religion-and-Violence Arguments. Relics, Remnants, and Religion: An Undergraduate Journal in Religious Studies, 2(2), 1–11.
SAPOSNYIKOV, Borisz Mihajlovics (1976): Hadtudományi írások. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó.
SINGH, Sonali (2015): Modernity, Violence and Islam. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 76(2), 186–194.
United Nations (2023): Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 9. A New Agenda for Peace. Online: https://www.un.org/climatesecuritymechanism/sites/default/files/2025-06/our-common-agenda-policy-brief-new-agenda-for-peace-en_0.pdf
United Nations [é. n.]: A New Agenda for Peace. Online: https://dppa.un.org/en/a-new-agenda-for-peace
United Nations Peacekeeping [é. n.]: Where We Operate. Online: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate
U.S. Department of State (2023a): International Religious Freedom Reports. Online: https://www.state.gov/international-religious-freedom-reports/
U.S. Department of State (2023b): International Religious Freedom Reports, India. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/india/
U.S. Department of State (2023c): International Religious Freedom Reports, Mali. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mali/
U.S. Department of State (2023d): International Religious Freedom Reports, Burkina Faso. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/burkina-faso/
U.S. Department of State (2023e): International Religious Freedom Reports, Chad. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/chad/
U.S. Department of State (2023f): International Religious Freedom Reports, Niger. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/
U.S. Department of State (2023g): International Religious Freedom Reports, South-Sudan. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan/
U.S. Department of State (2023h): International Religious Freedom Reports, Mozambique. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mozambique/
U.S. Department of State (2023i): International Religious Freedom Reports, Côte d’Ivoire. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cote-divoire/
U.S. Department of State (2023j): International Religious Freedom Reports, Cyprus. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cyprus/
U.S. Department of State (2023k): International Religious Freedom Reports, Bosnia and Hercegovina. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bosnia-and-herzegovina/
U.S. Department of State (2023l): International Religious Freedom Reports, Ghana. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ghana/
U.S. Department of State (2023m): International Religious Freedom Reports, Jordan. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/jordan/
U.S. Department of State (2023n): International Religious Freedom Reports, Saudi Arabia. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/
U.S. Department of State (2023o): International Religious Freedom Reports, United Arab Emirates. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/united-arab-emirates/
U.S. Department of State (2023p): International Religious Freedom Reports, Qatar. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/qatar/
U.S. Department of State (2023r): International Religious Freedom Reports, Bahrain. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bahrain/
VIDA Csaba (2023): 2023 várható eseményei. A sorsfordító év? Felderítő Szemle, 22(1), 7–31.
Jogi forrás
H.R.2431 – International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. Online: https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/2431