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Online: https://www.demografia.hu/kiadvanyokonline/index.php/demografiaiportre/article/view/2732/2645 MOLNÁR Balázs (2021): Foglalkoztatottak gyermekvállalását és gyermeknevelését segítő ellátások Magyarországon. Munkajog, 1, 64–71. Online: https://munkajogilap.hu/foglalkoztatottak-gyermekvallalasat-es-gyermekneveleset-segito-ellatasok-magyarorszagon/ PÁRI András – RÖVID Irén – FŰRÉSZ Tünde (2023): Népesedési folyamatok Európában magyar szemszögből. Kapocs, (4), 3–24. Online: https://epa.oszk.hu/02900/02943/00093/pdf/EPA02943_kapocs_2023_4_003-024.pdf PÁRI András – RÖVID Irén (2023): Családra vágyunk!  A Kopp Mária Intézet a Népesedésért és a Családokért felmérésének eredményei 2018 óta. Máltai Tanulmányok, 2023/4, 20–35. Online: https://doi.org/10.56699/MT.2023.4.2 PÁRI András – VARGA Anikó – BALOGH Enikő (2019): Magyar családpolitikai folyamatok a Családvédelmi Akcióterv 2019. szeptember végén rendelkezésre álló eredményeinek tükrében. Kapocs, 2(3–4), 12–25. Online: http://epa.niif.hu/02900/02943/00082/pdf/EPA02943_kapocs_2019_3-4_012-025.pdf SIPKA Péter – ZACCARIA Márton Leó (2022): Tisztességes munkáért méltányos bérezés kontra versenyképesség – az európai minimálbér-irányelv jelentősége és várható hatásai. Munkajog, 4, 1–8. Online: https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/4466342 SPÉDER, Zsolt – MURINKÓ, Lívia – SZ. OLÁH, Livia (2020): Cash Support vs. Tax Incentives: The Differential Impact of Policy Intervention on Third Birth in Contemporary Hungary. Population Studies, 74(1), 39–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2019.1694165 ZACCARIA Leó Márton (2016): Az egyéb helyzet, mint védett tulajdonság koncepcionális sajátosságai a magyar joggyakorlatban. Magyar Munkajog, E-folyóirat, 2016/1, 29–44. Online: https://hllj.hu/letolt/2016_1/M_03_Zaccaria_hllj_2016_1.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(624) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "5-26" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.4.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1230) "

Work-life balance is at the heart of Hungarian family policy, and after 2010 Hungary took significant steps to support parents to work and have children at the same time. This article presents complex and flexible measures that offer tailor-made solutions for families in different life situations. These include maternity, paternity and, more generally, parental and grandparental leave and benefits, which allow parents to care for and raise their children at home while at the same time providing strong labour market protection and labour market participation. While time spent with children contributes significantly to the development of a strong parent-child bond, it also poses challenges in terms of returning to the labour market. In order to minimise the obstacles to employment, parents in Hungary have access to a wide range of state support and childcare services. The article aims to provide a horizontal picture of how the overall objective of balancing work and family responsibilities is implemented at the micro level (individual and family level) and macro level (social and economic level) in Hungary. This is based on the work and family-based social model that has been under construction since 2010.

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A munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúly megteremtése központi eleme a magyar családpolitikának, ezért Magyarország 2010 után jelentős lépéseket tett annak érdekében, hogy egyszerre támogassa a szülők munkavállalását és gyermekvállalását. A cikk azokat a komplex és rugalmas intézkedéseket mutatja be, amelyek testreszabott megoldásokat kínálnak a különböző élethelyzetű családoknak. Ezek közé tartoznak az anyai, apai és általában a szülői és nagyszülői szabadságok és juttatások, amelyek egyszerre teszik lehetővé a szülők számára gyermekeik otthoni gondozását, nevelését és erős munkajogi védelem mellett a munkaerőpiaci részvételüket is. A gyermekkel töltött időszak ugyan jelentősen hozzájárul a szoros szülő-gyermek kötelék kialakulásához, egyúttal azonban kihívásokat is jelent a munkaerőpiacra való visszatérés tekintetében. Annak érdekében, hogy a gyermekgondozással töltött időszak minél kevésbé akadályozza a munkavállalást, Magyarországon a szülők számos állami támogatást és gyermekgondozási szolgáltatást vehetnek igénybe. A cikk horizontális képet szeretne nyújtani arról, hogy a munka és a családi kötelezettségek közötti egyensúly megteremtésének átfogó célja hogyan érvényesül mikroszinten (az egyén és a család szintjén) és makroszinten (társadalmi és gazdasági szinten) Magyarországon. Ennek alapja az a munka- és családalapú társadalmi modell, amelynek kiépítése 2010 óta zajlik.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04687-x COLOMBO, Francesca (2012): Typology of Public Coverage for Long-Term Care in OECD Countries. In COSTA-FONT, Joan – COURBAGE, Christophe (szerk.): Financing Long-Term Care in Europe: Institutions, Markets and Models. London S.L. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 17–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230349193_2 COPELAND, Paul (2020): Governance and the European Social Dimension: Politics, Power and the Social Deficit in a Post-2010 EU. Abingdon: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351001762 COSTA-FONT, Joan – COURBAGE, Christophe (2012): Financing Long-Term Care in Europe: Institutions, Markets and Models. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230349193 DALY, Mary (2023): Long-Term Care as a Policy Issue for the European Union and United Nations Organisations. International Journal of Care and Caring, 20(20), 1–16. 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Online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6f462a37-0059-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1/language-en di TORELLA, Eugenia Caracciolo (2023): Re-thinking Care after the Pandemic: a European Care Strategy for Caregivers and Care Receivers. ERA Forum, 24, 55–67. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-023-00744-x TÓTH Tibor (2018): Az európai szociális modell történeti változásai és perspektívái. Európai Tükör, 2, 33–50. Online: https://folyoirat.ludovika.hu/index.php/eumirror/article/view/1178/499 ZACHARENKO, Elena – ELOMÄKI, Anna (2022): Constructions of Care in EU Economic, Social, and Gender Equality Policy: Care Providers and Care Recipients versus the Needs of the Economy? Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 29(4), 1314–1335. 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The phenomenon of an aging society is a complex issue in the European Union, resulting in an increasing number of elderly people relying on the financial and social support of a shrinking working-age population. This recognition highlights the need to develop shared strategic directions for care, particularly in the field of long-term care, that can be implemented in practice. Since care falls under the jurisdiction of Member States, the lack of a unified approach and the diversity of existing operational practices necessitated the adoption of the European Care Strategy in September 2022. Based on relevant international literature and policy documents, including the European Care Strategy issued by the European Commission, this study argues that the effective and sustainable functioning of care, encompassing multiple policies with differing impacts and perspectives, requires identifying points of connection and synergies. This points toward the creation of a holistic care policy based on an integrated approach.

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Az elöregedő társadalom jelensége összetett probléma az Európai Unióban, amelynek következtében egyre több időskorú ember lesz rászorulva a csökkenő létszámú munkaképes korú lakosság anyagi és szociális gondoskodására. Ez a felismerés egyaránt szükségessé teszi a gondoskodás, ezen belül különösen a tartós ápolás-gondozás gyakorlatba átültethető közös stratégiai irányainak kialakítását. Mivel a gondozás tagállami hatáskör, az egységes megközelítés hiánya és a létező működési gyakorlatok sokfélesége szükségessé tette az Európai Gondozási Stratégia 2022 szeptemberében történő elfogadását. A tanulmány a releváns nemzetközi szakirodalom, valamint az Európai Bizottság által kiadott Európai Gondozási Stratégia és más szakpolitikai dokumentumok alapján azzal érvel, hogy több, eltérő befolyással és különböző szemléletmóddal bíró szakpolitikát magában foglaló gondozás hatékony és fenntartható működése szükségessé teszi a kapcsolódási pontok, szinergiák felismerését teszi szükségessé, ami egy integrált megközelítésen alapuló, holisztikus gondoskodáspolitika kialakítása felé mutat.

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object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(8103) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-02-10" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-02-10 13:05:00" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10301) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(7979) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(1761) "CSERNY, Ákos – TÉGLÁSI, András (2015): Certain Elements of the Transformed Hungarian Electoral System in the Light of the Experience of the 2014 Elections. OER Osteuropa-Recht, (61)3, 335–362. Online: https://doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2015-3-335 TÉGLÁSI András szerk. (2018): Az állam szervezete. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. Jogszabályok Magyarország Alaptörvénye A választási eljárásról szóló 2013. évi XXXVI. törvény A választási eljárásról szóló 1997. évi C. törvény Választási szervek határozatai és egyéb döntések 3275/2024. (VII. 24.) sz. ABh Kvk.37.501/2014/2. sz. végzés Kfv.II.37.500/2014/6. sz. végzés Kvk.37.500/2014/6. sz. végzés Kfv.I.37.495/2018/2. sz. végzés Kvk.37.513/2018/2. sz. végzés Kvk.VI.39.204/2024/2. sz. végzés Kvk.VI.39.164/2024/3. sz. végzés Kvk.III.39.183/2024/5. sz. végzés Kvk.I.39.181/2024/6. sz. végzés Kvk.III.39.171/2024/11. sz. végzés Kvk.VI.39.141/2024/11. sz. végzés 391/2024. sz. NVB határozat 422/2024. (VII. 12.) sz. NVB határozat 203/2024. (VI. 10.) sz. FVB határozat 248/2024. (VI. 16.) sz. FVB határozat Bács-Kiskun Vármegyei Területi Választási Bizottság 71/2024. (VI. 18.) sz. TVB határozata Győr-Moson-Sopron Vármegyei Területi Választási Bizottság 47/2024. (VI. 18.) sz. TVB határozata Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Vármegyei Területi Választási Bizottság 50/2024. (VI. 14.) sz. határozata Tolna Vármegyei Területi Választási Bizottság 47/2024. sz. TVB határozata Kalocsai Helyi Választási Bizottság 99/2024. sz. HVB határozat Kisvejkei Helyi Választási Bizottság 36/2024. (VI. 9.) sz. HVB határozat Mezőtúr Város Helyi Választási Bizottságának 51/2024. (VI. 10.) sz. HVB határozata" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(624) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "43-53" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.4.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(396) "

The aim of the paper is to present the procedures for appealing against the results of elections, with a special focus on recounts, re-runs and by-elections. The practical aspect of the issue is emphasised by the review of specific cases, all of which arose in the context of the 2024 municipal elections. In addition, the study formulates various legislative proposals based on each case.

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A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a választások eredménye elleni jogorvoslati eljárásokat, különös figyelmet fordítva az újraszámlálásra, a megismételt szavazásra, illetve kitérve az időközi választásra is. A kérdéskör gyakorlatot is érintő aspektusát konkrét jogesetek ismertetése teszi hangsúlyossá, amelyek mindegyike a 2024. évi önkormányzati választásokkal összefüggésben merült fel. Ezenkívül a tanulmány az egyes jogesetek alapján különböző jogalkotási javaslatokat fogalmaz meg.

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object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7106) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-02-10" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-02-10 13:05:01" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8820) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(6982) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(6356) "ALVAREZ Péter: Kirúgták a Valton munkatársát, mert SS-tetoválással a tarkóján dolgozott az atlétikai vb-n. Index.hu, 2023. augusztus 19. Online: https://index.hu/belfold/2023/08/19/atletikai-vb-valton-security-naci-ss-kirugas/ ASP, David (2009): Schenck v. United States (1919). Free Speach Center, 2009. január. 1. Online: https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/schenck-v-united-states/ BÁRÁNDY Gergely – BERTA Aliz (2010): Önkényuralmi jelképek használata. Rendészeti Szemle, 5(2), 64–81. Online: https://bit.ly/3VvcG4C BARENDT, Eric (2005): Freedom of Speech. New York: Oxford University Press. BELOVICS Ervin – MOLNÁR Gábor – SINKU Pál (2021): Büntetőjog II. Különös rész. Budapest: HVG-Orac. BUYSE, Antione (2011): The Truth, the Past and the Present: Article 10 ECHR and Situations of Transistion. In BUYSE, Antione – HAMILTON, Michael (szerk.): Transitional Jurisprudence and the European Convention on Human Rights – Justice, Politics and Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511758515.007 CLARKE, Peter B. szerk. (1993): A világ vallásai – Az élő hit megértése. Budapest: Panoráma. CSINK Lóránt (2021): Véleménynyilvánítás szabadága. In CSINK Lóránt (szerk.): Alapjogi kommentár az alkotmánybírósági gyakorlat alapján. Budapest: Novissima, 93–105. DUDDEN, Alexis (2019): Japan’s Rising Sun Flag Has a History of Horror. It Must Be Banned at The Tokyo Olympics. The Guardian, 2019. november 1. Online: https://bit.ly/3ilvjqP FIJALKOWSKI, Agata (2014): The Criminalisation of Symbols of the Past: Expression, Law and Memory. International Journal of Law in Context, 10(3), 295–314. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552314000135 HAMELS, Pieter-Jan (2012): The Use of History in Democratization-processes: Symbols, Traditions, Education and Truth and Justice Policies in Europe. EIUC: EMA. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.25330/1599 HOGEBACK, Jonathan (2019): How the Symbolism of the Swastika Was Ruined. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019. április 20. Online: https://www.britannica.com/story/how-the-symbolism-of-the-swastika-was-ruined HOLROYD, Matthew (2022): Lithuania’s Parliament Approves Ban on Russian Military ‘Z’ Symbol. Euronews, 2022. április 19. Online: https://bit.ly/3B43UjN CORBOULD, Clare (2020): Why is the Confederate Flag So Offensive? The Conversation, 2020. július 24. Online: https://theconversation.com/why-is-the-confederate-flag-so-offensive-143256 JAKAB András szerk. (2009): Az Alkotmány kommentárja I-II. Budapest: Századvég. KOLTAY András (2005): A közösségek méltóságának védelme. Iustum Aequum Salutare, 1(1), 147–169. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/102774/1/IAS_2005_1_KoltayA_147_170.pdf KOLTAY András (2010): A Vajnai-ügy - Az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának ítélete a vörös csillag viselésének büntethetőségéről. Jogesetek Magyarázata, 1(1), 77–82. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/102780 KURUNCZI Gábor – VARGA Ádám (2013): Gondolatok az új Alaptörvényről, különös tekintettel a nemzeti hitvallásra. In VARGA Norbert (szerk.): Az új Alaptörvény és a jogélet reformja. Szeged: Szegedi Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, 125–135. Online: http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/71302 MAHONY, Honor: Call for All Totalitarian Symbols to be Banned in EU. Euobserver.com, 2005. február 3. Online: https://euobserver.com/eu-political/18323 MÁTHÉ Áron szerk. (2016): „Az nem lehet ugyanis, hogy súlyos bűntett ne legyen büntethető” – Jogi fejezetek a magyarországi igazságtétel és kárpótlás történetéből. Budapest: Nemzeti Emlékezet Bizottsága. Mit jelent a Z betű, ami gyorsan Putyin és az ukrajnai háború támogatóinak szimbólumává vált? euronews.com, 2022. március 9. Online: https://hu.euronews.com/2022/03/09/mit-jelent-a-z-betu-az-orosz-katonai-jarmuveken OSTER, Jan (2015): Media Freedom as a Fundamental Right. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316162736 RAINEY, Bernadette – WICKS, Elizabeth – OVEY, Clare (2017): Jacobs, White, Ovey. The European Convention on Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press. Report from the Commission to the Parliament and to the Council. The Memory of the Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes in Europe. COM(2010) 783, 2010. december 22. Online: https://bit.ly/3EV7Rs5 SÁRI János – SOMODY Bernadette (2008): Alapjogok – Alkotmánytan II. Budapest: Osiris (Negyedik, átdolgozott kiadás). SMUK Péter (2019): Az önkényuralmi rendszerek jelképei és a használatukat tiltó jogi szankciók rendszere. In Medias Res, 8(2), 230–252. Online: https://inmediasresfolyoirat.hu/imr/article/view/189 TENGJUN, Zhang (2022): West’s Ban of ‘Z’ Symbol a Manifestation of Its Russophobia. Global Times, 2022. március 29. Online: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202203/1257046.shtml The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Online: https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/193/schenck-v-united-states TÓTH J. Zoltán (2013): Az önkényuralmi jelképek használata mint a véleménynyilvánítási szabadság korlátja? (A 4/2013. AB határozat előzményei, indokai és következményei, valamint az új Btk.-szabályozás pozitívumai és fogyatékosságai). Jogelméleti Szemle, 14(2), 178–196. Online: https://jesz.ajk.elte.hu/tothj54.pdf TÖRÖK Bernát (2018): Szabadon szólni, demokráciában. A szólásszabadság magyar doktrínája az amerikai jogirodalom tükrében Budapest: HVG-Orac. VOORHOOF, Dirk (2015): Freedom of Expression. Media and Journalism under the European Human Rights System: Charactesistics, Developments, and Challenges. In MOLNÁR, Péter (szerk.): Free Speech and Cenorship around the Globe. Budapest–New York: CEU Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789633860571-007 Jogforrások Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezménye 1993. évi XLV. törvény a Büntető Törvénykönyvről szóló 1978. évi IV. törvény módosításáról 2012. évi C. törvény a Büntető Törvénykönyvről 30/1992. (V. 26.) AB határozat 14/2000. (V. 12.) AB határozat 4/2013. (II. 21.) AB határozat Schenck v. United States (1919) Handyside v The United Kingdom, 1976, no. 5493/72., december 7-ei ítélet Vajnai v. Hungary, no. 33629/06., 2008. július 8-i ítélet" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(624) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "55-68" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.4.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1011) "

It is a constant issue, whether a symbol, formerly used by totalitarian systems, could be subject to criminal law ban, because it offends the human dignity of others. Is it proportionate to constrain the right of free speech for this reason? What happens, when an Indian citizen displays a swastika, and insists, that for him, this symbol does not represent Nacism, but rather welfare and good luck. Or take a more recent example: let’s assume that a Hungarian citizen is convicted in Lithuania for wearing a shirt with a ’Z’ letter on it, the public display of which has been banned in the country since 2022, for symbolizing the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The question arises: what is more imoprtant: the meaning of the symbol for the society in which it is displayed, or its meaning to the person who displays it? In this article, I seek the answer for these questions, with an outook to the problems arising from the relativism of the symbols’ meaning and the actual ’Z’ dilemma.

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Újra és újra felmerülő kérdés, hogy egy korábban önkényuralmi rendszerek által használt szimbólum tiltható-e akár a büntetőjog eszközével is amiatt, mert megjelenítése sértheti mások emberi méltóságát. Arányos-e, ha emiatt a véleménynyilvánításhoz való jogot korlátozzák? Miként értékeljük, ha egy indiai állampolgár visel szvasztikát, és arra hivatkozik, hogy ez a jelkép számára nem a nácizmust, hanem jólétet, szerencsét jelent. Egy frissebb példával élve: hogyan ítéljük meg, ha egy magyar állampolgárt Litvániában elítélnek azért, mert a ruhájára Z betű van varrva – aminek nyilvános megjelenítése 2022 óta tiltva van az említett országban, mivel Oroszország Ukrajna ellen elkövetett szörnyűségeit jelképezi. Adott a kérdés: mi számít jobban: az adott közösség véleménye egy jelképről, vagy azé, aki a jelképet megjeleníti? Tanulmányomban ezekre keresem a választ, kitérve az egyes jelképek jelentésének relativizmusa által okozott problémákra és a Z betű tilalmának megítélésére is.

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Online: https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EUR4580202024ENGLISH.pdf BBC News (2012): Julian Assange Loses Extradition Appeal at Supreme Court. BBC News, 30 May 2012. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-18260914 BBC News (2019): Julian Assange Dragged from Ecuadorean Embassy. BBC News, 11 April 2019. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-47892641 BBC News (2024): Julian Assange: A Timeline of Wikileaks Founder’s Case´. BBC News, 26 June 2024. Online: www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11949341 BLÖNDAL, Erna Kristín – ARNARDÓTTIR, Oddný Mjöll (2019): Non-Refoulement in Strasbourg: Making Sense of the Assessment of Individual Circumstances. Oslo Law Review, 5(3), 147–174. Online: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.2387-3299-2018-03-02 CASSEL, Douglass (2006): The Expanding Scope and Impact of Reparations Awarded by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In BOSSUYT, M. – LEMMENS, P. – DE FEYTER, K. – PARMENTIER, S. (eds.): Out of the Ashes: Reparations for Gross Violations of Human Rights. [s. l.]: Intersentia, 91–107. Online: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r28153.pdf Committee Against Torture (2008): General Comment No 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties. CAT/C/GC/2. 24 January 2008. Committee against Torture (2018): General Comment No 4 on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984, 1465 UNTS 85. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, 189 UNTS 137. Council of Europe [s. a.]: Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 005. Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/005/signatures?p_auth=iBbyJRc4 DEN HEIJER, Maarten (2013): Diplomatic Asylum and the Assange Case. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26(2), 399–425. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156513000095 DOHERTY, Ben (2023): Julian Assange ‘Dangerously Close’ to US Extradition after Losing Latest Legal Appeal. The Guardian, 9 June 2023. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jun/09/julian-assange-dangerously-close-to-us-extradition-after-losing-latest-legal-appeal DONOSO, Gina (2009): Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Reparation Judgments. Strengths and Challenges for a Comprehensive Approach. Revista Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 49, 29–68. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio e Intergración (2012): Declaración del Gobierno de la República del Ecuador sobre la solicitud de asilo de Julian Assange. Comunidado No. 042. [Ecuadorian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Integration (2012): Statement by the Government of the Republic of Ecuador on Julian Assange's asylum request] Online: https://www.ministeriodegobierno.gob.ec/declaracion-del-gobierno-de-la-republica-del-ecuador-sobre-la-solicitud-de-asilo-de-julian-assange/ European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, 1950, ETS 5. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) (2023a): Guide on Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Obligation to respect human rights – Concepts of “jurisdiction” and imputability. 31 August 2023. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) (2023b): Practical Guide on Admissibility Criteria. 31 August 2023. FLEIG-GOLDSTEIN, Rachel M. (2017): The Russian Constitutional Court versus the European Court of Human Rights: How the Strasbourg Court Should Respond to Russia’s Refusal to Executive ECtHR Judgments. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 56(1), 172–218. France24 (2018): Ecuador Throws Out Assange Lawsuit. France24, 30 October 2018. Online: https://www.france24.com/en/20181030-ecuador-throws-out-assange-lawsuit GOLDMAN, Robert K. (2009): History and Action: The Inter-American Human Rights System and the Role of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 31, 856–887. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.0.0108 HAYDEN, Jones (2024): Mexico Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Ecuador After Raid on Embassy in Quito. Politico, 6 April 2024. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/mexico-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-ecuador-after-raid-on-embassy-in-quito/ HELFER, Laurence R. (1999): Forum Shopping for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 148(2), 285–400. 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Inter-American Court of Human Rights (1985): OC-5/85, Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (arts. 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights), IACtHR Series, A 5. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (1989): Case of Velásquez-Rodríguez v Honduras. IACtHR Series, A 4. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2001): Case of Olmedo-Bustos et al. v Chile (‘The Last Temptation of Christ’). IACtHR Series, C 73. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2003): Case of Urrutia v Guatemala. IACtHR Series, C 103. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2004): Case of Tibi v Ecuador. IACtHR Series, C 114. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2006): Case of the Ituango Massacres vs Colombia. IACtHR Series, C No. 148. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2013): Case of Pacheco Tineo v Bolivia. IACtHR Series, C 272. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2014): OC-21/14, Rights and guarantees of children in the context of migration and/or in need of international protection. IACtHR Series, A 21. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2016): Request for Advisory Opinion presented by the Government of the Republic of Ecuador to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of August 18, 2016. Online: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/solicitudoc/solicitud_18_08_16_esp.pdf Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2018): OC-25/18, The institution of asylum, and its recognition as a human right under the Inter-American System of Protection (interpretation and scope of Articles 5, 22(7) and 22(8) in relation to Article 1(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights). IACtHR Series, A 25. International Law Commission (ILC) (1958): ILC Yearbook Vol II. New York: United Nations. JANIG, Philip (2016): Julian’s Golden Cage: Julian Assange, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and the Quest for Scholarly Diligence. Austrian Review of International and European Law, 18, 155–178. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/15736512-90000006b MIHR, Christian (2020): Violation of Human Rights: Julian Assange on Trial. Investigate Europe, 7 October 2020. Online: https://www.investigate-europe.eu/posts/julian-assange-on-trial-en NKHATA, Mwiza Jo (2020): Res judicata and the Admissibility of Applications before the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: A Fresh Look at Dexter Eddie Johnson v. Republic of Ghana. The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 19(3), 470–496. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341432 NOWAK, Manfred (2005): U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. CCPR Commentary. 2nd ed. Kehl am Rhein: N.P. Engel. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2007): Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2019): UN Expert Says “Collective Persecution” of Julian Assange Must End Now. Online: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24665&LangID=E Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights [s. a. a]: Committee Against Torture – Overview of the Working Methods. Online: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CAT/Pages/WorkingMethods.aspx#11 Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights [s. a. b]: Status of Ratification Interactive Dashboard, Underlying Data. Online: https://www.indicators.ohchr.org Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1996, 999 UNTS 171. RISTIK, Jelena (2017): The Right to Asylum and the Principle of Non-Refoulement Under the European Convention on Human Rights. European Scientific Journal, 13(28), 108–120. Online: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n28p108 SANDHOLTZ, Wayne (2021): Human Rights Courts and Global Constitutionalism: Coordination Through Judicial Dialogue. Global Constitutionalism, 10(3), 439–464. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000064 SAVAGE, Charlie – GOLDMAN, Adam – SULLIVAN, Eileen (2019): Julian Assange Arrested in London as U.S. Unseals Hacking Conspiracy Indictment. The New York Times, 11 April 2019. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/europe/julian-assange-wikileaks-ecuador-embassy.html#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20%E2%80%94%20The%20WikiLeaks%20founder%20Julian,in%20Britain%20to%20avoid%20capture SHAVER, Lea (2010): The Inter-American Human Rights System: An Effective Institution for Regional Rights Protection? Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 9(4), 639–676. SPECKER, L. G. P. (2005): Remedying the Normative Impacts of Forum Shopping in International Human Rights Tribunals. The New Zealand Postgraduate Law E-Journal, 2. STIANSEN, Øyvind – VOETEN, Erik (2020): Backlash and Judicial Restraint: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 64(4), 770–784. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa047 UN General Assembly. 1948. Resolution 217A (III). Universal Declaration of Human Rights A/Res, A/810. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1997): UNHCR Note on the Principle of Non-Refoulement. Online: https://www.refworld.org/docid/438c6d972.html UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2001): The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement (Opinion). Online: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b3702b15.html UN Human Rights Council (2007): Res 5/1. Institution-building of the United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/RES/5/1. VÄRK, René (2012): Diplomatic Asylum: Theory, Practice and the Case of Julian Assange. Sisekaitseakadeemia Toimetised, 11, 240¬–257. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, 500 UNTS 95." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(624) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "69-72" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.4.5" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(397) "

So far, no in-depth analysis has been made on the international enforcement of Julian Assange’s human rights. This paper intends to provide a practical guide for Julian Assange to enforce his human rights presumably violated. It seems timely to remind him of the opportunity, since the final deadline for launching domestic procedures is surely approaching rapidly, if not over already…

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Online: https://ensz-newyork.mfa.gov.hu/assets/22/39/73/73a9677a106278223802c3fa3b6ffd309ef5d4df.pdf Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan (2011): Transforming Wartime Contracting. Controling Costs, Reducing Risks. Final Report to Congress. Online: http://www.wartimecontracting.gov/docs/CWC_FinalReport-lowres.pdf CROUCH IV., Willis C. – MORRIS, Austin L. – PEASLEE, Kevin P. (2021): The Price of Slavery: An Analysis of Human Trafficking Policy and Spending in Department of Defense Procurement. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Online: https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/4525/1/NPS-AM-22-016.pdf Department of Justice (2020): The Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. Fiscal Year 2020. Online: https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2022/03/24/fy20_ag_ht_report.pdf Department of State USA (2022): Trafficking in Persons Report. 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Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1323238X.2018.1441610 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000. Online: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-prevent-suppress-and-punish-trafficking-persons United Nations (2011): Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework. New York and Geneva. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (2020): CBP Revokes Withhold Release Order on Disposable Rubber Gloves. 24 March 2020. Online: www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-revokes-withhold-release-order-disposable-rubber-gloves Walk Free (2019): New Data Reveals Widespread Failure by Governments in Tackling Modern Slavery. Walk Free, 17 July 2019. 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Human exploitation is a global phenomenon despite being globally fought against. The exact number of people in modern enslavement remains unknown but the tendency is obvious. Counterintuitively, even Covid–19 policies seem to have contributed to the level of exploitation through supply shortages and increased demand for commodities and low-added-value goods. The article discusses the inevitable necessity that governments step up against all forms of human exploitation domestically so as in global supply chains. The article intends to stir up attention against the position that the U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation, the UK Modern Slavery act, let alone the EU’s Public Procurement Directive could not be improved significantly. The article scrutinises these legislative items through the lens of their efficacy. The article finds that all three regulatory regimes have their specific imperfections: the U.S. law does not pay significant attention to the notion of reparation, the UK law outsources the problem to the corporates while the EU Directive does not even reflect on the triviality that supply chains are globally interlinked, let alone paying attention to the time dimension and legal limitations of criminal proceedings. Furthermore, all three regimes apply the notion of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products the public procurement of which are not under the anti-TIP regulations despite the apparent realities.

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Human exploitation is a global phenomenon despite being globally fought against. The exact number of people in modern enslavement remains unknown but the tendency is obvious. Counterintuitively, even Covid–19 policies seem to have contributed to the level of exploitation through supply shortages and increased demand for commodities and low-added-value goods. The article discusses the inevitable necessity that governments step up against all forms of human exploitation domestically so as in global supply chains. The article intends to stir up attention against the position that the U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation, the UK Modern Slavery act, let alone the EU’s Public Procurement Directive could not be improved significantly. The article scrutinises these legislative items through the lens of their efficacy. The article finds that all three regulatory regimes have their specific imperfections: the U.S. law does not pay significant attention to the notion of reparation, the UK law outsources the problem to the corporates while the EU Directive does not even reflect on the triviality that supply chains are globally interlinked, let alone paying attention to the time dimension and legal limitations of criminal proceedings. Furthermore, all three regimes apply the notion of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products the public procurement of which are not under the anti-TIP regulations despite the apparent realities.

" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(72) "The Case for the Federal Acquisition Regulation and the False Claims Act" ["hu_HU"]=> string(72) "The Case for the Federal Acquisition Regulation and the False Claims Act" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(79) "How Human Exploitation May Be Fought in Public Procurement-Affected Industries?" ["hu_HU"]=> string(79) "How Human Exploitation May Be Fought in Public Procurement-Affected Industries?" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Gellén Márton" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10302) ["email"]=> string(24) "gellen.marton@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8104) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Gellén" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gellén" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Márton" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Márton" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(18) "public procurement" [1]=> string(17) "human trafficking" [2]=> string(12) "human rights" } ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(12) "human rights" [1]=> string(18) "public procurement" [2]=> string(17) "human trafficking" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#812 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(38168) ["id"]=> int(6213) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8104) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2249780 BHARGAVA, Rajeev (2015): The Roots of Indian Pluralism. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 41(4–5), 367–381. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453715577740 CHANDRA, Rajshree (2024): Colonial Reality of India’s Criminal Laws Remains Despite the New Hindi Names. The Wire, 21 June 2024. Online: https://thewire.in/law/colonial-reality-of-indias-criminal-laws-remains-despite-the-new-hindi-names Constitution of India [s. a.]: The Constitution of India Bill (Unknown, 1895). Online: https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical-constitution/the-constitution-of-india-bill-unknown-1895 D’ACQUISTO, Stella (2024): Kwame Nkrumah: Wrestling with Nonviolence. The Nonviolence Project, 16 March 2024. Online: https://thenonviolenceproject.wisc.edu/2024/03/16/kwame-nkrumah-wrestling-with-nonviolence Freedom House [s. a.a]: India. Online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2024 Freedom House [s. a.b]: South Africa. Online: https://freedomhouse.org/country/south-africa/freedom-world/2024 Government of India (1986): The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986. Online: https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/act_2.pdf HARI, Abhishek (2022): Explainer: How the Sedition Law Has Been Used in the Modi Era. (n.d.). The Wire, 11 May 2022. Online: https://thewire.in/government/explainer-how-the-sedition-law-has-been-used-in-the-modi-era Helen Suzman Foundation [s. a.]: Treason in Southern Africa. Online: https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/treason-in-southern-africa India News (2022): From Kanhaiya Kumar to Activist Disha Ravi: A Look at Past Sedition Cases. NDTV, 11 May 2022. Online: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/from-kanhaiya-kumar-to-activist-disha-ravi-a-look-at-past-sedition-cases-2965686 Indian Culture [s. a.]: Mahatma Gandhi’s Statement at the Sedition Trial (1922). Online: https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2823552 Kenya Law (2023): Petition E016 of 2023. Online: https://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/284070 LARYEA, Emmanuel – KWANSAH-AIDOO, Kwamena (2005): Going, Going, Gone! Ghana Studies, 8(1), 127–168. Online: https://doi.org/10.3368/gs.8.1.127 LAKHDHIR, Linda (2022): Sedition Law: Why India Should Break from Britain’s Abusive Legacy. Human Rights Watch, 18 July 2022. Online: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/18/sedition-law-why-india-should-break-britains-abusive-legacy MADAN, Nidhi (2017): History & Development of Human Rights in Indian. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(6), 1–6. Online: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206090106 MUKHERJEE, Mithi (2017): Sedition, Law, and the British Empire in India: The Trial of Tilak (1908). Law Culture and the Humanities, 16(3), 454–476. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872116685034 MUNENE, Anthony W. (2002): The Bill of Rights and Constitutional Order: A Kenyan Perspective. African Human Rights Law Journal, 2(1), 135–159. Online: https://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/images/ahrlj/2002/ahrlj_vol2_no1_2002_anthony_wambugu_munene.pdf Nelson Mandela’s Testimony at the Treason Trial, 1956–60. Online: https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/DC%20Metadata%20Files/Gandhi-Luthuli%20Documentation%20Centre/DOC%201982-36/DOC%201982-36.pdf NEOG, Tarali (2023): Balancing Act: Navigating National Security and Civil Liberties in Anti-Terrorism Legislation under the Indian Constitution. NLUA Law Review, 7, 239–275. Online: https://nluassam.ac.in/docs/Journals/NLUALR/Volume-7/Article%2010.pdf Parliament of India (1989): The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Online: https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/The%20Scheduled%20Castes%20and%20Scheduled%20Tribes.pdf PTI (2021): Toolkit Row: Climate Activist Disha Ravi Released from Tihar Jail After Court Terms Evidence as Scanty and Sketchy. The New Indian Express, 23 February 2021. Online: https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Feb/23/toolkit-row-climate-activist-disha-ravi-released-from-tihar-jail-aftercourtterms-evidence-as-scanty-and-sketchy-2267998.html RAJGURU, Sreejayaa (2024): The Strangling Grip of UAPA: Silencing Arundhati Roy and the Voices of Dissent. The Wire, 17 June 2024. Online: https://thewire.in/law/the-strangling-grip-of-uapa-silencing-arundhati-roy-and-the-voices-of-dissent/?mid_related_new Republic of South Africa (2005): Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act. Online: https://www.fic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Protection-of-Constitutional-Democracy-Against-Terrorist-and-Related-Activities-Act-.pdf SMITH, Adam M. – YIM, Charlene – KAHLOON, Marryum (2022): The Crime of Sedition: At the Crossroads of Reform and Resurgence. Sedition Report. Online: https://hri.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/publications/sedition-report-april-2022.pdf SRIPATI, Vijayashri (2006): Constitutionalism in India and South Africa: A Comparative Study from a Human Rights Perspective. Edmonton: University of Alberta. SRIVASTAVA, P. (1996): Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Perception of Africa. India Quarterly, 52(3), 21–30. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/097492849605200302 The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (2021): 25th Anniversary of the Constitution. Online: https://www.justice.gov.za/constitution/docs/25thAnniversary.html The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Online: https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Protection%20of%20HR%20Act1993_0.pdf The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Rules, 2006. Online: https://socialwelfare.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Protection%20of%20Women%20from%20Domestic%20Violence%20Act%2C%202005_1%20%281%29.pdf United Nations [s. a.]: Building on the Legacy of Nelson Mandela. Online: https://www.un.org/en/exhibits/page/building-legacy-nelson-mandela United States Department of State (2023): 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: India. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/india " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(624) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "109-117" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.4.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(777) "

Freedom of speech is a fundamental right in India, but colonial-era sedition laws and anti-terror laws, which challenge the core ethos of an independent democratic nation such as India have become a major challenge for the Indian society and question the existence, value and possible misuse of such laws. Since 2014, cases under the sedition law have increased by 28%, challenging the guarantees of human rights in India. With activists and legal experts questioning the value and misuse potential of such laws in India, the country should look up to the examples set by various post-colonial African states such as Kenya, Ghana and South Africa, which have favoured robust democratic standards and constitutional freedoms over colonial and apartheid-era sedition laws.

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