object(Publication)#731 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7321) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9147) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7197) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(16959) "Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) (2001). International Law Commission, November 2001, UN Doc. A/RES/56/83 (2001), Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10) IV.E.1. Online: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf Az EJEB honlapja. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/inter-state-applications Az Európa Tanács honlapja. Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal Az Európai Tanács honlapja. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/hu/european-council/ Blanco, Sebastián Mantilla (2022): A Backdoor Exit from the European Convention on Human Rights. Verfassungsblog, 2022. április. 5. Online: https://doi.org/10.17176/20220406-011203-0 Çali, Başak [@calibasak] (2022). Twitter, 2022. március 10. Online: https://twitter.com/calibasak/status/1501975910651731974?s=20&t=dPa_rQqoRA9F0_YXQnv1hg Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2022a): Situation in Ukraine – Measures to be taken, including under Article 8 of the Statute of the Council of Europe. 1426ter meeting, 2022. 02. 25. CM/Del/Dec(2022)1426ter/2.3. Online: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5a360 Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2022b): Consequences of the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Procedure under Article 8 of the Statute. 1428ter meeting, 2022. 03. 16. CM/Del/Dec(2022)1428ter/2.3. 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Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/russia-ceases-to-be-party-to-theeuropean-convention-on-human-rights Council of Europe Officially Expels Russia After 26 Years of Membership (2022): Online: https://www.rferl.org/a/council-europe-expels-russia/31756178.html Csapó Zsuzsanna (2020): „[…] és amelyet csak a nemzetközi jognak az ugyanilyen jellegű későbbi szabályával lehet megváltoztatni.” Az 1969. évi bécsi egyezmény és a ius cogens módosíthatósága. Állam- és Jogtudomány, 61(1), 25–43. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/109132/1/AJT_2020_01_02_CSAPO.pdf Csapó Zsuzsanna (2022a): Az orosz-ukrán háború és az egyén felelőssége a ius ad bellum és a ius in bello normák megsértéséért. Ügyvédek Lapja, 61(3), 14–19. Online: https://issuu.com/panpress/docs/ul_22_03_egyben Csapó Zsuzsanna (2022b): 2022 és az orosz agresszió: Semmibe vagy komolyan vesszük a nemzetközi ius cogens koncepcióját? In Barcsi Tamás – Diósi Szabolcs (szerk.): A válság elméleti vonatkozásai: Tanulmánykötet. Pécs: Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, 64–71. Online: https://pea.lib.pte.hu/bitstream/handle/pea/34836/PTE-AJK-20230117-1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=67 Csapó Zsuzsanna (2023): Segíteni vagy nem segíteni: ez itt nem lehet kérdés. Ludovika blogtér, Kormányzás és tudomány blog, 2023. január. 30. Online: https://www.ludovika.hu/blogok/kormblog/2023/01/30/segiteni-vagy-nem-segiteni-ez-itt-nem-lehet-kerdes/ Demir-Gürsel, Esra (2022): The Council of Europe’s Sharp Turn. Russia’s Expulsion and its Possible Implications for Other Member States. Verfassungsblog, 2022. március. 25. Online: https://doi.org/10.17176/20220326-001228-0 Dinstein, Yoram (1992): The erga omnes Applicability of Human Rigths. Archiv des Völkerrechts, 30(1), 16–21. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40798679 Do not get confused [é. n.]. Council of Europe. 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Online: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7287047-9930274&filename=The%20European%20Court%20of%20Human%20Rights%20decides%20to%20suspend%20the%20examination%20of%20all%20applications%20against%20the%20Russian%20Federation.pdf ECHR – Press Release (2023): Latest Rulings by the European Court Set Out the Procedure for Future Processing of Applications against Russia. ECtHR – Registrar of the Court, Press Release, ECHR 036 (2023), 2023. február 3. Online: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-7559628-10388013&filename=Future%20processing%20of%20applications%20against%20Russia.pdf ECHR Orders Russia to Pay Over 129 Million Euros to Georgia (2023). Civil.ge, 2023. április. 28. Online: https://civil.ge/archives/539395 ECtHR Obliged Russia to Pay about 130 Million Euros for Violations after Attack on Georgia (2023). European Pravda, 2023. április. 28. Online: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2023/04/28/7160658/ Emtseva, Julia (2023): The Withdrawal Mystery Solved: How the European Court of Human Rights Decided to Move Forward with the Cases against Russia. EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 2023. február 8. Online: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-withdrawal-mystery-solvedhow-the-european-court-of-human-rights-decided-to-move-forward-with-the-cases-againstrussia/ European Court of Human Rights, Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/ European Implementation Network: Countries. Online: https://www.einnetwork.org/countries-overview European Implementation Network: Overview of the Network. Online: https://www.einnetwork.org/implementation-activities Hárs András (2023): Avenues for Establishing Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes Committed during the Russo-Ukrainian Armed Conflict. Populaçao e Sociedade CEPESE Porto, 39. Online: https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/publicacoes/obras/populacao-e-sociedade-n-o-39/avenues-for-establishing-criminal-responsibility-for-international-crimes-committed-duringthe-russo-ukrainian-armed-conflic/avenues-for-establishing-criminal-responsibility-forinternational-crimes-committed-during-the-russo-ukrainian-armed-conflic/@@display-file/file/Revista%2039%20%E2%80%93%201.pdf Home–Committee of Ministers [é. n.]. Online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cm International Criminal Court: Trust Fund for Victims. Online: https://www.icc-cpi.int/tfv Kizárta tagjai közül Oroszországot az Európa Tanács (2022): Online: https://hvg.hu/vilag/20220316_europa_tanacs_oroszorszag_kizaras Koch, Tim – Somers-Joce, Cassandra – Rowland, Emma (2022): Enacting ECHR Compliant Measures to Confiscate Property: Imposing Sanctions on Russian Oligarchs for the Invasion of Ukraine. Faculty of Law Blogs, University of Oxford, 2022. március 11. Online: https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/research-and-subject-groups/property-law/blog/2022/03/enacting-echr-compliantmeasures-confiscate Koroteev, Kirill (2022): Moving on in Strasbourg. Verfassungsblog, 2022. december 12. Online: https://verfassungsblog.de/moving-on-in-strasbourg/ Kurnosov, Dmitry (2023): No Easy Way Out: The Strasbourg Court and Legacy Russian Cases. Strasbourg Observers, 2023. március 24. Online: https://strasbourgobservers.com/2023/03/24/no-easy-way-out-the-strasbourg-court-and-legacy-russian-cases/#_ednref2 Lattmann Tamás (2023): From Partner to Pariah: The Changing Position of Russia in Terms of International Law. In Madlovics Bálint – Magyar Bálint (szerk.): Russia’s Imperial Endeavor and Its Geopolitical Consequences: The Russia-Ukraine War, Vol. II. Budapest – Vienna – New York: Central European University Press, 183–198. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789633866528-010 Lawson, Rick (2022): ‘They can Destroy our Houses. But They cannot Destroy Our Values’. The Response of the Council of Europe to the Russian Invasion in Ukraine. Leiden Law Blog, 2022. március 17. Online: https://www.leidenlawblog.nl/articles/they-may-destroy-our-houses-butthey-cannot-destroy-our-values Leach, Philip (2022): A Time of Reckoning? Russia and the Council of Europe. Strasbourg Observers, 2022. március 17. Online: https://strasbourgobservers.com/2022/03/17/a-time-of-reckoningrussia-and-the-council-of-europe/ Nagy Noémi (2023): The Case of David vs. Goliath? Reflections on the International Regulation of the Use of Force in Relation to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. In Pena, Juan Cayón – Ramírez, J. Martín (szerk.): Threats to Peace and International Security: Asia versus West. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. [H. n.]: Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28336-9_3 Oroszország kilép az Európa Tanácsból (2022). Hirado.hu, 2022. március 15. Online: https://hirado.hu/kulfold/cikk/2022/03/15/oroszorszag-kilep-az-europa-tanacsbol Oroszország kilépett az Európa Tanácsból, ahonnan amúgy is ki akarták rúgni (2022). Hvg.hu, 2022. március 16. Online: https://hvg.hu/gazdasag/20220316_oroszorszag_europa_tanacs_ukrajna_haboru Oroszországot kizárták az Európa Tanácsból (2022). Portfolio.hu, 2022. március 16. Online: https://www.portfolio.hu/global/20220316/oroszorszagot-kizartak-az-europa-tanacsbol-533541 Paczolay Péter (2021): Előszó. In Sonnevend Pál – Bodnár Eszter (szerk.): Az Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezményének kommentárja. Budapest: HVG-ORAC, XVII–XXI. Padskocimaite, Ausra (2023): Execution of the ECtHR’s Judgments against Russia: Some Legal (and Political) Aspects. Strasbourg Observers, 2023. május 15. Online: https://strasbourgobservers.com/2023/05/15/execution-of-the-ecthrs-judgments-against-russia-some-legal-and-politicalaspects/ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe [é. n.]. Online: https://pace.coe.int/en/ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) (2022): Consequences of the Russian Federation’s Aggression against Ukraine. Opinion 300 (2022). 2022. március 15. Online: https://pace.coe.int/en/files/29885/html Pomeranz, William E. (2012): Uneasy Partners: Russia and the European Court of Human Rights. Human Rights Brief, 19(3). Online: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r29628.pdf Presidential decree (1996). No. 724 of 16 May 1996 (Oroszország). Quell, Molly (2023): One Year after Russian Expulsion from Top European Human Rights Body, Ukraine War Rages On. Courthouse News Service, 2023. szeptember 15. Online: https://www.courthousenews.com/one-year-after-russian-expulsion-from-top-european-human-rightsbody-ukraine-war-rages-on/ Resolution of the European Court of Human Rights (2022). 2022. szeptember 5. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/Resolution_ECHR_cessation_Russia_Convention_20220916_ENG Resolution of the European Court of Human Rights on the Consequences of the Cessation of Membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe in Light of Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights (2022). 2022. március 22. Online: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-7292928-9939876%22]} Risini, Isabella – Forde, Andrew (2022): Parting Paths – Russia’s Inevitable Exit from the Council of Europe. Völkerrechtsblog, 2022. március 12. Online: https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/partingpaths-russias-inevitable-exit-from-the-council-of-europe/ Rules of Court (2023). European Court of Human Rights, Registry of the Court, 2023, Strasbourg. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/Rules_Court_ENG Russia Quits Europe’s Rule of Law Body, Sparking Questions Over Death Penalty (2022). The Moscow Times, 2022. március 10. 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Online: https://parlamentiszemle.hu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/parlamentiszemle-parlamentiszemle.hu-20171-lapszam-sebok-n.pdf Skoblik, Konstantin (2023): The Human Rights Backlash in Criminal Justice: The Case of Russia’s Exit from the European Convention on Human Rights. EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 2023. augusztus 1. Online: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-human-rights-backlashin-criminal-justice-the-case-of-russias-exit-from-the-european-convention-on-human-rights/ The Budapest Declaration for a Greater Europe without Dividing Lines (1999). Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, adopted on 7 May 1999, at its 104th session. Online: https://rm.coe.int/16805e305c The ECHR in Facts & Figures 2021 (2022). European Court of Human Rights Public Relations Unit, February 2022. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/en/web/echr/facts-and-figures-and-overview Tóth-Ferenci Adrienn (2022): Az emberi jogi szervezet esete a nagyhatalmi politikával. Az Európa Tanács dilemmája és döntése Oroszország kizárásáról. Külügyi Szemle, 21(3), 19–52. Online:https://doi.org/10.47707/Kulugyi_Szemle.2022.3.2 Jogszabályok - 1956. évi I. törvény az Egyesült Nemzetek Alapokmányának törvénybe iktatásáról. Lásd továbbá az Egyesült Nemzetek Szerződési Gyűjteményében: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf -1991. évi LXXI. törvény az Európa Tanács 1949. évi május 5-én, Londonban aláírt Alapszabályának kihirdetéséről. Lásd továbbá az Egyesült Nemzetek Szerződési Gyűjteményében: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280156b2e&clang=_en; lásd még: European Treaty Series No. 001. - 1993. évi XXXI. törvény az emberi jogok és az alapvető szabadságok védelméről szóló, Rómában, 1950. november 4-én kelt Egyezmény és az ahhoz tartozó nyolc kiegészítő jegyzőkönyv kihirdetéséről. Lásd továbbá az Egyesült Nemzetek Szerződési Gyűjteményében: https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028014a40b; lásd még: European Treaty Series No. 005, illetve egyéb információkat és a magyar kihirdető jogszabály után született további jegyzőkönyveket: European Court of Human Rights: European Convention on Human Rights. Online: https://www.echr.coe.int/european-convention-on-human-rights Bírósági döntések Anchugov and Gladkov v. Russia. ECtHR, 2013. 07. 04. Application No. 1157/04, 15162/05. Ecodefence and Others v. Russia. ECtHR, 2022. 06. 14. Application No. 9988/13. Fedotova and Others v. Russia. ECtHR, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 2023. 01. 17. Application No. 40792/10, 30538/14, 43439/10. Georgia v. Russia (II). ECtHR, Grand Chamber, Judgment (Just satisfaction), 2023. 04. 28. Application No. 38263/08. Kutayev v. Russia. ECtHR, Chamber, Judgment, 2023. 01. 24. Application No. 17912/15. Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia. ECtHR, 2014. 07. 31. Application No. 14902/04. Svetova and Others v. Russia. ECtHR, Chamber, Judgment, 2023. 01. 24. Application No. 54714/17. Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia. ECtHR, Grand Chamber, Decision, 2023. 01. 25. Application No. 8019/16, 43800/14 and 28525/20." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "5-22" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(782) "

The invasion of Russia against Ukraine in 2022 led to the aggressor’s exclusion from the Council of Europe in March. The European Convention on Human Rights, the core human rights document of the now 46-member pan-European organisation, has also not bound the Russian Federation since September the same year. What will be the fate of the ongoing Russianrelated cases before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg? Will the procedures be suspended, terminated or continued? How did the ECtHR decide on these issues in 2023? How is compliance with the judgments delivered but not yet enforced, ensured? Nonetheless, is it not counterproductive to exclude a country from an international human rights protection mechanism? This study aims to answer these questions.

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Oroszország Ukrajnával szembeni inváziója 2022-ben az agresszor márciusi kizárásához vezetett az Európa Tanácsból. Az immár 46 tagállamúra fogyatkozott páneurópai szervezet emberi jogi alapdokumentuma, az Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezménye sem köti tovább az év szeptembere óta az orosz államot. Mi lesz így a strasbourgi Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága előtt a folyamatban lévő, orosz vonatkozású ügyek sorsa? Felfüggesztik, lezárják, folytatják az eljárásokat? Miként döntött erről 2023-ban az EJEB? A meghozott, még végre nem hajtott ítéletek tiszteletben tartása miképpen biztosított? Egyáltalán: nem a kívánttal ellentétes hatást kiváltó kitenni egy országot egy nemzetközi emberi jogi jogvédelmi mechanizmusból? Jelen tanulmány e kérdésekre igyekszik választ találni.

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object(Publication)#111 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(7495) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9394) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7371) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5622) "Bírósággal tüntetik el az utcákról a Forbes magazin gazdaglistáját a Hell Energy tulajdonosai (2020). Forbes.hu, 2020. január 29. Online: https://forbes.hu/uzlet/birosaggal-tuntetik-el-az-utcakrola-forbes-magazin-gazdaglistajat-a-hell-energy-tulajdonosai/ Barzó Tímea – Halász Csenge (2022): A magánélethez való jog és a véleménynyilvánítás szabadsága ütközéspontjai az online közösségi térben. In Media Res, 11(2), 103–114. Borges-Rey, Eddy (2021): Journalism With Machines? From Computational Thinking to Distributed Cognition. In Bounegru, Liliana – Gray, Jonathan: The Data Journalism Handbook. Towards a Critical Data Practice. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 147–153. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048542079.023 Bradshaw, Paul – Rohumaa, Liisa (2011): The Online Journalism Handbook: Skills to Survive and Thrive in the Digital Age. [H. n.]: Routledge. Erdos, David (2021): Special, Personal and Broad Expression: Exploring Freedom of Expression Norms under the General Data Protection Regulation. Yearbook of European Law, 40(1), 398–430. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeab004 De Jong, Winny (2021): Data Journalism Should Focus on People and Stories. In Bounegru, Liliana – Gray, Jonathan: The Data Journalism Handbook. Towards a Critical Data Practice. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 211–216. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048542079-031 EU Member States notifications to the European Commission under the GDPR [é. n.]. European Commission. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/dataprotection-eu/eu-member-states-notifications-european-commission-under-gdpr_en Galántai Zoltán (2016): Big data, tudomány, kauzalitás. Információs Társadalom, 16(2), 32–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.22503/inftars.XVI.2016.2.2 Garton Ash, Timothy (2022): Szólásszabadság. A globálisan összekapcsolt világ 10 alapelve. Budapest: Európa. Harari, Yuval Noah (2017): Homo Deus. A Brief History of Tomorrow. [H. n.]: Vintage. Jansen Reventlow, Nani (2020): Symposium on the GDPR and international law. Can the GDPR and freedom of expression coexist? AJIL Unbound, 114, 31–34. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.77 Koltay András – Mayer Annamária (2019): Az újságírók jogállása. In Koltay András – Nyakas Levente (szerk.): Magyar és európai médiajog. Budapest: CompLex, 397–418. Kuner, Christopher – Bygrave, Lee A. – Docksey, Christopher szerk. (2021): The EU General Data Protection Regulation: A Commentary. [H. n.]: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3839645 Luxor játék részvételi szabályzata (2023). Online: https://bet.szerencsejatek.hu/cmsfiles/36/cf/Luxor_RSZ_2023_08_28_tol.pdf Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor – Cukier, Kenneth (2014): Big Data. Forradalmi módszer, amely megváltoztatja munkánkat, gondolkodásunkat és egész életünket. Budapest: HVG Könyvek. Rucz, Melinda (2022): SLAPPed by the GDPR: Protecting Public Interest Journalism in the Face of GDPR-based Strategic Litigation against Public Participation. Journal Of Media Law, 14(2), 378–405. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2022.2129614 Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy v. Finland (2017). Global Freedom of Expression, 2017. június 27. Online: https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/case-satakunnan-markkinaporssi-oy-satamedia-oy-v-finland/ Szakács Ildikó Réka (2018): Műfajismeret és elemzés lépésről-lépésre. [H. n.]: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar Nemzetközi és Regionális Tanulmányok Intézet. Online: http://eta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/2266/1/EFOP%20351%20szir.pdf Szegedi László et al. (2021): A GDPR alkalmazásával kapcsolatos első tagállami tapasztalatok – egységes szabályozás, eltérő alkalmazás? Infokommunikáció és Jog, 18(1), 10–16. Tófalvy Tamás (2016): Újságírói engedélyek, pajzstörvények és a szakma jogi definíciója. In Koltay András – Török Bernát: Sajtószabadság és médiajog a 21. század elején III. Budapest: CompLex, 503–514. Jogszabályok Az egyének védelméről és az ilyen adatok szabad áramlásáról szóló, 1995. október 24‑i 95/46/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi irányelv Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács (EU) 2016/679 rendelete (2016. április 27.) a természetes személyeknek a személyes adatok kezelése tekintetében történő védelméről és az ilyen adatok szabad áramlásáról, valamint a 95/46/EK irányelv hatályon kívül helyezéséről A Büntető Törvénykönyvről szóló 2012. évi C. törvény A Polgári Törvénykönyvről szóló 2013. évi V. törvény A sajtószabadságról és a médiatartalmak alapvető szabályairól szóló 2011. évi CIV. törvény Az információs önrendelkezési jogról és az információszabadságról szóló 2011. évi CXII. törvény Bírósági döntések Krone Verlag Gmbh & Co KG versus Austria (no. 34316/96.). Strasbourg (2002. február 26.) Kúria (Magyarország)–Kfv.IV.37.351/2021/9. sz. döntés (2021. június 15.) Legfelsőbb Bíróság (Lettország)–SKA-6/2019. sz. döntés (2019. március 19.) Legfelsőbb Közigazgatási Bíróság (Finnország)–KHO:2009:82 2009.9.23./2303. sz. döntés (2009. szeptember 23.) Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy And Satamedia Oy v. Finland ügy (no. 931/13). Strasbourg (2017. június 27.) Saygili and others versus Turkey ügy (no. 19353/03.). Strasbourg (2008. 01. 8.) Steel and Morris versus The United Kingdom (no. 68416/01.). Strasbourg (2005. május 15.)" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "23-44" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1504) "

The following study is reflecting on the Hungarian Forbes case, which received much attention a few years ago. In this precedent, the main focus was on rich lists, and the “journalistic purposed exemptions” related to personal data protection declared in the GDPR. According to the latter, the journalistic purposed processing of personal data may be excused of GDPR requirements. With this provision, the legislator recognises the importance of freedom in journalistic activity, while underlining responsible personal data processing. The relevant issues in the Forbes case were mainly a matter of precedent, as there was no passage in force other than the GDPR’s governing provisions that could have explicitly assisted the National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information and also the jurisdiction. The most dominant criticism of the related decisions ruled by these state bodies has been that the assessments which were laid down could have a chilling, self-censoring effect on the journalistic activity, especially on data-driven journalism, and will make it difficult to react promptly to events and to publish them. In the interest of clarity, this paper will present and evaluate those legal cases that have assisted the official state bodies. This study also examines the relevant GDPR paragraphs, since the root of the underlying problem is the lack of clarity regarding peculiarly the content of “journalistic purposed exemptions” in personal data processing.

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A tanulmány azon néhány évvel ezelőtt nagy figyelmet kapott Forbes-ügyre reflektál, amelyben a gazdaglisták kaptak főszerepet, továbbá azt érintően a GDPR-bandeklarált „újságírói mentességre” és annak tartalmára. Az utóbbi értelmében az újságírói célból kezelt és feldolgozott személyes adatok kezelése eltérés tárgyát képezheti, vagy mentesülhet a rendelet egyes rendelkezéseiben szereplő követelmények alól. Ezzel az intézménnyel a jogalkotó elismeri az újságírói tevékenység szabadságának fontosságát, miközben kiemeli a felelősséget a személyes adatkezelés körében. A Forbes-ügyben releváns kérdések főként precedensjog alapján voltak mérlegelhetőek, ugyanis a GDPR irányadó rendelkezésein kívül nem volt hatályban egyetlen olyan passzus sem, amely kifejezetten segíthette volna a Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóságot, valamint az igazságszolgáltatást. A kapcsolódó döntések leghangosabb kritikája az volt, hogy az újságírói tevékenységre, abból pedig kifejezetten az adatvezérelt újságírásra a gyakorlatban a megállapított értékelések dermesztő, öncenzúrát elősegítő hatással lehetnek, és az eseményekre történő azonnali reagálást, azok közzétételét megnehezítik. Az adatvezérelt újságírás nagy adathalmazok szűrésén és elemzésén alapuló újságírást jelent, hír lejegyzése vagy kiemelése céljából, gyökerei az oknyomozó újságírásra vezethetők vissza.2 A tisztánlátás érdekében ebben a tanulmányban bemutatjuk és értékeljük azon jogeseteket, amelyek segítették a hivatalos szerveket a döntések meghozatalában, mindemellett a GDPR vonatkozó bekezdéseinek tartalmát is körbejárjuk, hiszen az alapprobléma gyökere a rendeletben deklarált, újságírási célból végzett személyes adatkezelési kötelezettségek alóli mentesség meghatározásában rejlik.

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(2009): What Happened in East European (Political) Economies? A Balance Sheet for Neoliberal Reform. East European Politics and Societies, 23(4), 479–490. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325409342109 Kákai, László (2021): Centralisation in One Step. Centralisation and Decentralisation in Hungary from a Public Services Perspective. Politics in Central Europe, 17(S1), 703–728. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0029 Kornai, János (1996): Paying the Bill for Goulash Communism: Hungarian Development and Macro Stabilization in a Political- Economy Perspective. Social Research, 63(4), 943–1040. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971322 Kovács, Éva – Hajnal, György (2014): Government Windows. One-Stop Shops for Administrative Services in Hungary. In Lægreid, Per – Sarapuu, Külli – Rykkja, Lise H. –Randma-Liiv, Tiina (eds.): Organizing for Coordination in the Public Sector. Public Sector Organizations. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 237–247. 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(1970): Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics, 2(3), 337–363. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/421307 Sata, Robert – Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel (2020): Caesarean Politics in Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 36(2), 206–225. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2019.1703694 Sedláková, Renáta (2021): Anti-Chinese Sentiment in the Czech Public Service Media during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 17(1–2), 65–86. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2021-0004 Slominski, Peter – Trauner, Florian (2017): How Do Member States Return Unwanted Migrants? The Strategic (Non-)use of ‘Europe’ during the Migration Crisis. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 101–118. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12621 Sobis, Iwona – de Vries, Michiel S. (2009): The Story behind Western Advice to Central Europe during Its Transition Period. Bratislava: NISPACee Press. Soyaltin-Colella, Digdem (2022): The EU’s ‘Actions-without-Sanctions?’ The Politics of the Rule of Law Crisis in Many Europes. European Politics and Society, 23(1), 25–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1842698 Szigetvári, Tamás (2020): The Hungarian Administrative System: from Centralization to Regionalization and Back. Journal of Political Administration and Legal Studies, (JPAL) 3(1), 23–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.37460/j.2636-7823/2020.3.1.02 Takács, Tibor (2013): Állambiztonsági ügynökhálózat és az 1963-as amnesztia [State Security Agent Network and the 1963 Amnesty Law]. Betekintő, (3), 1–11. Online: https://www.betekinto.hu/2013_3_takacs Tátrai, Tünde (2021): Forced March Electronic Transformation and New Public Procurement Rules. European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review, 16(2), 172–174. Online: https://doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2021/2/10 Tátrai, Tünde – Vörösmarty, Gyöngyi (2023): Comparative Analysis of the European Centralised Public Procurement. Central European Journal of Public Policy, 17(2), 82–96. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2023-0007 t’Hart, Paul (2023): Teaching Crisis Management Before and After the Pandemic: Personal Reflections. Teaching Public Administration, 41(1), 72–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/01447394221087889 Ungváry, Krisztián (2008): Elhallgatott múlt. A pártállam és a belügy. A politikai rendőrség működése Magyarországon, 1956–1990 [Silenced Past. The Party State and the Ministry of the Interior. The Operation of the Political Police in Hungary, 1956–1990]. Budapest: Corvina – 1956 Institute. Vachudova, Milada Anna (2005): Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration after Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199241198.001.0001 Vigvári, András (2010): Is the Conflict Container Full? 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The Hungarian public administration development path can be displayed in four stages: “democratisation” from 1990 until 1998, the beginning year of the EU accession negotiations; “Europeanisation” as preparing for EU accession until 2004, when Hungary became full member of the EU together with 9 other countries. The next phase is the unsuccessful “quest for efficiency” until 2010, including 2008, when the Hungarian state budget faced insolvency and turned to the IMF for a standby loan. Finally, in 2010 the era of continual crisis management started with the financial and economic crisis, the migrant crisis, the Covid–19, and the war in Ukraine.

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The Hungarian public administration development path can be displayed in four stages: “democratisation” from 1990 until 1998, the beginning year of the EU accession negotiations; “Europeanisation” as preparing for EU accession until 2004, when Hungary became full member of the EU together with 9 other countries. The next phase is the unsuccessful “quest for efficiency” until 2010, including 2008, when the Hungarian state budget faced insolvency and turned to the IMF for a standby loan. Finally, in 2010 the era of continual crisis management started with the financial and economic crisis, the migrant crisis, the Covid–19, and the war in Ukraine.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(107) "The Development Path of the Hungarian Public Administration from the Regime Change to the New Era of Crises" ["hu_HU"]=> string(107) "The Development Path of the Hungarian Public Administration from the Regime Change to the New Era of Crises" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Gellén Márton" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#775 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(9395) ["email"]=> string(24) "gellen.marton@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7496) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Gellén" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gellén" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Márton" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Márton" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(15) "democratisation" [1]=> string(14) "centralisation" [2]=> string(13) "regime change" [3]=> string(17) "crisis management" } ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(15) "democratisation" [1]=> string(14) "centralisation" [2]=> string(13) "regime change" [3]=> string(17) "crisis management" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#777 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(32931) ["id"]=> int(5799) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7496) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#176 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7323) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:03" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9149) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(7199) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4149) "Baeten, Rita (2009): The Proposal for a Directive on Patients’ Rights in Cross-Border Healthcare. In Degryse, Christophe (ed.): Social Developments in the European Union 2008. 155–181. Carrascosa Bermejo, Dolores (2014): Cross-Border Healthcare in the EU: Interaction between Directive 2011/24/EU and the Regulations on Social Security Coordination. ERA Forum, 15(3), 359–380. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-014-0358-8 Cornelissen, Rob – De Wispelaere, Frederic (2020): Sixty Years of European Social Security Coordination: Achievements, Controversies and Challenges. In Social Policy in the European Union 1999–2019: the Long and Winding Road. European Social Observatory and the European Trade Union Institute, 143–166. De Wispelaere, Frederic (2019): 60 Years of Coordination of Social Security Systems: Still Room for Improvement. Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Sociale Zekerheid, 61, 159–181. De Wispelaere, Frederic – Pacolet, Jozef – Smedt, Lynn de (2019): Social Security Coordination at a Glance: The Hidden European Welfare State. Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Sociale Zekerheid, (1), 49–63. Gellérné Lukács, Éva (2020): Egészségügyi szolgáltatások igénybevétele. In Smuk, Péter (ed.): Társadalmi fenntarthatóság. Budapest: Ludovika, 1337–1387. Gellérné Lukács, Éva – Gyeney, Laura (2014): Élesedő kontúrok – gyakorlati kihívások a határon átnyúló egészségügyi ellátás területén. Pázmány Law Working Papers, 2014/15. Kristó, Katalin (2022): Health Care Services in the European Union. Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de León, (10), 167–172. Online: https://doi.org/10.18002/rjule.i10.7442 Kristó, Katalin – Borbás, Szilvia (2021): Külföldi egészségügyi ellátások az európai uniós és magyar szabályok tükrében. Acta Humana, 9(3), 141–154. Online: https://doi.org/10.32566/ah.2021.3.6 Panurjasz, Anett Antigoné (2014): A határon átnyúló egészségügyi ellátásra vonatkozó betegjogok érvényesítéséről szóló irányelv. Európai Tükör, 19(2), 67–71. Pennings, Frans (2011): The Cross-Border Health Care Directive: More Free Movement for Citizens and More Coherent EU Law? European Journal of Social Security, 13(4), 424–452. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271101300403 Strban, Grega (2013): Patient Mobility in the European Union: Between Social Security and Free Movement of Services. ERA Forum, 14(3), 391–407. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-013-0311-2 Van Nuffel, Piet (2005): Patients’ Free Movement Rights and Cross-Border Access to Healthcare. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 12(3), 253–270. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X0501200304 Quinn, Paul – De Hert, Paul (2012): The European Patients’ Rights Directive: A Clarification and Codification of Individual Rights Relating to Cross Border Healthcare and Novel Initiatives Aimed at Improving Pan-European Healthcare Co-Operation. Medical Law International, 12(1), 28–69. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0968533212439573 Legal sources Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Health Data Space, COM (2022) 197 final Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the coordination of social security systems Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems Other references Guiding Principles and Indicators for the practice of National Contact Points under the Crossborder Healthcare Directive 2011/24/EU Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions (2020/C 440/03) on the provision and future prospects of cross-border healthcare Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "71-89" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1152) "

One of the building blocks of the functioning of the single market and the free movement of persons is the coordination of Member States’ social security systems at EU level. Due to the coordination rules, EU citizens in any Member State belonging to the European Economic Area and Switzerland have equal access to healthcare, whether unplanned, i.e. urgent or planned. A multi-level regulation of planned care has emerged in the European Union with the entry into force of the Patient Mobility Directive. The purpose of the creation of the Directive is to facilitate access to planned healthcare and thus overcome certain restrictive measures in the coordination rules. However, the enforcement of the Directive depends to a large extent on the adequacy of Member States’ implementing measures, so the European Union places great emphasis on monitoring the implementation as well. In addition to the multi-level regulation of healthcare abroad, the rules of the Patient Mobility Directive related to cross-border healthcare, as well as certain aspects of the implementation and future challenges of the Directive are presented in the study.

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object(Publication)#108 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(7497) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:02" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9396) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(7373) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3626) "Akram, Susan Mussarat – Syring, Tom eds. (2014): Still Waiting for Tomorrow: The Law and Politics of Unresolved Refugee Crises. Boston University School of Law, Public Law Research Paper, 14-66. Annamalai, Aniyizhai (2014): Refugee Health Care: An Essential Medical Guide. New York: Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0271-2 Costello, Cathryn – Foster, Michelle – McAdam, Jane (2021): The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848639.001.0001 Culcasi, Karen (2017): Displacing Territory: Refugees in the Middle East. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 49(2), 323–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000095 De Lauri, Antonio ed. (2016): The Politics of Humanitarianism: Power, Ideology and Aid. London: I.B. Tauris. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755620043 Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette – Al-Yahya, Khaled W. (2018): Refugees, Asylum Seekers and the Rule of Law in Jordan. Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette (2020): Death of International Organizations. The Organizational Ecology of Intergovernmental Organizations, 1815–2015. The Review of International Organizations, 15, 339–370. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-018-9340-5 Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. – McAdam, Jane (2007): The Refugee in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hathaway, James C. (1991): The Law of Refugee Status. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hovil, Lucy (2016): Refugees, Conflict and the Search for Belonging. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33563-6 Karasapan, Omer (2015): Jordan’s Syrian Refugees. Brookings.edu, 2015. február 15. Online: https://www.brookings.edu/blogs/future-development/posts/2015/02/25-syrian-refugees-jordan-karasapan Kälin, Walter – Künzli, Jörg (2009): The Law of International Human Rights Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Khory, Kavita R. (2012): Global Migration: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137007124 Larking, Emma (2014): Refugees and the Myth of Human Rights – Life Outside the Pale of the Law. London – New York: Routledge. McAdam, Jane ed. (2010): Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford – Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. Melotti, Marxiano (2018): The Mediterranean Refugee Crisis: Heritage, Tourism, and Migration. New England Journal of Public Policy, (30)2, 1–26. Nanda, Ved P. ed. (1989): Refugee Law and Policy: International and U.S. Responses (Studies in Human Rights). Praeger. Newman, Edward – van Selm, Joanne (2003): Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability, and the State. New York: United Nations University Press. Palmer, George R. (2000): Health Care and Public Policy: An Australian Analysis. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia. Ryan, Curtis R. (2002): Jordan in Transition: From Hussein to Abdullah. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781626372665 Ryan, Curtis R. (2018): Jordan and the Arab Uprisings: Regime Survival and Politics Beyond the State. [s. l.]: Columbia University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7312/ryan18626 Weissbrodt, David – Aoláin, Fionnuala Ní – Fitzpatrick, Joan – Newman, Frank (2009): International Human Rights Law, Policy, and Process. [s. l.]: LexisNexis. Zahra, Babar ed. (2021): Mobility and Forced Displacement in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford Academic. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531365.001.0001" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "91-105" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1448) "

Jordan has long been a refuge for those fleeing conflict and persecution in neighbouring countries. As a result, the country has developed a robust set of laws and policies to protect refugees and provide them with the support they need to rebuild their lives. In this context, understanding the refugee laws in Jordan is crucial for anyone interested in the welfare of refugees and the broader humanitarian crisis in the region. With over 750,000 registered refugees, Jordan is home to one of the largest refugee populations in the world. The country has been praised for its generosity and commitment to protecting refugees, but also faces significant challenges in providing for the needs of such a large and diverse population. Understanding the legal framework that governs refugees in Jordan is essential to addressing these challenges and improving the lives of those affected by conflict and displacement. The ongoing conflict in Syria has resulted in a massive influx of refugees into neighbouring countries, including Jordan. To meet the needs of this growing population, the Jordanian government has established a set of laws and policies designed to provide refugees with protection, assistance, and access to essential services. This legal framework is a critical component of the countrys humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis and plays an essential role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of refugees living in Jordan.

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Jordan has long been a refuge for those fleeing conflict and persecution in neighbouring countries. As a result, the country has developed a robust set of laws and policies to protect refugees and provide them with the support they need to rebuild their lives. In this context, understanding the refugee laws in Jordan is crucial for anyone interested in the welfare of refugees and the broader humanitarian crisis in the region. With over 750,000 registered refugees, Jordan is home to one of the largest refugee populations in the world. The country has been praised for its generosity and commitment to protecting refugees, but also faces significant challenges in providing for the needs of such a large and diverse population. Understanding the legal framework that governs refugees in Jordan is essential to addressing these challenges and improving the lives of those affected by conflict and displacement. The ongoing conflict in Syria has resulted in a massive influx of refugees into neighbouring countries, including Jordan. To meet the needs of this growing population, the Jordanian government has established a set of laws and policies designed to provide refugees with protection, assistance, and access to essential services. This legal framework is a critical component of the countrys humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis and plays an essential role in the lives of hundreds of thousands of refugees living in Jordan.

" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(76) "The Legal Regulations and Governmental Approaches towards Refugees in Jordan" ["hu_HU"]=> string(76) "The Legal Regulations and Governmental Approaches towards Refugees in Jordan" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(16) "Meera Alma'aitah" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#802 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(9396) ["email"]=> string(21) "actahumana@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7497) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Meera" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Meera" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Alma'aitah" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Alma'aitah" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(13) "asylum rights" [1]=> string(6) "Jordan" [2]=> string(11) "legislation" [3]=> string(23) "governmental approaches" [4]=> string(56) "health services and accessibility for Jordanian refugees" } ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(13) "asylum rights" [1]=> string(6) "Jordan" [2]=> string(11) "legislation" [3]=> string(23) "governmental approaches" [4]=> string(56) "health services and accessibility for Jordanian refugees" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#803 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(32934) ["id"]=> int(5801) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(7497) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#800 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(7498) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:02" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9397) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(7374) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(6366) "Bernárd, Artúr (2018): A meddőségről általában [About Infertility in General]. In Kaáli, Steven G. (ed.): A meddőség korszerű diagnosztikája és kezelése [Modern Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility]. Budapest: Medicina, 13–23. Kaáli, Steven G. ed. (2018): A meddőség korszerű diagnosztikája és kezelése [Modern Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility]. Budapest: Medicina. Kovács, Gábor (2020): Jogi és etikai kihívások a vér- és plazmadonációnál [Legal and Ethical Challenges in Blood and Plasma Donation]. Jog Állam–Politika, 12(Különszám), 69. Kőrösi, Alexandra (2016): Jogvédelem az élet kezdetén – A méhmagzat jogalanyi státusza [Legal Protection at the Beginning of Life – The Legal Status of the Fetus]. Jog–Állam–Politika, (2), 135–150. Kőrösi, Tamás (2009): Lombikcsodák. A mesterséges megtermékenyítésről orvos-, pszichológus és páciens szemmel [Fetuses. On Artificial Insemination from the Doctor’s, Psychologist’s and Patient’s Point of View]. Győr: Lilli. Kőrösi, Tamás (2018): Stimulációs protokollok [Stimulation Protocols]. In Kaáli, Steven G. (ed.): A meddőség korszerű diagnosztikája és kezelése [Modern Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility]. Budapest: Medicina, 199–238. Kőrösi, Tamás (2020): Legyen több a bölcső, mint a koporsó [Let There Be More Cradles than Coffins]. Magyar Nemzet, 9 January, 2020. Online: https://magyarnemzet.hu/velemeny/legyentobb-a-bolcso-mint-a-koporso-7644173 Lovászy, László (2010): Rövid elmélkedés a modern abortusz-paradoxonról a magyar alkotmányozás fényében az állam életvédelmi kötelezettsége szempontjából [A Brief Reflection on the Modern Abortion Paradox in the Light of the Hungarian Constitution in Terms of the State’s Duty to Protect Life]. Európai Jog, 10(5), 3–12. Lovászy, László (2019): A biozsák, ami megmentheti a világot [The Bio-Bag that Could Save the World]. Portfolio, 19 August, 2019. Online: https://www.portfolio.hu/prof/20190819/a-biozsak-amimegmentheti-a-vilagot-334343 Lovászy, László (2020a): Lombik: áldás és békesség – Már lehet etikai szempontokat érvényesíteni a szűken vett profitszemlélet rovására [Flask: Blessing and Peace – Ethical Considerations Can Now be Applied to the Detriment of a Narrow Profit Motive]. Magyar Nemzet, 24 November, 2020. Online: https://magyarnemzet.hu/velemeny/lombik-aldas-es-bekesseg-8996354 Lovászy, László (2020b): Nyolcmillió új élet [Eight Million New Lives]. Figyelő, 63(5), 8. Lovászy, László – Szalay Máté Gerzson (2015): Genetikailag háromszülős gyermekektől az eugenika polgári jogiasításáig [From Children with Genetically Three Parents to the Civil Legalisation of Eugenics]. Európai Jog, 15(5), 1–6. Lovászy, László Gábor – Szoboszlai-Kiss, Katalin (2021): A mesterséges megtermékenyítésről mint az élethez való jog lehetőségéről és az ebből származó etikai dilemmákról [On the Possibility of Artificial Insemination as a Right to Life and the Ethical Dilemmas it Raises]. Jog– Állam–Politika, 13(2), 61–96. Meixner, Zoltán (2022): Minden nőnek tudnia kell, hogy a terhesség időpontjának kitolásával mit kockáztat [Every Woman Should Know What she is Risking by Postponing her Pregnancy]. 27 May, 2022. Online: https://www.hazipatika.com/napi_egeszseg/orvosnal/cikkek/minden-nonektudnia-kell-hogy-a-terhesseg-idopontjanak-kitolasaval-mit-kockaztat Serdült, Viktória (2023a): Változtat a kormány a meddőségi kezelések szabályain, de a legfontosabb kérdéshez még nem mert nyúlni [The Government is Changing the Rules on Infertility Treatment, but Has Not Yet Dared to Touch the Most Important Issue]. HVG.hu, 7 June, 2023. Online: https://hvg.hu/itthon/20230607_kormany_meddosegi_kezelesek_finanszirozas_valtozas Serdült, Viktória (2023b): Új tervezet az állami lombikkezelésről: 36 év alatt csak egy embriót ültetnek be, 45 év marad a korhatár és kijelölték a szakambulanciákat [New Draft on State-Run IVF: Only One Embryo Implantation under 36, the Age Limit Remains 45 and Specialised Outpatient Clinics have been Designated]. HVG.hu, 26 October, 2023. Online: https://hvg.hu/itthon/20231026_igy_modositana_tovabb_a_lombikkezelesek_szabalyait_a_kormany Szijártó, Lilla (2023): A humán reprodukciós eljárások etikai és jogi dilemmái a XXI. századi Magyarországon [Ethical and Legal Dilemmas of Human Reproductive Procedures in 21st Century Hungary]. Jog–Állam–Politika, (1), 111–144. Online: https://doi.org/10.58528/JAP.2023.15-1.111 SZTE (2023): A Szegedi Tudományegyetem Dél-alföldi Demográfiai Program keretében több száz párnak ad esélyt a családalapításra az SZTE Reprodukciós Medicina Intézet [The Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University of Szeged Gives Hundreds of Couples the Chance to Start a Family within the Framework of the South Great Plain Demographic Programme of the University of Szeged]. 10 July, 2023. Online: https://u-szeged.hu/sztehirek/2023-julius/szegeditudomanyegyetem Vesztergom, Dóra – Téglás, Gyöngyvér – Fónyad, Gábor – Szomszéd, Orsolya – Szöllősi, Katalin – Krádi, Anna – Kopa, Zsolt – Nánássy, László (2023a): A hazai meddőségi ellátás helyzete [The Situation of Infertility Care in Hungary]. Nőgyógyászati és Szülészeti Továbbképző Szemle, February 25(1), 5–11. Vesztergom, Dóra – Téglás, Gyöngyvér – Fónyad, Gábor – Szomszéd, Orsolya – Szöllősi, Katalin – Krádi, Anna – Kopa, Zsolt – Nánássy, László (2023b): A hazai meddőségi ellátás fejlesztési koncepciója [The Development Concept of Infertility Care in Hungary]. Nőgyógyászati és Szülészeti Továbbképző Szemle, 25(2), 45–50. Legal sources - 1997. évi CLIV. törvény az egészségügyről [Act CLIV of 1997 on healthcare] - 30/1998. (VI. 24.) NM rendelet az emberi reprodukcióra irányuló különleges eljárások végzésére vonatkozó, valamint az ivarsejtekkel és embriókkal való rendelkezésre és azok fagyasztva tárolására vonatkozó részletes szabályokról [NM Decree 30/1998 (24.VI.) on the detailed rules for the performance of special procedures for human reproduction, the disposal of gametes and embryos and their frozen storage]" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "107-114" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1824) "

Following the implementation of state oversight of human reproductive procedures in 2020, several regulations have been introduced to mitigate potential issues. To enhance patient care and alleviate the workload of IVF centers, a network of specialized infertility outpatient clinics will be established alongside existing centers of assisted reproduction. These changes aim to address the challenges faced by infertility centers and improve the chances of patients having children. The policy currently allows for up to five insurance-funded treatment cycles, while cryopreserved embryo transfers are not subject to a specific limit. Furthermore, the previous threemonth waiting period between treatment cycles has been eliminated, and restrictions on the number of embryos that can be implanted have been implemented. Limiting the number of embryos transferred during IVF procedures is a common practice aimed at reducing the risks associated with multiple pregnancies. By allowing only one embryo for the first transfer up to the age of 36, especially when transferred on day five of embryonic development, this initiative prioritizes the health and safety of both the mother and potential offspring. It helps to minimize the chances of complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight, which are more common with multiple pregnancies. Additionally, it can improve the overall success rates of IVF by focusing on the quality of the transferred embryo rather than the quantity. The Hungarian government anticipates that these measures will enhance the success rates of IVF treatments, consequently leading to a rise in future childbirths and a decrease in the number of frozen embryos. This study aims to delineate the effectiveness of the introduced changes in 2023 and provide recommendations accordingly.

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Following the implementation of state oversight of human reproductive procedures in 2020, several regulations have been introduced to mitigate potential issues. To enhance patient care and alleviate the workload of IVF centers, a network of specialized infertility outpatient clinics will be established alongside existing centers of assisted reproduction. These changes aim to address the challenges faced by infertility centers and improve the chances of patients having children. The policy currently allows for up to five insurance-funded treatment cycles, while cryopreserved embryo transfers are not subject to a specific limit. Furthermore, the previous threemonth waiting period between treatment cycles has been eliminated, and restrictions on the number of embryos that can be implanted have been implemented. Limiting the number of embryos transferred during IVF procedures is a common practice aimed at reducing the risks associated with multiple pregnancies. By allowing only one embryo for the first transfer up to the age of 36, especially when transferred on day five of embryonic development, this initiative prioritizes the health and safety of both the mother and potential offspring. It helps to minimize the chances of complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight, which are more common with multiple pregnancies. Additionally, it can improve the overall success rates of IVF by focusing on the quality of the transferred embryo rather than the quantity. The Hungarian government anticipates that these measures will enhance the success rates of IVF treatments, consequently leading to a rise in future childbirths and a decrease in the number of frozen embryos. This study aims to delineate the effectiveness of the introduced changes in 2023 and provide recommendations accordingly.

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object(Publication)#778 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(7499) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-04-11" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-11 12:40:02" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9399) ["sectionId"]=> int(67) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(7375) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3620) "Bihari Mihály – Pokol Béla (2009): Politológia [Political Science]. Budapest: Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó. Detterbeck, Klaus (2005): Cartel Parties in Western Europe? German Politics, 11(2), 173–191. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068805049738 Detterbeck, Klaus (2008): Party Cartel and Cartel Parties in Germany. German Politics, 17(1), 27–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644000701855119 Horváth, Anett (2022): A kartellpárt hazai megjelenése – A pártok és az állam egyre szorosabb szimbiózisának tendenciája [The Emergence of the Cartel Party in Hungary: The Tendency of the Ever Closer Symbiosis between Parties and the State]. Jog–Állam–Politika, 14(2), 185–196. Horváth, Attila – Soós, Gábor (2015): Pártok és pártrendszer [Parties and Party Systems]. In Körösényi, András (ed.): A magyar politikai rendszer – negyedszázad után [The Hungarian Political System – After a Quarter of a Century]. Budapest: Osiris, 249–278. Katz, Richard S. – Mair, Peter (1995): Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy. Party Politics, 1(1), 5–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001 Kirchheimer, Otto (1966): The Transformation of the Western European Party System. In Lapalombara, Joseph – Weiner, Myron (ed.): Political Parties and Political Development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 177–200. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400875337-007 Koole, Ruud (1996): Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party. Party Politics, 2(4), 507–523. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068896002004004 Maas, Willem (2001): Catch-All Parties. In Michie, Jonathan (ed.): Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 37–51. Marchut, Réka (2019): Pártok [Parties]. In Pásztor, Péter (ed.): Magyar politikai enciklopédia [Hungarian Political Encyclopedia]. Budapest: Mathias Corvinus Collegium – Tihanyi Alapítvány. Nagy, Levente (2019): Képviselet [Representation]. In Pásztor, Péter (ed.): Magyar politikai enciklopédia [Hungarian Political Encyclopaedia]. Budapest: Mathias Corvinus Collegium – Tihanyi Alapítvány, 268–269. Nagy, Teodóra (2018): Money Talks – Party and Campaign Financing 2018. Hetek, 22(2). Scarrow, Susan E. (2006): Party Subsidies and the Freezing of Party Competition. West European Politics, 29(4), 619–639. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600842148 Smuk, Péter (2020): A politikai pártok [The Political Parties]. In Csink, Lóránt – Schanda, Balázs – Varga, Zs. András (eds.): A magyar közjog alapintézményei [The Basic Institutions of Hungarian Public Law]. Budapest: Pázmány Press, 723–753. Online: https://jak.ppke.hu/uploads/articles/2166539/file/5_4_Apolitikai_partok.pdf Szarvas, László – Tóth, Csaba (2005): Pártok és pártrendszerek [Parties and Party Systems]. In Gallai, Sándor – Török, Gábor (eds.): Politika és politikatudomány [Politics and Political Science]. Budapest: Aula, 392–437. Tóth, László (2018): A végrehajtó hatalom prezidencializálódásának egyes aspektusai a II. és III. Orbán-kormányok esetében [Some Aspects of the Pre-existence of the Executive in the Case of the Second and Third Orbán Governments]. Parlamenti Szemle, (2), 47–68. Online: https://parlamentiszemle.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/parlamentiszemle-toth-laszlo.pdf Young, Lisa (1998): Party, State and Political Competition in Canada: The Cartel Model Reconsidered. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 31(2), 339–358. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000842390001982X" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(577) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "115-120" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2024.1.7" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(303) "

The concept of a cartel party as formulated by Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair initially provoked a debate between the authors and Professor Ruud Koole, but several empirical studies on the issue of cartelisation have led to a number of conclusions on the thesis that are worth further reflection.

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The concept of a cartel party as formulated by Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair initially provoked a debate between the authors and Professor Ruud Koole, but several empirical studies on the issue of cartelisation have led to a number of conclusions on the thesis that are worth further reflection.

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