Since the adoption of the Fundamental Law in 2011, the interpretation of the new and extended vision of this Law in terms of the right to environment has not taken place. Fortunately, the year 2015 introduced several important steps worldwide and in Hungary, too. We may mention the Encyclical letter of Pope Francis – Laudato si’ –, the Paris Climate Summit and its closing agreement, the summaries of the European Court of Human Rights and also the activity of the UN Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. All these could keep the issue high on the international agenda. In Hungary, the Constitutional Court could issue its first decision on the right to environment (decision No. 16/2015), proving on the one hand the continuity of the interpretation of the previous constitutional setting and the current Fundamental Law, and emphasizing the added value of the latter as compared to the previous one. There are the following additional conceptual elements: the question of sustainable development and the widening of the extension of those, bound by the obligation to protect the environment, while the non-retrogression principle has not been changed. We discuss the principle in details, taking into consideration first of all its impact on the effectiveness and structural conditions of the environmental administration, referring to several recommendations of the National Council for Environmental Protection. Unfortunately, we could not come closer to the context of the two novelties of the Fundamental Law, which means that we are still waiting for the Constitutional Court to find the means of proper interpretation.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1745) "Since the adoption of the Fundamental Law in 2011, the interpretation of the new and extended vision of this Law in terms of the right to environment has not taken place. Fortunately, the year 2015 introduced several important steps worldwide and in Hungary, too. We may mention the Encyclical letter of Pope Francis – Laudato si’ –, the Paris Climate Summit and its closing agreement, the summaries of the European Court of Human Rights and also the activity of the UN Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. All these could keep the issue high on the international agenda. In Hungary, the Constitutional Court could issue its first decision on the right to environment (decision No. 16/2015), proving on the one hand the continuity of the interpretation of the previous constitutional setting and the current Fundamental Law, and emphasizing the added value of the latter as compared to the previous one. There are the following additional conceptual elements: the question of sustainable development and the widening of the extension of those, bound by the obligation to protect the environment, while the non-retrogression principle has not been changed. We discuss the principle in details, taking into consideration first of all its impact on the effectiveness and structural conditions of the environmental administration, referring to several recommendations of the National Council for Environmental Protection. Unfortunately, we could not come closer to the context of the two novelties of the Fundamental Law, which means that we are still waiting for the Constitutional Court to find the means of proper interpretation.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(40) "Környezethez való jog – újratöltve" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2926) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2625) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Bándi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Gyula" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7638) ["id"]=> int(1773) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2625) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Az Állami Számvevőszék hozzájárulása a minőségi jogalkotáshoz
High quality legislation is one of the hallmarks of good governance. In case of good quality legislation the following requirements are met: protection of the rule of law and of the democratic principles, unambiguity, coherence, justice, proportionality and efficiency. These requirements are fulfilled with higher probability, if the legislator can lean not only on its own experience, but on the opinion and recommendations of institutes that possess extensive expertise in the fields of legal norms and implementation of rights. The State Audit Office of Hungary, as a means of supporting good governance, during its work of auditing forms an opinion on legislation and public controlling mechanisms and hands it over to the legislator. In the past few years the State Audit Office has explored the possibilities, methods and means by which it can support legislation in its different phases.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(902) "High quality legislation is one of the hallmarks of good governance. In case of good quality legislation the following requirements are met: protection of the rule of law and of the democratic principles, unambiguity, coherence, justice, proportionality and efficiency. These requirements are fulfilled with higher probability, if the legislator can lean not only on its own experience, but on the opinion and recommendations of institutes that possess extensive expertise in the fields of legal norms and implementation of rights. The State Audit Office of Hungary, as a means of supporting good governance, during its work of auditing forms an opinion on legislation and public controlling mechanisms and hands it over to the legislator. In the past few years the State Audit Office has explored the possibilities, methods and means by which it can support legislation in its different phases.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(71) "Az Állami Számvevőszék hozzájárulása a minőségi jogalkotáshoz" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(6) { [0]=> object(Author)#768 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2928) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Mészáros" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Leila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#791 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2929) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Nagy" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Imre" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#789 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2930) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Domokos" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "László" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [3]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2931) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Posta" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Gabriella" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [4]=> object(Author)#793 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2932) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gergely" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Szabolcs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [5]=> object(Author)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2933) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Fülöp" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ibolya" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(18) "State Audit Office" [1]=> string(11) "legislation" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(18) "State Audit Office" [1]=> string(11) "legislation" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#788 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7642) ["id"]=> int(1775) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2626) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Vigyázó szemünket Párizsra vetettük – a klímaváltozás és a klímamegállapodás versenyfutása
The present social and economic crises are either direct consequences of climate change or other drastic changes in the environmental conditions or they are strongly interrelated with them. In order to achieve the necessary socio-economic changes we shall apply proper legal tools based on widely accepted scientific findings.
This article has been jointly written by a physicist, a lawyer and an economist. They survey the scientific and social background of the Paris Agreement and analyse the legal text from the angle of effectiveness and implementability. At the end of the arcicle the authors strive to report on the scoring of the race between climate change and the reactions given to it by international law and try to highlight those factors that could help to make this race a little bit more tight.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(825) "The present social and economic crises are either direct consequences of climate change or other drastic changes in the environmental conditions or they are strongly interrelated with them. In order to achieve the necessary socio-economic changes we shall apply proper legal tools based on widely accepted scientific findings.
This article has been jointly written by a physicist, a lawyer and an economist. They survey the scientific and social background of the Paris Agreement and analyse the legal text from the angle of effectiveness and implementability. At the end of the arcicle the authors strive to report on the scoring of the race between climate change and the reactions given to it by international law and try to highlight those factors that could help to make this race a little bit more tight.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(105) "Vigyázó szemünket Párizsra vetettük – a klímaváltozás és a klímamegállapodás versenyfutása" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#795 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2934) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2627) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Besenyei" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Mónika" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#769 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2936) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2627) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Fülöp" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Sándor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2937) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2627) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Hetesi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Zsolt" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(15) "economic crises" [1]=> string(14) "climate change" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(15) "economic crises" [1]=> string(14) "climate change" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#797 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7645) ["id"]=> int(1777) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2627) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The fight against contemporary slavery is part of the international protection of human rights. The academic society can contribute to it by supporting the research aiming at the understanding of the extension of contemporary slavery and enhancing the unification of our knowledge about these series of human rights violations. As this paper emphasizes, it is still an unresolved obligation, as the international human rights treaties and the scientific communis opinion understand contemporary slavery differently not agreeing what practices should be understood under this term.
Hungary is also concerned with contemporary slavery. According to the Global Slavery Index published in 2014, 36 000 people are the victims of human trafficking, contract slavery, sexual exploitation, and domestic servitude. The aim of this paper is to analyse the Hungarian legal instruments and the currently accessible system of protection in Hungary for the victims of contemporary slavery. According to the author, legal protection can be completed with pedagogical discussion. Therefore, the pedagogical guidebook about contemporary slavery published by Anthropolis Anthropological Public Benefit Association in 2015 provides the opportunity to analyse the benefits and the risks of the introduction of contemporary slavery to the legal education of children. Nevertheless, the paper claims that the fight against contemporary slavery can be successful in Hungary only if the currently existing anomalies (limited financial support, lack of anonymity of victims, corruption) are eliminated and the international law will understand the threats of contemporary slavery unanimously.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1682) "The fight against contemporary slavery is part of the international protection of human rights. The academic society can contribute to it by supporting the research aiming at the understanding of the extension of contemporary slavery and enhancing the unification of our knowledge about these series of human rights violations. As this paper emphasizes, it is still an unresolved obligation, as the international human rights treaties and the scientific communis opinion understand contemporary slavery differently not agreeing what practices should be understood under this term.
Hungary is also concerned with contemporary slavery. According to the Global Slavery Index published in 2014, 36 000 people are the victims of human trafficking, contract slavery, sexual exploitation, and domestic servitude. The aim of this paper is to analyse the Hungarian legal instruments and the currently accessible system of protection in Hungary for the victims of contemporary slavery. According to the author, legal protection can be completed with pedagogical discussion. Therefore, the pedagogical guidebook about contemporary slavery published by Anthropolis Anthropological Public Benefit Association in 2015 provides the opportunity to analyse the benefits and the risks of the introduction of contemporary slavery to the legal education of children. Nevertheless, the paper claims that the fight against contemporary slavery can be successful in Hungary only if the currently existing anomalies (limited financial support, lack of anonymity of victims, corruption) are eliminated and the international law will understand the threats of contemporary slavery unanimously.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(78) "Jogi és pedagógiai védelem a modernkori rabszolgaság ellen Magyarországon" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#767 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2938) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2629) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Gyurácz" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Veronika" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "contemporary slavery" [1]=> string(26) "protection of human rights" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "contemporary slavery" [1]=> string(26) "protection of human rights" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#800 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7647) ["id"]=> int(1778) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2629) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }A közigazgatási bíráskodás és a garanciális panasz szabályozása, avagy ki volt az alkotmány őre a dualizmusban?
The author of this study presents the formation and structure of the Administrative Court in Hungary, its competence and also possible restrictions under emergency. The paper refers to parliamentary debates and contemporary legal opinion, which sheds light on the role of this institution as the protector of the Constitution. After a detailed analysis of the Administrative Court’s role in Austro-Hungarian Dualism, in the second half of the study the author tries to answer the question of who could be considered a protector of the constitution at the time of Dualism, and whether these peacetime institutions could fill their roles in emergency situations.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(669) "The author of this study presents the formation and structure of the Administrative Court in Hungary, its competence and also possible restrictions under emergency. The paper refers to parliamentary debates and contemporary legal opinion, which sheds light on the role of this institution as the protector of the Constitution. After a detailed analysis of the Administrative Court’s role in Austro-Hungarian Dualism, in the second half of the study the author tries to answer the question of who could be considered a protector of the constitution at the time of Dualism, and whether these peacetime institutions could fill their roles in emergency situations.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(122) "A közigazgatási bíráskodás és a garanciális panasz szabályozása, avagy ki volt az alkotmány őre a dualizmusban?" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#807 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2940) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2630) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kelemen" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Roland" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Administrative Court" [1]=> string(24) "Austro-Hungarian Dualism" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Administrative Court" [1]=> string(24) "Austro-Hungarian Dualism" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#799 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7651) ["id"]=> int(1779) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2630) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Between 15 February and 15 April 2016, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the right to have access to and disseminate information of public interest [Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law] in a case in which three foundations financially supported by the Hungarian Central Bank were considered to be holders of information of public interest and in respect of the right to a fair trial [Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law] in three cases in which the petitioners argued that the competent courts had showed a biased deference to their detriment. Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law states that everyone shall have the right to the protection of his or her personal data, as well as to have access to and disseminate information of public interest.
Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law stipulates that in the determination of his or her civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge brought against him or her, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1156) "Between 15 February and 15 April 2016, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the right to have access to and disseminate information of public interest [Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law] in a case in which three foundations financially supported by the Hungarian Central Bank were considered to be holders of information of public interest and in respect of the right to a fair trial [Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law] in three cases in which the petitioners argued that the competent courts had showed a biased deference to their detriment. Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law states that everyone shall have the right to the protection of his or her personal data, as well as to have access to and disseminate information of public interest.
Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law stipulates that in the determination of his or her civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge brought against him or her, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(24) "A Kúria gyakorlatából" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#811 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2941) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2632) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Berkes" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bálint" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(5) "Curia" [1]=> string(15) "Fundamental Law" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(5) "Curia" [1]=> string(15) "Fundamental Law" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#805 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7653) ["id"]=> int(1780) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2632) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The Constitutional Court (CC) decided 68 cases between 15 February and 20 April, 2016. Most of the cases dealing with basic rights were about right to information. In two cases the President of Hungary turned to the CC and initiated preventive norm control of two acts of Parliament before promulgation. One of them was to amend the act on the Monetary Bank of Hungary. According to the amendment the foundations and enterprises established or formed by the Monetary Bank are not to give information on any of their activity in connection with the Monetary Bank or its activity. This meant to disclose information formerly accessible. According to the amendment the restriction on right to information was to apply also in requests initiated prior to the amendment. According to the amendment the nature of budget money coming from/through the Monetary Bank “transforms” into private property within the foundations and enterprises of the Monetary Bank. Therefore any information on this type of money falls outside the right to information. The CC found the amendment unconstitutional stating: budget money can’t lose its “budgetary” nature; therefore, it is against the constitution to reject any request of information in connection with it. The other act reviewed by the CC on the President’s initiation was the amendment of the act on the Hungarian General Post Office. Formerly the act restricted to receive information on certain documents. According to the amendment the restriction was to apply to certain data only. According to the CC as long as the amendment can be interpreted constitutionally (in connection with the act on information) this amendment is constitutional (the new rules don’t restrict the right to information). In another case the CC ruled that – as long as the Act on the Parliament is interpreted according to the Act on Information and Public Data – the rule on the register of the House Committee of the Parliament is not against the Constitution. According to the Act on the Parliament the register of the House Committee (which basically decides on how the Parliament functions: its agenda, how the rules of the House should be interpreted, esp. when it is debated among the fractions, etc.) is not public information. The CC ruled this means that on request the Parliament (or on appeal the court) has to examine which certain data in the requested register fall within the term “data necessary for draft documents” in the Act on Information and Public Data. The term has to be interpreted narrowly – since it is a restriction on the right to information – otherwise the refusal of the request on information from the register of the House Committee is against the constitution.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2748) "The Constitutional Court (CC) decided 68 cases between 15 February and 20 April, 2016. Most of the cases dealing with basic rights were about right to information. In two cases the President of Hungary turned to the CC and initiated preventive norm control of two acts of Parliament before promulgation. One of them was to amend the act on the Monetary Bank of Hungary. According to the amendment the foundations and enterprises established or formed by the Monetary Bank are not to give information on any of their activity in connection with the Monetary Bank or its activity. This meant to disclose information formerly accessible. According to the amendment the restriction on right to information was to apply also in requests initiated prior to the amendment. According to the amendment the nature of budget money coming from/through the Monetary Bank “transforms” into private property within the foundations and enterprises of the Monetary Bank. Therefore any information on this type of money falls outside the right to information. The CC found the amendment unconstitutional stating: budget money can’t lose its “budgetary” nature; therefore, it is against the constitution to reject any request of information in connection with it. The other act reviewed by the CC on the President’s initiation was the amendment of the act on the Hungarian General Post Office. Formerly the act restricted to receive information on certain documents. According to the amendment the restriction was to apply to certain data only. According to the CC as long as the amendment can be interpreted constitutionally (in connection with the act on information) this amendment is constitutional (the new rules don’t restrict the right to information). In another case the CC ruled that – as long as the Act on the Parliament is interpreted according to the Act on Information and Public Data – the rule on the register of the House Committee of the Parliament is not against the Constitution. According to the Act on the Parliament the register of the House Committee (which basically decides on how the Parliament functions: its agenda, how the rules of the House should be interpreted, esp. when it is debated among the fractions, etc.) is not public information. The CC ruled this means that on request the Parliament (or on appeal the court) has to examine which certain data in the requested register fall within the term “data necessary for draft documents” in the Act on Information and Public Data. The term has to be interpreted narrowly – since it is a restriction on the right to information – otherwise the refusal of the request on information from the register of the House Committee is against the constitution.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(81) "Az Alkotmánybíróság határozatai 2016. február 15. és április 20. között" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#815 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2942) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2633) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kovács" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Virág" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" [1]=> string(29) "Hungarian General Post Office" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" [1]=> string(29) "Hungarian General Post Office" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#809 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7655) ["id"]=> int(1781) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2633) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Az európai elfogatóparancs végrehajtásának megtagadása az emberi jogokat sértő fogvatartási körülmények miatt
In 2014 and 2015 the European Court of Human Rights held that Romania and Hungary had infringed fundamental rights due to the prison overcrowding which is characteristic of their prisons. In the light of these rulings, a German Court sought to ascertain from the Court of Justice whether a European arrest warrant issued by these EU Member States could be executed as doing so would be likely to result in the individual concerned being exposed to inhuman or degrading treatment, which was prohibited by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU.
In its judgment, the Court stated that where the authority responsible for the execution of a warrant has in its possession evidence of a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment of persons detained in the Member State where the warrant was issued, that authority must assess that risk before deciding on the surrender of the individual concerned. However, where such a risk derives from the general detention conditions in the Member State at issue, the identification of that risk cannot, in itself, lead to the execution of the warrant being refused. To this end, it is necessary to demonstrate that there are substantial grounds for believing that the individual in question will in fact be exposed to such a risk because of the conditions in which it is envisaged that he/she will be detained.
The Court found that, in order to be able to assess the existence of that risk in relation to the individual concerned, the authority responsible for the execution of the warrant must ask the issuing authority to provide, as a matter of urgency, all the information necessary on the conditions of detention. If, in the light of the information provided or any other information available to it, the authority responsible for the execution of the warrant finds that there is, for the individual who is the subject of the warrant, a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment, the execution of the warrant must be deferred until there has been obtained additional information on the basis of which that risk can be discounted. If the existence of that risk cannot be discounted within a reasonable period, that authority must decide whether the surrender procedure should be brought to an end.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2266) "In 2014 and 2015 the European Court of Human Rights held that Romania and Hungary had infringed fundamental rights due to the prison overcrowding which is characteristic of their prisons. In the light of these rulings, a German Court sought to ascertain from the Court of Justice whether a European arrest warrant issued by these EU Member States could be executed as doing so would be likely to result in the individual concerned being exposed to inhuman or degrading treatment, which was prohibited by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU.
In its judgment, the Court stated that where the authority responsible for the execution of a warrant has in its possession evidence of a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment of persons detained in the Member State where the warrant was issued, that authority must assess that risk before deciding on the surrender of the individual concerned. However, where such a risk derives from the general detention conditions in the Member State at issue, the identification of that risk cannot, in itself, lead to the execution of the warrant being refused. To this end, it is necessary to demonstrate that there are substantial grounds for believing that the individual in question will in fact be exposed to such a risk because of the conditions in which it is envisaged that he/she will be detained.
The Court found that, in order to be able to assess the existence of that risk in relation to the individual concerned, the authority responsible for the execution of the warrant must ask the issuing authority to provide, as a matter of urgency, all the information necessary on the conditions of detention. If, in the light of the information provided or any other information available to it, the authority responsible for the execution of the warrant finds that there is, for the individual who is the subject of the warrant, a real risk of inhuman or degrading treatment, the execution of the warrant must be deferred until there has been obtained additional information on the basis of which that risk can be discounted. If the existence of that risk cannot be discounted within a reasonable period, that authority must decide whether the surrender procedure should be brought to an end.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(121) "Az európai elfogatóparancs végrehajtásának megtagadása az emberi jogokat sértő fogvatartási körülmények miatt" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#819 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2943) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2634) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(39) "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(39) "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#813 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7657) ["id"]=> int(1782) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2634) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights adopted recently in respect of Hungary all concerned incidents related to political demonstrations. Of particular importance is the case R.B., which concerned a racist assault occurred during a march of right-wing paramilitary groups in a Roma neighbourhood. In that case the Court held that the provisions of the criminal law, as in force at the material time, had not provide adequate protection to the applicant and this amounted to a violation of Hungary’s positive obligations under Article 8 of the Convention.
As regards the cases against other countries, a judgment of the Grand Chamber clarifying the States’ obligations in asylum cases to carry out an assessment of risks of their own motion deserves to be mentioned in the first place. The Court also adopted important decisions concerning the procedural rights of minors, the necessary consequences of publications infringing privacy rights and the prohibition of discrimination against disabled persons. Furthermore, cases related to seldom invoked provisions of the Convention (such as Article 18 or Article 2 of Protocol No. 4) will also be mentioned.
The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights adopted recently in respect of Hungary all concerned incidents related to political demonstrations. Of particular importance is the case R.B., which concerned a racist assault occurred during a march of right-wing paramilitary groups in a Roma neighbourhood. In that case the Court held that the provisions of the criminal law, as in force at the material time, had not provide adequate protection to the applicant and this amounted to a violation of Hungary’s positive obligations under Article 8 of the Convention.
As regards the cases against other countries, a judgment of the Grand Chamber clarifying the States’ obligations in asylum cases to carry out an assessment of risks of their own motion deserves to be mentioned in the first place. The Court also adopted important decisions concerning the procedural rights of minors, the necessary consequences of publications infringing privacy rights and the prohibition of discrimination against disabled persons. Furthermore, cases related to seldom invoked provisions of the Convention (such as Article 18 or Article 2 of Protocol No. 4) will also be mentioned.