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Statista (2021): Ranking of the 25 Countries with the Largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita at Purchasing Power Parity in 2021. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/725742/countries-with-the-largest-gross-domestic-product-gdp-at-purchasingpower-parity-per-capita/ Statista (2022): World E-Government Leaders Based on E-Government Development Index (EGDI) in 2022. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/421580/egdi-e-governmentdevelopment-index-ranking/ United Nations Development Programme (2021): Human Development Index. Online: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(523) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "5-22" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2023.2.1" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(850) "

The spread of information and communication technologies has created an incredible level of dependency in societies nowadays. The efficient functioning of the State and the economy is now unthinkable without these tools. It is undeniable that the Internet and ICTs make a significant contribution to economic growth and play a vital role in all social subsystems. People expect technology to resolve the problems they face, most typically through an application for a smart mobile device. Whether it is elderly care, shopping, public transport, or government administration, mobile apps are the first choice for a growing percentage of users. As a result, they are also playing an increasingly important role in local economic development. In this paper, the authors examine the potential for using these applications and the associated risks.

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The spread of information and communication technologies has created an incredible level of dependency in societies nowadays. The efficient functioning of the State and the economy is now unthinkable without these tools. It is undeniable that the Internet and ICTs make a significant contribution to economic growth and play a vital role in all social subsystems. People expect technology to resolve the problems they face, most typically through an application for a smart mobile device. Whether it is elderly care, shopping, public transport, or government administration, mobile apps are the first choice for a growing percentage of users. As a result, they are also playing an increasingly important role in local economic development. In this paper, the authors examine the potential for using these applications and the associated risks.

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Online: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/71 UNHCR (2022): OCHA–UNHCR Lebanon: Fact Sheet, April 2022. Reliefweb, 03 June 2022. Online: https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/unhcr-lebanon-fact-sheet-april-2022 UNHCR (2023): Operational Data Portal. Refugee Situations. Syria Regional Refugee Response. Lebanon. Online: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/71 UNICEF–UNHCR–WFP (2018): Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon (VASyR 2018). Online: https://www.unhcr.org/lb/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2018/12/VASyR-2018.pdf United Nations (2018): Worst ‘Humanitarian Tragedy’ of the Century Looms in Idlib, UN Aid Agencies Warn. Reliefweb, 11 September 2018. Online: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrianarab-republic/worst-humanitarian-tragedy-century-looms-idlib-un-aid-agencies-warn Vohra, Anchal (2019): Lebanon Is Sick and Tired of Syrian Refugees. Foreign Policy, 31 July 2019. 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With an estimated 1.5 million, Lebanon is one of the most affected countries by the Syrian refugee crisis, making it the country with the highest rate of refugees per capita in the world. While praised in the early years for its hospitality, Lebanon’s policy response towards refugees became gradually more restrictive and repulsive. The following article gives a comprehensive review of Lebanon’s policies regarding Syrian refugees between 2011 and 2022. It argues that during this period, the state’s policy response can be divided into three major phases defined by the concepts of inactivity, reactivity and gut proactivity. Each of these phases comprise a multitude of different policies on the local, national and international levels, which are thoroughly examined and categorised. In addition, the article gives interpretations for the probable motives behind the various policies by linking them to the peculiarity of the Lebanese political system itself.

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Online: https://cris.unu.edu/sites/cris.unu.edu/files/O-2004-6.pdf Bown, Chad – Lederman, Daniel – Pienknagura , Samuel – Robertson , Raymond (2017): Better Neighbors: Toward a Renewal of Economic Integration in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0977-4 Brady-Martin, Molly (2018): The Discursive Battle for Europe. The Visegrad Group and the Renegotiation of European Identity. Master’s thesis. University of Groningen. Braun, Mats (2020): Postfunctionalism, Identity and the Visegrad Group. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(4), 925–940. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12994 Cooke, Bill – Kothari, Uma (2001): The Case for Participation as Tyranny. In Cooke, Bill – Kothari, Uma (eds.): Participation. The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books. 1–15. De Vries, Catherine – Marks, Gary (2012): The Struggle over Dimensionality: A Note on Theory and Empirics. European Union Politics, 13(2), 185–193. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116511435712 Ellner, Steve (2001): The “Radical” Thesis on Globalization and the Case of Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez. Latin American Perspectives, 29(6), 88–93. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X0202900609 Fromkin, Victoria – Rodman, Robert – Hyams , Nina (2007): An Introduction to Language. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Gani, Azmat (2017): The Logistics Performance Effect in International Trade. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 33(4), 279– 288. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2017.12.012 Gotev, Georgi (2022): Visegrád Group Spells Out its Vision of EU’s Future. Euractiv, 18 April 2022. Online: https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-europe/news/visegrad-group-spells-outits-vision-of-eus-future/ Haas, Ernst (1975): The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies. Hettne, Björn – Söderbau m, Fredrik (2000): Theorising the Rise of Regionness. New Political Economy, 5(3), 457–472. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/713687778 Kitschelt , Herbert (2007): Party Systems. In Boix, Carles – Stokes , Susan C. (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0022 Kitschelt , Herbert – McGann, Anthony (1997): The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14501 Leek, Maria – Morozov, Viacheslav (2018): Identity beyond Othering: Crisis and the Politics of Decision in the EU’s Involvement in Libya. International Theory, 10(1), 122–152. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971917000148 Lipset, Seymour – Rokkan, Stein (1967): Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments. An Introduction. New York: Free Press. Maldonado, Gerardo (2012): Multilateralismo, integración regional y opinión pública en América Latina: ¿la sociedad es un obstáculo? In Aravena , Francisco Rojas (ed.): América Latina y el Caribe: Vínculos globales en un contexto multilateral complejo. San José de Costa Rica: FLACSO-CIDOB. MFA (2022): Facts and Figures, Hungary’s 2021/22 Presidency of the Visegrad Group. Online: https://v4.mfa.gov.hu/page/v4-facts-infographics-tbc Moravcsik, Andrew (1993): Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach. Journal of Common Market Studies, 31(4), 473–524. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1993.tb00477.x Mutimer, David (1994): Theories of Political Integration. In Michelmann, Hans J. – Soldatos, Panayotis (eds.): European Integration. Theories and Approaches. Lanham–London: University Press of America. North, Douglass C. (1990): Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678 Oyarzun, Yesmar (2020): Plantation Politics, Paranoia, and Public Health on the Frontlines of America’s Covid–19 Response. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 34(4), 578–590. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12623 Page, Sheila (2000): Regionalism among Developing Countries. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982686 Polanyi, Karl (1994): The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: S. Beacon. Quiliconi, Cintia – Salgado Espinoza, Raúl (2017): Latin American Integration: ¿Regionalism à la Carte in a Multipolar World? Colombia Internacional, 92(1), 15–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint92.2017.01 Ramanzini, Haroldo Júnior (2017): Post-Hegemonic Regionalism in the Americas: Toward a Pacific–Atlantic Divide? (Book review.) International Affairs, 93(6), 1506–1507. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix195 Sanahuja, José Antonio (2019): Crisis de la globalización, el regionalismo y el orden liberal: el ascenso mundial del nacionalismo y la extrema derecha. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 28(1), 59–94. Online: https://doi.org/10.26851/RUCP.28.1.3 Scott, Robert (2000): The Facts about Trade and Job Creation. Issue Brief. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute. Online: https://www.epi.org/publication/issuebriefs_ib139/ Tilford, Simon (2017): All Is Not Well in the Visegrád Economies. Centre for European Reform, 29 November 2017. Online: https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/bulletin_117_st_article2.pdf Tremolada, Eric (2014): ¿La Alianza del Pacífico facilita la inserción de Colombia en la región Asia-Pacífico? Papel Político, 19(2), 721– 752. Online: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.PAPO19-2.apfi Van Klaveren, Alberto (2017): Regionalism in Latin America. Navigating in the Fog. SECO/WTI Academic Cooperation Project Working Paper Series, 25. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3129996 Waltz, Kenneth (1991): Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory. In Rothstein, Robert (ed.): The Evolution of Theory in International Relations. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 21–38." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(523) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "39-53" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2023.2.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(918) "

This paper seeks to highlight the importance of creating a collective identity and strengthen the relationship between regional alliances and the civil society to achieve, not only economic, but political goals, concerning the implementation of effective national and international policies, and the influence of political leaders’ positions on the resolution of contemporary crisis. Radical political discourses have gained strength through some of the most important social challenges nowadays such as pandemic, migration, armed conflicts and social inequality, among others. This has resulted in a global phenomenon of fragmentation and decline of regional powers. In a contrasting process, different nations have joint forces to prevent a social, economic and political collapse, and, in this framework, regional integration becomes a fundamental strategy to build international cooperation and stability.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(29) "Camacho Posada Maria Fernanda" } ["source"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(92) "Constructing Collective Identities within European and Latin American Integration Frameworks" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#766 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(7771) ["email"]=> string(20) "mafecapo@hotmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(6310) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2283-9515" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(32) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:7:"student";}" ["hu_HU"]=> string(32) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:7:"student";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(14) "Camacho Posada" ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Camacho Posada" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(14) "Maria Fernanda" ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Maria Fernanda" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(20) "Regional integration" [1]=> string(19) "Collective identity" [2]=> string(22) "citizens participation" [3]=> string(19) "Political discourse" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#741 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(29096) ["id"]=> int(5448) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(6310) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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Bernas, Vlastimil (2020): Comparative Analyis of the Status of French Guiana, Mayotte and New Caledonia. Caribbean Studies, 48(1), 3–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/crb.2020.0000 Blond, Georges (2008): Histoire de la Légion étrangère. Paris: Perrin. Cambon, Christian – Conway-Moure t, Hélène – Le Nay , Jacques – Perrin, Cédric – Yung, Richard (2021): Les Forces Armées en Guyane: Souveraineté et protection des ressources naturelles. Sénat – Commission des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense, 20 January 2021. 1–10. Online: https://www.senat.fr/rap/r20-295/r20-295-syn.pdf Cambrézy, Luc (2015): Immigration et statistiques en Guyane. Une opacité contraire aux principes de bonne gouvernance. Autrepart, 15(2), 193–214. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.074.0193 Carlier, Claude (2010): La France face à trois révolutions technologiques: la moteur à réaction, le missile balistique et la bomba atomique. Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 60(2), 65–80. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/gmcc.238.0065 Comor, André-Paul (2013): La Légion Etrangère. Histoire et dictionnaire. Paris: Robert Laffont – Ministère de la Défense. Delion, André G. – Duru pty, Michel (2006): Chronique du secteur public économique. Revue française d’administration publique, 29(2), 367–375. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/rfap.118.0367 De Gmeline, Patrick (2016): Nouvelle histoire de la Légion étrangère. Paris: Perrin. Doumic, René (1926): Historique du régiment de marche de la Légion étrangère. 3e régiment étranger d’infanterie. Nancy–Paris–Strasbourg: Berger-Levrault. Dumas, Françoise (2021): Compte rendu. Commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées. Assemblée nationale, 5 October 2021. Online: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/opendata/CRCANR5L15S2022PO59046N001.html European Commission: European Space Programme. 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Hommes & migrations, 43(2), 198–216. Online: https://doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.259 Porch, Douglas (1994): La Légion étrangère 1831–1962. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard. Redfield, Peter (1996): Beneath a Modern Sky: Space Technology and Its Place on the Ground. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 21(3), 251–274. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399602100301 Saint-Croix, Rauzduel (1995): Les Dom-Tom: Enjeux stratégiques pour la France. Caribbean Studies, 28(2), 304–325. Sartorius, Emmanuel (2012): Une ambition spatiale pour l’Europe: quelle vision française à l’horizon 2030? Géoéconomie, 16(2), 39–48. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/geoec.061.0039 Théry, Hervé (2015): À quoi sert la Guyane? Outre-Terre, 13(2), 211–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/oute1.043.0211 Varnoteaux, Philippe (2003): La naissance de la politique spatiale française. Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire. 20(1), 59–68. 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Since its formation in 1831, the French Foreign Legion has traditionally defended French interests in the overseas regions. During its nearly two centuries of existence, it was primarily involved in the conquest and protection of colonial territories in Africa but was also deployed many times on the Asian and American continents. In the latter region, the Foreign Legion has been active since 1973, mainly in the European space centre in French Guyana, protected by the soldiers of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment. The Guyana Space Centre, currently the largest spaceport of the European Union, was established in 1964 in French Guyana near the city of Kourou, making it ideal for launching space rockets due to its proximity to the Equator. The space centre, originally run by the French state, has been shared with other European Space Agency countries since 1975, launching European satellites from an area more than 7,000 kilometers from Europe. Among other projects, they enable the operation of the Union’s satellite navigation system, Galileo. For all these reasons, the protection of the space centre is a priority task, which the Foreign Legion has been effectively providing for almost 50 years with tools and methods that have been constantly renewed. The aim of this paper is to present this activity and its impact on the region and, more broadly, on the scientific and geopolitical situation in Europe.

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With the re-escalated Russo–Ukrainian War, the modern world has met the conventional war again, however, the rapid technological development changed warfare since the Cold War. In this study the author will present similarities between the modern conventional war and the 18th century’s warfare (called the methodist warfare). The similarities are so widespread (both in the fields of security politics and tactical-level land warfare), that the modern conventional warfare in our age can be called neo-methodist warfare.

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National University of Public Services

Faculty of Military Studies and Officers Training

Department of Joint Operations

Section of Infantry, assistant professor

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Defence, Land and Society 1800–1941. New York: Boydell & Brewer Inc. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781787443419 Bezabih, Adane K. (2022): The Role of Workers Militia in the Ethio–Somalia War, 1977–78. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Online: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115272/ Britannica (2022): Militia. Online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/militia Caulk, R. A. (1978): The Armies as Predators: Soldiers and Peasants in Ethiopia c. 1850–1935. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 11(3), 457–493. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/217313 Chambers, John Whiteclay II ed. (1999): The Oxford Companion to American Military History. New York: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195071986.001.0001 Chege, Michael (1979): The Revolution Betrayed Ethiopia, 1974–9. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 17(3), 359-380. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00005929 Clapham, Christopher (2017): Forward. In Kibreab, Gaim: The Eritrean National Service. Servitude for “the Common Good” and the Youth Exodus. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. Cohen, Eliot A. (2001): Twilight of the Citizen-Soldier. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 31(2), 23–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2033 Cohen, Raphael S. (2015): Demystifying the Citizen Soldier. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. Online: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1141 Connelly, Vincent – Ben-Ari, Eyal (2023): Introduction: Negotiating Reservists: Transmigration and Multiple Contracts. In Ben-Ari, Eyal – Connelly , Vincent (eds.): Contemporary Military Reserves. Between the Civilian and Military Worlds. London: Routledge. 3–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003306399-1 Currie, James T. – Crossland, Richard B. (1984): Twice the Citizen. A History of the United States Army Reserve, 1908–1983. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Army Reserve. De Waal, Alex (1991): Evil Days. Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. 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(2019b): No Peace No War: The Ethiopian–Eritrean Conflict. AARMS, 18(1), 79–91. Online: https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2019.1.5 Spohr Readman, Kristina ed. (2004): Building Sustainable and Effective Military Capabilities. A Systematic Comparison of Professional and Conscript Forces. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Székely, Zoltán – Ujházy, László (2017): The Perspectives for the Volunteer Reserve System in Hungary. Nemzet és Biztonság/Nation and Security, 9(Special Issue), 94–101. Tamrat, Tadesse (1968): Church and State in Ethiopia. A Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. University of London. Tareke, Gebru (2016): The Ethiopian Revolution. War in the Horn of Africa. Addis Ababa: Eclipse Printing Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300156157 Techane, Gesit (2014): The Former Army: 1935–1991. [Amharic.] Addis Ababa: ZA Publishing House. Translated from Amharic by the author. The Crown Council of Ethiopia (s. a.): Imperial and Traditional Ranks and Titles. 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Proclamation No. 1100 of 2019, A Proclamation on the Defence Forces of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The Federal Negarit Gazette. Regulation No. 82 of 1984, National Military Service. The Provisional Military Administrative Council. The Negarit Gazette. Regulation No. 28 of 2005, A Regulation of Militia Management and Organization System of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State. Debub Negarit Gazeta of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State. Regulation No. 444 of 1973, National Military Service. Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah Haile Selassie I, Elect of God and Emperor of Ethiopia. The Negarit Gazette." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2023) ["issueId"]=> int(523) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "83-108" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2023.2.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1222) "

This paper aims to offer a historical overview, legal framework and analysis of the reserve force, conscription or compulsory military service, and militia systems in Ethiopia from the period of Emperor Haile Selassie to the present. Methodologically, it employs an empirical examination of literature and legal documents on the reserve force, conscription and the militia. There is an inadequacy of literature on the three major citizen soldier defence institutions in Ethiopia, and this paper is a partial attempt to fill the knowledge gap. The paper discusses the legal framework of the Emperor’s effort to create a reserve force named Territorial Amy, which more or less met its objective, even though the effort to start national military service failed. The military government’s vicious mobilisation of militia and heavy recruitment of the youth for national military service resulted from the extended civil war that ended with the liberation of Eritrea and the toppling of the government. Currently, the government is planning to start national military service; on the other hand, a nominal reserve force exists, and the mostly rural institution of the militia plays an important citizen soldier role.

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Local Dynamics, Global Challenges. U.S. Department of State (2004): Counternarcotics Strategy in Colombia. Online: https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/83654.htm Riascos, Javier (2019): The advancement of Colombian Defence Policy in the Late 1990s and the Early 2000s. In Benavides González, Eliot Gerardo – Mezú Mina, Rodrigo – Ortíz Miranda, Abraham (eds.): Victorias desde el Aire. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Ibáñez. 261–281. Ríos, Jerónimo (2018): From War to Peace: Understanding the End of the Armed Conflict in Colombia. Rationality and Society, 30(4), 463–490. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463118759672 Rojas, Pedro (2017): Doctrina Damasco: eje articulador de la segunda gran reforma del Ejército Nacional de Colombia. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 15(19), 95–119. Online: https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.78 Saumeth, Erich (2016): Colombia y su Cencopaz. Infodefensa, 5 January 2017. Online: https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2016/06/09/opinion-centro-entrenamiento-operaciones-cencopazcolombia.php Schultze-Kra ft, Markus (2012): The Military Question in Colombia: The Public Force and the Challenges of Peacebuilding. In Rettberg Beil, Beatriz Ángelika (ed.): Construcción de paz en Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes. 405–433. Online: https://doi.org/10.7440/2012.36 Tamayo, Elena (2015): Colombia: un ejército para la guerra y para la paz. SciencesPo, Observatoire Politique de l’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. Online: https://www.sciencespo.fr/opalc/content/colombia-un-ejercito-para-la-guerra-y-para-la-paz Triana, Ricardo Esquivel (2019): Fuerza Aérea Colombiana y operaciones decisivas 1998–2015. In Benavides González, Eliot Gerardo – Mezú Mina, Rodrigo – Ort íz Miranda, Abraham (eds.): Victorias desde el Aire. 27–75. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Ibáñez." 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This paper aims to describe the operational transformation of the Colombian army since the 1990s. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the Fuerza Aerea Colombiana – FAC (Colombian Air Force) in the development of the armed conflict and the strategy against drug trafficking that took place in South America. Between 1999 and 2006, the most important and significant air operations in the country’s history took place, developing an offensive strategy that guaranteed a greater capacity for effective control of the regions. This prevented illegal groups from consolidating themselves on the basis of a “war of movements” that would have allowed them to take control of vast areas of the territory. Partly thanks to these operational results, sufficient incentives and pressure were generated as a result of which, before its demobilisation, the guerrilla group with the greatest impact in the country (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – FARC) moved towards a political agreement with Juan Manuel Santos’s government. Finally, taking into account the current challenges, such as the ongoing post-agreement in Colombia, this paper reflects on the need for a transition in the army from a counterinsurgency force to a multi-mission force that considers the implementation of Human Security as a complement to traditional security.

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