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On Adaptation in Military Operations: Tinkering and Bottom–Up Perspectives
A biological perspective has much to offer for a better understanding of military operations. Biological evolution and military operations feature perpetual novelty and conditions far from equilibrium featuring dynamics that demand continuous adaptation. The author suggests that comprehending military operations in an evolutionary framework requires a shift from mechanics and engineering to biology and adaptation. Thus the emphasis moves from statics to dynamics, from time–free to time–prone reality, from determinism to probability and chance, and from uni- formity to variation and diversity, with all the consequences.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(637) "A biological perspective has much to offer for a better understanding of military operations. Biological evolution and military operations feature perpetual novelty and conditions far from equilibrium featuring dynamics that demand continuous adaptation. The author suggests that comprehending military operations in an evolutionary framework requires a shift from mechanics and engineering to biology and adaptation. Thus the emphasis moves from statics to dynamics, from time–free to time–prone reality, from determinism to probability and chance, and from uni- formity to variation and diversity, with all the consequences.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(59) "AARMS – Academic and Applied Research in Military Science" ["hu_HU"]=> string(59) "AARMS – Academic and Applied Research in Military Science" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(76) "On Adaptation in Military Operations: Tinkering and Bottom–Up Perspectives" ["hu_HU"]=> string(76) "On Adaptation in Military Operations: Tinkering and Bottom–Up Perspectives" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#732 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2564) ["email"]=> string(25) "Jobbagy.Zoltan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2334) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Jobbágy" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Jobbágy" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(7) "biology" [1]=> string(10) "adaptation" [2]=> string(18) "time-prone reality" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(7) "biology" [1]=> string(10) "adaptation" [2]=> string(18) "time-prone reality" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#745 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20449) ["id"]=> int(1487) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2334) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The 100th anniversary of the start of the First World War provides an opportunity to take stock of efforts by the international community regarding the prevention of comparable catastrophes. Rethinking the lessons learned from the first global war in the era of increasing globalisation has special significance. Many authors think that the First World War was preceded by the first era of globalisation. Mutual economic interests could not prevent war in the second decade of the 20th century. Growing hostility among states stopped the process of globalisation. Could it happen again? There is no certain answer to this question. With the help of international institutions states have been able to reduce the risks of major conflict. However, the fundamental roots of conflict still exist. The urgent task of establishing a more harmonious relationship among individuals, societies, governance, economy and the environment, is still ahead of us.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(955) "The 100th anniversary of the start of the First World War provides an opportunity to take stock of efforts by the international community regarding the prevention of comparable catastrophes. Rethinking the lessons learned from the first global war in the era of increasing globalisation has special significance. Many authors think that the First World War was preceded by the first era of globalisation. Mutual economic interests could not prevent war in the second decade of the 20th century. Growing hostility among states stopped the process of globalisation. Could it happen again? There is no certain answer to this question. With the help of international institutions states have been able to reduce the risks of major conflict. However, the fundamental roots of conflict still exist. The urgent task of establishing a more harmonious relationship among individuals, societies, governance, economy and the environment, is still ahead of us.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "The First Global War" ["hu_HU"]=> string(20) "The First Global War" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#718 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2566) ["email"]=> string(21) "matus.janos@chello.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2342) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Matus" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Matus" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "János" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "János" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(15) "First World War" [1]=> string(10) "prevention" [2]=> string(14) "reducing risks" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(15) "First World War" [1]=> string(10) "prevention" [2]=> string(14) "reducing risks" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#761 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20450) ["id"]=> int(1488) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2342) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Evolution of Hungarian Security Policy Thinking in 1989–1999, with a Special View on the Hungarian Defence Forces
Hungarian security policy thinking has gone through basic and crucial changes in the past two decades. As a result, we can see a kind of “evolution”, which began from a former Soviet satellite status and continued through a role seeking period to active membership in the Euro–Atlantic community. One of the most significant security and defence policy changes can be seen with regard to the shaping and restructuring of the Hungarian Defence Forces.
This paper seeks to explain this evolution in the period of 1989–1999 with the support of the János Bolyai Scholarship awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Hungarian security policy thinking has gone through basic and crucial changes in the past two decades. As a result, we can see a kind of “evolution”, which began from a former Soviet satellite status and continued through a role seeking period to active membership in the Euro–Atlantic community. One of the most significant security and defence policy changes can be seen with regard to the shaping and restructuring of the Hungarian Defence Forces.
This paper seeks to explain this evolution in the period of 1989–1999 with the support of the János Bolyai Scholarship awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
New Achievements in WWII Military Historical Reconstruction with GIS
Recently geoinformatics has become a well–known and widely applied discipline in different human sciences. There are several interesting examples of applying geographical information systems to manage the information of various time periods in military history and archaeology. Our research topic covers modern age military history, and so it is a very sensitive topic because of the recent dates. Therefore we always used objective data acquisition techniques and an applied engineering approach. The military historical GIS database, which was created in this way, can be handled as an objective and reliable basis for further research by scientists in object or even in event reconstructions. Firstly, we had to define a strategy, a methodology, which is suitable to achieve our aims — a uniform GIS database — considering the existing and currently accessible data sources. This methodology consists of three main parts: the reconstruction of the period’s environment, the military objects and finally the military historical events. According to this methodology we reconstructed particular sectors of the two major World War II defense lines (Attila– and Margit–line) in Hungary. Beside the GIS based reconstructions of the environment, the military objects and the events, we investigated further analytical and representational functions, which can also support these kinds of applications. The methods enable various spatial and attribute queries and animation possibilities that are also useful and sometimes necessary. The typical examples of these functions are also discussed in the paper.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1621) "Recently geoinformatics has become a well–known and widely applied discipline in different human sciences. There are several interesting examples of applying geographical information systems to manage the information of various time periods in military history and archaeology. Our research topic covers modern age military history, and so it is a very sensitive topic because of the recent dates. Therefore we always used objective data acquisition techniques and an applied engineering approach. The military historical GIS database, which was created in this way, can be handled as an objective and reliable basis for further research by scientists in object or even in event reconstructions. Firstly, we had to define a strategy, a methodology, which is suitable to achieve our aims — a uniform GIS database — considering the existing and currently accessible data sources. This methodology consists of three main parts: the reconstruction of the period’s environment, the military objects and finally the military historical events. According to this methodology we reconstructed particular sectors of the two major World War II defense lines (Attila– and Margit–line) in Hungary. Beside the GIS based reconstructions of the environment, the military objects and the events, we investigated further analytical and representational functions, which can also support these kinds of applications. The methods enable various spatial and attribute queries and animation possibilities that are also useful and sometimes necessary. The typical examples of these functions are also discussed in the paper.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(68) "New Achievements in WWII Military Historical Reconstruction with GIS" ["hu_HU"]=> string(68) "New Achievements in WWII Military Historical Reconstruction with GIS" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#763 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2584) ["email"]=> string(19) "atjuhasz@eik.bme.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2345) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Juhász" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Juhász" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Attila" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Attila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(14) "geoinformatics" [1]=> string(16) "military history" [2]=> string(14) "remote sensing" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(14) "geoinformatics" [1]=> string(16) "military history" [2]=> string(14) "remote sensing" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#746 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20452) ["id"]=> int(1503) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2345) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Survey on the Flood Prevention of Municipal Governments during the Danubian Flood of the Century
Given the risk of flood, inland water and local damage caused by water in Hungary, it is essential in most of the settlements to prepare for the protection of the inhabitants, the prevention and reduction of the damages. The protection against the damage caused by water — according to Law LVII of 1995 on water management — is the duty of the state organs and the local municipal governments. In this article I study the duties of the settlements on water damage defence according to the laws of local governments and water management. I analyse the application of the amended laws during the protective activity of settlements in Fejér County hit by the Danubian flood in 2013.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(691) "Given the risk of flood, inland water and local damage caused by water in Hungary, it is essential in most of the settlements to prepare for the protection of the inhabitants, the prevention and reduction of the damages. The protection against the damage caused by water — according to Law LVII of 1995 on water management — is the duty of the state organs and the local municipal governments. In this article I study the duties of the settlements on water damage defence according to the laws of local governments and water management. I analyse the application of the amended laws during the protective activity of settlements in Fejér County hit by the Danubian flood in 2013.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(96) "Survey on the Flood Prevention of Municipal Governments during the Danubian Flood of the Century" ["hu_HU"]=> string(96) "Survey on the Flood Prevention of Municipal Governments during the Danubian Flood of the Century" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#768 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2589) ["email"]=> string(27) "bardos.zoltan@katved.gov.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2357) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Bárdos" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bárdos" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(47) "risk of damage caused by flood and inland water" [1]=> string(29) "local governmental protection" [2]=> string(20) "water damage defence" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(47) "risk of damage caused by flood and inland water" [1]=> string(29) "local governmental protection" [2]=> string(20) "water damage defence" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#767 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20453) ["id"]=> int(1507) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2357) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Supporting Emerging States: Kosovo — Hungary Relations after the Independence of Kosovo
Emergence of new states is a rather complicated concept of an international system that entails political as well as legal implications. As Danilo Turk clearly points out:
“Legal issues arising from dissolution of states, emergence of new states and recognition of the latter require a thorough understanding of the relevant facts. While it is obvious that any legal discourse must proceed from firm factual foundations, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the circumstantial dimensions of the issues, given that the views on the pertinent facts usually diverge, at least during the policy making stage”.
Indeed, the recognition of emerging states needs a profound assessment and comprehension of facts, historic and political circumstances, especially the factual reality; the latter sometimes supersedes eventual legal disputes. However, the factual reality, if legitimate, as in the case of Kosovo is something that should not be ignored but rather supported, especially in the state building process. Hence, the paper will give a depiction of the case of the independence of Kosovo as a sui generis case, and will continue with an outline of the Hungarian support, namely the evolvement of Kosovo-Hungary bilateral relations after the declaration of independence. The paper will tend to highlight the fact that the support of Kosovo as an emerging state, serves peace and long–term stability, regional development and other integration processes. It contributes to regional security, as well.
Emergence of new states is a rather complicated concept of an international system that entails political as well as legal implications. As Danilo Turk clearly points out:
“Legal issues arising from dissolution of states, emergence of new states and recognition of the latter require a thorough understanding of the relevant facts. While it is obvious that any legal discourse must proceed from firm factual foundations, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the circumstantial dimensions of the issues, given that the views on the pertinent facts usually diverge, at least during the policy making stage”.
Indeed, the recognition of emerging states needs a profound assessment and comprehension of facts, historic and political circumstances, especially the factual reality; the latter sometimes supersedes eventual legal disputes. However, the factual reality, if legitimate, as in the case of Kosovo is something that should not be ignored but rather supported, especially in the state building process. Hence, the paper will give a depiction of the case of the independence of Kosovo as a sui generis case, and will continue with an outline of the Hungarian support, namely the evolvement of Kosovo-Hungary bilateral relations after the declaration of independence. The paper will tend to highlight the fact that the support of Kosovo as an emerging state, serves peace and long–term stability, regional development and other integration processes. It contributes to regional security, as well.
Methods and Principles of Unified Personal Protective Equipment During Chemical Industrial Catastrophes
The chemical industry plays a key role amongst the industries in the economic powers that make the world turn. The future of developing countries ― taking current issues into account ― is based on their chemical industry, and so it has been undergoing a development at a substantial pace. However, in these countries security is not interpreted similarly to developed countries, and cases have shown that there might be problems (Venezuela, Amuay refinery fire, caused by a lack of maintenance). In a domestic context, a good example is the red sludge disaster that happened on October 4 in 2010. The civilian population of the affected area had to be evacuated and a number of civilian organization, non–professional and professional rescue organizations participated in the damage control. During the implementation of damage control, civilian organizations had to be equipped personally and protectively. The aim of this article is to show the criteria that determine the level of necessary personal protection in terms of efficiency.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1050) "The chemical industry plays a key role amongst the industries in the economic powers that make the world turn. The future of developing countries ― taking current issues into account ― is based on their chemical industry, and so it has been undergoing a development at a substantial pace. However, in these countries security is not interpreted similarly to developed countries, and cases have shown that there might be problems (Venezuela, Amuay refinery fire, caused by a lack of maintenance). In a domestic context, a good example is the red sludge disaster that happened on October 4 in 2010. The civilian population of the affected area had to be evacuated and a number of civilian organization, non–professional and professional rescue organizations participated in the damage control. During the implementation of damage control, civilian organizations had to be equipped personally and protectively. The aim of this article is to show the criteria that determine the level of necessary personal protection in terms of efficiency.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(103) "Methods and Principles of Unified Personal Protective Equipment During Chemical Industrial Catastrophes" ["hu_HU"]=> string(103) "Methods and Principles of Unified Personal Protective Equipment During Chemical Industrial Catastrophes" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#776 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2605) ["email"]=> string(23) "balazs.laczik@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2362) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Laczik" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Laczik" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Balázs" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(29) "personal protective equipment" [1]=> string(17) "chemical industry" [2]=> string(14) "damage control" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(29) "personal protective equipment" [1]=> string(17) "chemical industry" [2]=> string(14) "damage control" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#775 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20455) ["id"]=> int(1523) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2362) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Crisis in the Central African Republic: Is It a Religious War in a Godforsaken Country or Something Else?
The Central African Republic is a landlocked country located in the centre of Africa. Bordered by seven other countries in the heart of the African continent, it was ruled for most of the years after independence from France in 1960 by the self– styled “Emperor”, Jean–Bédel Bokassa. A series of coups followed, with power changing hands frequently. With more than 80 different ethnic groups, a mix of Christians, Muslims and followers of indigenous faiths, the country is notoriously difficult to rule, despite having a population of only 4.6 million. Despite significant deposits of gold, diamonds and uranium, and vast troves of timber, it is among the poorest nations on Earth, sitting just seven places from the bottom of the UN’s human development index. Chronic poor governance and lack of an efficient state has denied the wider population the benefits of the country’s potential riches. Chaos in the Central African Republic (CAR) is about power, not religion, this is neither jihad nor crusade. Fighting in CAR is over political power and money, with the capitol city Bangui as the prize.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1118) "The Central African Republic is a landlocked country located in the centre of Africa. Bordered by seven other countries in the heart of the African continent, it was ruled for most of the years after independence from France in 1960 by the self– styled “Emperor”, Jean–Bédel Bokassa. A series of coups followed, with power changing hands frequently. With more than 80 different ethnic groups, a mix of Christians, Muslims and followers of indigenous faiths, the country is notoriously difficult to rule, despite having a population of only 4.6 million. Despite significant deposits of gold, diamonds and uranium, and vast troves of timber, it is among the poorest nations on Earth, sitting just seven places from the bottom of the UN’s human development index. Chronic poor governance and lack of an efficient state has denied the wider population the benefits of the country’s potential riches. Chaos in the Central African Republic (CAR) is about power, not religion, this is neither jihad nor crusade. Fighting in CAR is over political power and money, with the capitol city Bangui as the prize.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(106) "Crisis in the Central African Republic: Is It a Religious War in a Godforsaken Country or Something Else?" ["hu_HU"]=> string(106) "Crisis in the Central African Republic: Is It a Religious War in a Godforsaken Country or Something Else?" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#780 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2614) ["email"]=> string(20) "tomolyaj@hotmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2380) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Tomolya" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Tomolya" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "János" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "János" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(9) { [0]=> string(24) "Central African Republic" [1]=> string(7) "diamond" [2]=> string(4) "gold" [3]=> string(15) "poor governance" [4]=> string(17) "inefficient state" [5]=> string(15) "political power" [6]=> string(6) "rebels" [7]=> string(13) "anti–rebels" [8]=> string(19) "humanitarian crisis" } ["en_US"]=> array(9) { [0]=> string(24) "Central African Republic" [1]=> string(7) "diamond" [2]=> string(4) "gold" [3]=> string(15) "poor governance" [4]=> string(17) "inefficient state" [5]=> string(15) "political power" [6]=> string(6) "rebels" [7]=> string(13) "anti–rebels" [8]=> string(19) "humanitarian crisis" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#779 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20456) ["id"]=> int(1527) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2380) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Territorial Defence in the Structures of the Member States of Nato Defence Derived from the Former Warsaw Pact
The constant reduction of defence budgets combined with a significant reduction of the armed forces of the European NATO members coming from the Warsaw Pact creates the necessity to create alternative forms of border defence. The ideal solution to the problem seems to be the creation and development structures of Territorial Defence. Components of this type are characterized by a high defence potential, low maintenance costs and high level of popularity. Despite the obvious advantages, except for the Baltic States, these structures do not exist in the countries examined. Following the pattern of Scandinavian or Baltic Sea countries the analysed states should put a strong emphasis on the creation and development of this kind of component and support it by voluntary pro–defence organizations.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(810) "The constant reduction of defence budgets combined with a significant reduction of the armed forces of the European NATO members coming from the Warsaw Pact creates the necessity to create alternative forms of border defence. The ideal solution to the problem seems to be the creation and development structures of Territorial Defence. Components of this type are characterized by a high defence potential, low maintenance costs and high level of popularity. Despite the obvious advantages, except for the Baltic States, these structures do not exist in the countries examined. Following the pattern of Scandinavian or Baltic Sea countries the analysed states should put a strong emphasis on the creation and development of this kind of component and support it by voluntary pro–defence organizations.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(110) "Territorial Defence in the Structures of the Member States of Nato Defence Derived from the Former Warsaw Pact" ["hu_HU"]=> string(110) "Territorial Defence in the Structures of the Member States of Nato Defence Derived from the Former Warsaw Pact" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#784 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(2616) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2381) ["seq"]=> int(8) ["userGroupId"]=> int(82) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Paszyn" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Paszyn" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Maciej" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Maciej" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(4) "NATO" [1]=> string(19) "Territorial Defence" [2]=> string(10) "Home Guard" [3]=> string(25) "restructuring of the army" [4]=> string(27) "pro–defence organizations" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(4) "NATO" [1]=> string(19) "Territorial Defence" [2]=> string(10) "Home Guard" [3]=> string(25) "restructuring of the army" [4]=> string(27) "pro–defence organizations" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#783 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(20457) ["id"]=> int(1529) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2381) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Non-invasive Electro-gastro-intestinogram (EGIG) Recording under Physiological Conditions
Electro-intestinogram (EIG), together with electro-gastrogram (EGG), are non-invasive methods by which gastro-intestinal (GI) activity can be monitored continuously and without disturbing the patient. They also make it possible to determine whether disturbed functioning require any acute or planned intervention, and also to assess results of earlier (pharmacological or surgical) treatments.
Based on scarce literary sources and on our own experimental experiences, a new device has been developed for non-invasive recording of the electrical activity of the whole gastro-intestinal system in a continuous way. Results of our preliminary testing revealed that the dominant frequency of the stomach is 1–5 cpm, of the small intestine 10–14 cpm, and of the large intestine 1–7 cpm, respectively. It has also been shown that changes of GI activity could be monitored by the device.
Electro-intestinogram (EIG), together with electro-gastrogram (EGG), are non-invasive methods by which gastro-intestinal (GI) activity can be monitored continuously and without disturbing the patient. They also make it possible to determine whether disturbed functioning require any acute or planned intervention, and also to assess results of earlier (pharmacological or surgical) treatments.
Based on scarce literary sources and on our own experimental experiences, a new device has been developed for non-invasive recording of the electrical activity of the whole gastro-intestinal system in a continuous way. Results of our preliminary testing revealed that the dominant frequency of the stomach is 1–5 cpm, of the small intestine 10–14 cpm, and of the large intestine 1–7 cpm, respectively. It has also been shown that changes of GI activity could be monitored by the device.