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The European Union’s enlargement policy is an ever-changing policy area. Today, its flexibility is illustrated by an ever more diverse set of entry rules. In the half-century since the first round of enlargement, the transposition of thousands of pages of legislation has been accompanied by the harmonisation of laws and the incorporation of other values, along with indicators of economic maturity. In the wake of the first two enlargements, the credibility of the European Union was under threat in the eyes of the political elite and society in the applicant countries, and reforms were introduced to avoid disillusionment. The sluggishness of enlargement in the Western Balkans and the aftermath of recent Russian aggression in Ukraine have redefined the course of enlargement policy with any significant acceleration yet to occur.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110878752.43 BLOOR, Michael – FRANKLAND, Jane – MICHELLE, Thomas – ROBSON, Kate (2001): Focus Groups in Social Research. London: SAGE. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209175 BROWN, Ann-Murray [s. a]: Steps to Conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD), https://www.annmurraybrown.com/single-post/steps-to-conducting-a-focus-group-discussion-fgd (Accessing: 22nd May, 2023) BOURNE, Jessica – WINSTONE, Naomi (2020): Empowering Students’ Voices: The Use of Activity-Oriented Focus Groups in Higher Education Research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 44(4), 352–365. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2020.1777964 DE OLIVEIRA, Dora Lucia (2021): The Use of Focus Groups to Investigate Sensitive Topics: An Example Taken from Research on Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions about Sexual Risks. Ciênc. Saúde Coletiva, 16(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232011000800009 EMISZ (2017): 26/2017 (XI. 16.) BM-MvM együttes utasítás az állami tisztviselői továbbképzés és a közszolgálati továbbképzés egységes minőségirányítási szabályzatáról. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=A17U0026.BM&txtreferer=00000001.txt FERN, Edward F. (1982): The Use of Focus Groups for Idea Generation: The Effects of Group Size, Acquaintanceship, and Moderator on Response Quantity and Quality. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(1), 1–13. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900101 HADI, Marham J. – JUNAIDI, Muh. (2020): Changes and Challenges of Participating in Focus Group Discussion. Advances in Social Science. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language and Arts. Atlantis Press, 145–149. Online: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210325.027 HENNINK, Monique M. (2014): Focus Group Discussions. New York: Oxford University Press. HILTZ, Star. R. – SHEA, Peter – KIM, Eunhee (2007): Using Focus Groups to Study ALN Faculty Motivation. Online Learning Journal, 11(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v11i1.1741 KÁLMÁN, Orsolya (2019): A felsőoktatás oktatóinak szakmai fejlődése: az oktatói identitás alakulása és a tanulás módjai. Neveléstudomány, 7(1), 74–97. Online: https://doi.org/10.21549/NTNY.25.2019.1.6 KANER, Sam – LIND, Lenny – TOLDI, Catherine – FISK, Sarah – BERGER, Duane (2007): Facilitator’s Guide to Participatory Decision-Making. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. KRUEGER, Richard A. (2002): Designing and Conducting Focus Group Interviews. St. Paul: University of Minnesota. KRUEGER, Richard A. – CASEY, Mary Anne (2014): Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. LEA, Susan J. – STEPHENSON, David – TROY, Juliette (2010): Higher Education Students’ Attitudes to Student-centred Learning: Beyond ‘educational bulimia’? Studies in Higher Education, 28(3), 321–334. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070309293 MORGAN, David L. – KRUEGER, Richard, A. eds. (1998): The Focus Group Kit. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. MOULE, Pam – WARD, Rod – LOCKYER, Lesley (2010): Nursing and Healthcare Students’ Experiences and Use of E-Learning in Higher Education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(12), 2785–2795. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05453.x MUIJEEN, Kasorn – KONGVATTANANON, Puangpaka – SOMPRASERT, Chomchuen (2020): The Key Success Factors in Focus Group Discussions with the Elderly for Novice Researchers: A Review. Journal of Health Research, 34(4), 359–371. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-05-2019-0114 NEWCOMB, Theodore, M. (1953): An Approach to the Study of Communicative Acts. Psychological Review, 60(6), 393–404. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0063098 NYUMBA, Tobias O. – WILSON, Kerrie – DERRICK, Christina J. – MUKHERJEE, Nibedita (2018): The Use of Focus Group Discussion Methodology: Insights from Two Decades of Application in Conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20–32. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12860 PARKER, Andrew – TRITTER, Jonathan (2006): Focus Group Method and Methodology: Current Practice and Recent Debate. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 29(1), 23–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01406720500537304 SHAHA, Maja – WENZEL, Jennifer – HILL, Elisabeth E. (2011): Planning and Conducting Focus Group Research with Nurses. Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 77–87. Online: https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.77.c8286 SHANNON, Claude E. – WEAVER, Warren (1949): The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: UIP. SÍKLAKI, István (2006): Vélemények mélyén. A fókuszcsoport módszer, a kvalitatív közvélemény-kutatás alapmódszere. Budapest: Kossuth. SMITH, Charlie (2017): Mind the Gap! Students’ Expectations and Early Experiences of Higher Education. Innovations in Practice, 11(1), 23–38. Online: https://openjournals.ljmu.ac.uk/index.php/iip/article/view/153/151 SMITHSON, Janet (2008): Focus Groups. In ALASUUTARI, Pertti – BICKMAN, Leonard – BRANNEN, Julia (eds.): The Sage Handbook of Social Research Methods. London: SAGE, 357–430. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446212165.n21 SPRY, Louise – PICH, Christopher (2021): Enhancing Data Collection Methods with Qualitative Projective Techniques in the Exploration of a University’s Brand Identity and Brand Image. International Journal of Market Research, 63(2), 177–200. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785320943045 STEWART, David W. – SHAMDASANI, Prem N. (2014): Focus Groups. Theory and Practice. Third edition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. SUTTON, Michael J. – BITENCOURT JORGE, Carlos, F. (2020): Potential for Radical Change in Higher Education Learning Spaces After the Pandemic. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 3(1), 1–5. Online: https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2020.3.1.20 TRAHAR, Sheila – HYLAND, Fiona (2011): Experiences and Perceptions of Internationalisation in Higher Education in the UK. Higher Education Research & Development, 30(5), 623–633. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2011.598452 ZACHARIA, Balaji – KATAPADI, Bai P. – PAUL, Manu – (2021): Focus Group Discussion as a Tool to Assess Patient-Based Outcomes, Practical Tips for Conducting Focus Group Discussion for Medical Students – Learning With an Example. Journal of Patient Experience, 8, 1–7. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211034276" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(612) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "23-41" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2024.2.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1683) "

This article sets out to report our first-hand experience with using focus groups as a method of data collection in higher education research. We were interested in shedding light on how university lecturers coped with remote teaching during the Covid pandemic and how the unusual circumstances affected their teaching. The analysis of the resulting data is still ongoing. In this study, we summarise our experiences of using the focus group methodology in our research. By discussing and evaluating our research experiences, we aim to demonstrate the usability and the potential risks of the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in a higher education context by identifying further areas of application, such as for supporting the development of the education system. We argue that the main characteristic of FGD is its interactive nature, and we back this claim by providing a detailed presentation of the focus group methodology, as well as by describing and analysing the experiences of group discussions conducted with the involvement of university lecturers. Due to their interactive nature, focus group discussions are particularly suitable for research on educational methodology, specifically within the training system for public officials operated by the Ludovika University of Public Service (LUPS) in Budapest, Hungary since 2013. The focus group research method can be used either as a tool for quality assurance or as a tool for assessing training needs. Our study is highly relevant for those who are planning to conduct focus group research in a higher education context or in related fields such as adult education programmes, by providing practical recommendations.

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Online: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/jun/29/burma-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh ANDRADE, Antonio D. – DOOLIN, Bill (2016): Information and Communication Technology and the Social Inclusion of Refugees. MIS Quarterly, 40(2), 405–416. Online: https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2016/40.2.06 ARMSTRONG, Martin (2018): Who are Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh? Statista, 15 November 2018. Online: https://www.statista.com/chart/16109/who-are-the-rohingya-refugees-in-bangladesh/ BBC. (2020). Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 BERRY, Mike – GARCIA-BLANCO, Inaki – MOORE, Kerry (2016): Press Coverage of the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in the EU: A Content Analysis of five European Countries. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Online: https://www.unhcr.org/media/press-coverage-refugee-and-migrant-crisis-eu-content-analysis-five-european-countries COHEN, Louis – MANION, Lawrence – MORRISON, Keith (2002): Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342 COUTTS, Evan (2005): The Rohingya Refugee Situation in Bangladesh. American International School/Dhaka Senior Project 2005. Online: http://www.rna-press.com/data/itemfiles/9bcc51b07210277172cfaca50dd60ff6.pdf DAHYA, N. (2016): Education in Crisis and Conflict: How Can Technology Make a Difference – A Landscape Review. GIZ. GANGULY, Sumit – MILIATE, Brandon (2015): Refugees and Neighbors: Rohingya in Bangladesh. The Diplomat, 14 October 2015. Online: https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/refugees-and-neighbors-rohingya-in-bangladesh/ GIANFREDA, Stella (2018): Politicization of the Refugee Crisis?: A Content Analysis of Parliamentary Debates in Italy, the UK, and the EU. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 48(1), 85–108. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2017.20 Goma Epidemiology Group (1995): Public Health Impact of Rwandan Refugee Crisis: What Happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? The Lancet, 345, 339–344. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90338-0 HAMILTON, Richard – MOORE, Dennis (2003): Educational Interventions for Refugee Children: Theoretical Perspectives and Implementing Best Practice. Routledge. HOLSTI, O. R. (1969): Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. HOLZER, Elizabeth (2013): What Happens to Law in a Refugee Camp? Law & Society Review, 47(4), 837–872. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12041 HOMER, Karen (2019): Skills Training to Equip 8,400 Rohingya Adolescents with Hope for a Better Future. World Vision, 26 February 2019. Online: https://www.wvi.org/myanmar-%E2%80%93-bangladesh-refugee-crisis/article/skills-training-equip-8400-rohingya-adolescents-hope HOSSAIN, A. N. M. (2020a): Rohingya Refugee and Resettlement Nexus in Bangladesh: Why it Become a Research Agenda? Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3(3), 868–874. Online: https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.03.03.219 HOSSAIN, A. N. M. (2020b): Unfolding the Role of Non-State Actors in Rohingya Refugee Crisis at Bangladesh. Košická Bezpečnostná Revue, 10(2), 17–33. Online: https://kbr.vsbm.sk/2020/n2/hossain.pdf HOSSAIN, A. N. M. Z. (2021a): Sustainable development and livelihoods of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: The effects of COVID-19. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(6), 1141-1152. Online:: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160615 HOSSAIN, A. N. M. Z. (2021b): The Future of Refugee and Displaced People: A Post Covid–19 Perspective. Asian Social Science, 17(1), 21–33. Online: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n1p21 Human Rights Watch (2019): Are We Not Human?: Denial of Education for Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh. Online: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/bangladesh1219_web_1.pdf Human Rights Watch (2000): Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh: Still No Durable Solution. 1 May 2000. Online: https://www.hrw.org/report/2000/05/01/burmese-refugees-bangladesh/still-no-durable-solution ISLAM, Nurul (2006): Facts about the Rohingya Muslims of Arakan. Arakan Rohingya National Organisation. Online: https://www.rohingya.org/facts-about-the-rohingya-muslims-of-arakan IWILADE, Akin (2015): New Spaces, New Interactions? Young People’s Online Social Networks and Gender Relations in Africa. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1), 70–90. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852414561613 Japan Times (2017): Security Concerns Build in South Asia as Rohingya Crisis Worsens. The Japan Times, 15 September 2017. Online: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/15/asia-pacific/securityconcerns-build-south-asia-rohingya-crisis-worsens/#.WfBueJj2aP8 JOEHNK, Tom F. (2017): How the Rohingya Crisis is Changing Bangladesh, The New York Times, 6 October 2017. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/rohingya-bangladesh-myanmar.html JOHNSON, Harry G. (1967): The Ideology of Economic Policy in New States. In JOHNSON, Harry G. (ed.): Economic Nationalism in Old and New States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 124–141. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195665-8 KHATUN, Fahmida – KAMRUZZAMAN, Md (2018): Fiscal Implications of Rohingya Crisis for Bangladesh. Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD). KNUTERS, Simon (2018): Political Buddhism and the Exclusion of Rohingya in Myanmar. Master’s Thesis in Human Rights, Uppsala University, Norway. LEIDER, Jacques (2018): Rohingya: The History of a Muslim Identity in Myanmar. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.115 LEWA, Chris (2009): North Arakan: An Open Prison for the Rohingya in Burma. Forced Migration Review, (32), 11–13. LEWIS, Kent – THACKER, Simon (2016): ICT and the Education of Refugees: A Stocktaking of Innovative Approaches in the MENA Region. SABER-ICT Technical Paper Series No. 17. Washington, DC: World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/26522 LUCE, Edgar (2015): Evolution for WFP’s Food Assistance Program for Syrian Refugees in Jordan. ENN Online, 24 March 2015. Online: https://www.ennonline.net/fex/48/evolution MASON, Ben – BUCHMANN, Dennis (2016): ICT4 Refugee. Berlin: GIZ. MILTON, Abul H. – RAHMAN, Mijanur – HUSSAIN, Sumaira – JINDAL, Charulata – CHOUDHURY, Sushmita – AKTER, Shahnaz – FERDOUSI, Shahana – MOULY, Tafzila A. – HALL, John – EFIRD Jimmy T. (2017): Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080942 MITRA, D. (2017): Public Anger Brews in Bangladesh over India’s Stance on Rohingya Crisis. The Wire, 10 September 2017. Online: https://thewire.in/176013/bangaldesh-rohingya-crisis-myanmarindia/ NADIG, Aninia (2002): Human Smuggling, National Security, and Refugee Protection. Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(1), 1–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.1.1 Needs and Population Monitoring (NPM) (2018): Government of Bangladesh, Round 13, November 2018. Online: https://data.humdata.org/dataset/iom-bangladesh-needs-and-population-monitoring-npm-round-13-site-assessment? OBERG, Charles (2019): The Arc of Migration and the Impact on Children’s Health and Well-Being Forward to the Special Issue-Children on the Move. Children, 6(9). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/children6090100 OH, Su-Ann (2017): Surveillance and Control: The Encampment and Biometric Identification of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. ISEAS Perspective 93. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. OHCHR (2017): Darker and More Dangerous: High Commissioner Updates the Human Rights Council on Human Rights Issues in 40 Countries. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Online: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22041 PANHUIS, Janette (2018): Neglected Populations, Neglected Diseases. European Heart Journal, 39(14), 1124–1127. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy139 PATTON, Michael Q. (2014): Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. SAGE. PRODIP, Mahbub A. (2017): Health and Educational Status of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 25(2), 135–146. Online: https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv25n2.005 RAHMAN, Utpala (2010): The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(2), 233–239. 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Online: https://www.burmalibrary.org/sites/burmalibrary.org/files/obl/docs24/Martin_Smith-1995-12-11-The_Muslim_%27Rohingyas%27_of_Burma.pdf ST-DENIS ALEX (2019): Registration gives many Rohingya refugees identification for the first time, UNHCR. Online: https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/registration-gives-many-rohingya-refugees-identification-first-time SOUTH, Ashley (2003): Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake. New York: Routledge. STONE, Philip J. – DUNPHY, Dexter C. – SMITH, Marshall S. – OGILVIE, Daniel (1966): The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. Cambridge, MIT Press. TOOLE, M. J. – WALDMAN, R. J. (1997): The Public Health Aspects of Complex Emergencies and Refugee Situations. Annual Review of Public Health, 18(1), 283–312. Online: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.283 TRUELOVE, Shaun – ABRAHIM, Orit – ALTARE, Chiara – LAUER, Stephen A. – GRANTZ, Kyra H. – AZMAN, Andrew S. – SPIEGEL, Paul (2020): The Potential Impact of COVID-19 in Refugee Camps in Bangladesh and Beyond: A Modeling Study. PLoS Medicine, 17(6), e1003144. Online: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003144 UDDIN, Nasir ed. (2012): To Host or to Hurt: Counter-Narratives on Rohingya Refugee Issue in Bangladesh. Bangladesh: Institute of Culture et Development Research. ULLAH, Akm A. (2011): Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139–161. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2011.567149 UNESCO (2018): A Lifeline to Learning: Leveraging Technology to Support Education for Refugees. The Global Education 2030 Agenda. Online: https://doi.org/10.54675/ULTW4494 UNHCR (2016): Connecting Refugees. 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In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Simulation Symposium, (pp. 1-9). Online: https://doi.org/10.22360/springsim.2017.anss.034 WARSCHAUER, M. (2003): Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6699.001.0001 WEBER, Robert P. (1990): Basic Content Analysis (Vol. 49). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983488 WFP (2018): Rohingya Emergency Vulnerability Assessment-2 (REVA-2), Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. WILLIAMSON, Kirsty – GIVEN, Lisa – SCIFLEET, Paul (2013): Qualitative Data Analysis. In WILLIAMSON, Kirsty – JOHANSON, Graeme (eds.): Research Methods: Information, Systems, and Contexts. Prahran: Tilde University Press, 417–439. World Bank (2016): ICT and the Education of Refugees: A Stocktaking of Innovative Approaches in the MENA Region: Lessons of Experience and Guiding Principles. New York: World Bank. 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The study discusses the evolving role of information and communication technology (ICT) in refugee crisis management, transitioning from a humanitarian to an enabling model. The focus is on how ICT contributes to education, self-reliance, skill development and entrepreneurship among refugees, marking a shift in the paradigm of how refugee crises are addressed. The study, centred in Bangladesh, explores the intricate connection between ICT and the governance of refugee landscapes. It delves into questions about how ICT ensures safety and dignity for refugees in camps during transitory settlement, as well as considering its impact on future refugee management and resettlement. The research, conducted through content analysis and based on secondary data, reveals that ICT interventions offer comprehensive benefits. They create a platform involving various stakeholders, emphasising a trade-off in Rohingya refugee governance, providing geo-localised support, aiding in adverse situations, and identifying harmonised ideas for coordinated actions. The article aims to present a concise snapshot of ICT’s current role, its potential, ongoing strategies, and possibilities for achieving easier, cheaper and better outcomes for refugees.

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This study examines criticisms of Max Weber by Leo Strauss and Mihály Polányi. When we claim that we act on the basis of moral considerations, the same is true for the case when we judge others on a moral basis, and in these cases, we also refer to generally recognised moral standards that we consider to be valid. Are these premodern interpretations of Weber critiques or indictments? Namely: the criticism of objectivity, criticism of historicism and criticism of positivism. Analysing Max Weber, we cannot go beyond Rudolph Sohm’s concept of charisma and Weber’s charisma. Weber was greatly influenced by Sohm, from whom the concept of charisma comes. Indeed, Weber perfected Sohm’s concept of charisma, but also adapted it to his own. Neither Polányi nor Strauss find the theory developed by Weber to be completely consistent. The Weberian system of ideas requires renewal, the steps of which are embodied in the criticism of the two authors Mihály Polányi and Leo Strauss. In this study, I undertake to give the body an understanding soul in which both criticism and the Weberian system of ideas meet.

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(2007): Somalis: The Trouble with This Homogenous Society. Hiiraan Online, July 2008. Online: https://www.hiiraan.com/op2/2007/july/somalis_the_trouble_with_this_homogenous_society.aspx BROSIUS, René (2021): The 4.5 System – An Instrument of Exclusion? Africanlegalstudies.blog, 25 June 2021. Online: https://africanlegalstudies.blog/2021/06/25/the-4-5-system-an-instrument-of-exclusion/ BURKE, Roison (2020): Somalia and Legal Pluralism: Advancing Gender Justice Through Rule of Law Programming in Times of Transition. Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 16(2), 177–213. European Asylum Support Office (EASO) (2021): Somalia Actors – Country of Origin Information Report. Online: https://doi.org/10.2847/446144 Fund For Peace (2022): Fragile State Index Annual Report. Washington, D.C. GRIFFITHS, John (1986): What is Legal Pluralism? Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 18(24), 1–55. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387 HANSEN, Stig Jarle (2013): Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group: 2005–2012. London: Hurst. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327874.001.0001 HANSEN, Stig Jarle (2014): An In-Depth Look at Al- Shabab’s Internal Divisions. CTC Sentinel, Special Issue, Vol. 7, Issue 2. HERBST, Jeffrey (2000): States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton University Press. Hiraal Institute (2018): Taming the Clans: Al-Shabab’s Clan Politics. 31 May 2018. Home Office (2020): Country Background Note Somalia. Version 1.0. ISPI (2021): Somalia, States and Regions. 11 May 2021. Online: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/somalia-states-and-regions-30387 JANY, János (2018): Az iszlám jog. Internetes Jogtudományi Enciklopédia. Online: https://ijoten.hu/uploads/az-iszlam-jog.pdf JELLINEK, Georg (1900; 1905; 1914): Allgemeine Staatslehre (= Recht des modernen Staates.). 2nd Edition; 3rd Edition. Berlin: O. Häring. JONES, Seth G. – LIEPMAN, Andrew M. – CHANDLER, Nathan eds. (2016): Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia: Assessing the Campaign Against Al Shabaab. RAND Corporation. Online: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1539 KULOW, Mohamed Malim (2018): Silent Cry of Somali Customary Law ‘Xeer’. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science, Humanities & Education, Berlin, 21–23 December 2018, 110–131. LE SAGE, Andre (2005): Stateless Justice in Somalia Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Online: https://hdcentre.org/insights/stateless-justice-in-somalia-formal-and-informal-rule-of-law-initiatives/ LEWIS, I. M. (2002): A Modern History of the Somali, Revised, Updated and Expanded. Ohio University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782049876 MARSAI, Viktor (2020): Főnixmadár Afrika Szarván – Az as-Sabáb Tevékenysége 2015–2017. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. MARTON, Péter (2006): A liberális vs. a libertariánus Leviatán, avagy Predator vs. Alien az államkudarc kritikai elméletében. In Államok és államkudarcok a globalizálódó világban - Teleki László Intézet Külpolitikai Tanulmányok Központja, 12–42. MARUF, Harun – JOSEPH, Dan (2018): Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda’s Most Powerful Ally. Indiana University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6mtfn2 MENKHAUS, Ken (2007): The Crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in Five Acts. African Affairs, 106(204), 357–390. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm040 MENKHAUS, Ken (2018): Elite Bargains and Political Deals Project: Somalia Case Study. Stabilisation Unit. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/elite-bargains-and-political-deals Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development – Federal Republic of Somalia: Federal Member States (FMS). mop.gov.so, 2022. Online: https://mop.gov.so/federal-member-states/ NOGUEIRA PINTO, Teresa (2022): The Somalian President’s ‘Mission Impossible’. GIS, 19 August. Online: https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/somalian-president/ Office of International Religious Freedom (2022): 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Somalia. U.S. Department of State, 2 June 2022. Online: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/somalia/ PRIEGER, Adrienn – MÁTYÁS, Imre (2014): Az iszlám jog. Publicationes Universitatis Miskolcinensis Sectio Juridica et Politica, Tomus, 32, 103–112. SIMOJOKI, Maria Vargas (2011): Unlikely Allies: Working with Traditional Leaders to Reform Customary Law in Somalia. In HARPER, Erica (ed.): Working with Customary Justice Systems: Post-Conflict and Fragile States. Rome: IDLO, 33–51. Somalia: Penal Code. 3 April 1964. Somali Public Agenda (2022): Policy options for resolving the status of Mogadishu. Rift Valley Institute, 14 September 2022. Online: https://riftvalley.net/publication/policy-options-resolving-status-mogadishu/ The Federal Republic of Somalia (2012): Provisional Constitution, Mogadishu, 1 August 2012. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) – United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2008): Land, Property, And Housing in Somalia. Online: https://www.nrc.no/resources/reports/land-property-and-housing-in-somalia/ WELLER, Marc – NOBBS, Katherine (2010): Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. University of Pennsylvania Press. 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Somalia is one of the most unstable states in Africa, and this instability is the result of power-political rivalries, due to the historical influences of different eras. Three separate entities with the capacity to influence the state can be distinguished: the oldest is the Somali clan system and hence the clans, followed by the current end product of the significant Islamic expansion in the region, the jihadist organisation al-Shabaab, and finally the Somali government, which is the main enforcer of the federal state apparatus. My aim is to examine the triad’s relationship and the extent of their power from a legal and state-theoretical perspective, which requires a descriptive analysis of the actors in order to reveal their legal and state-theoretical implications. The study concludes that all three actors are in varying relationships with each other, which may be a hostile relationship or a state of dependency, and this is at the root of Somalia’s instability, the resolution of which will be a long-term process.

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ARIBIGBOLA, Afolabi (2018): Improving Urban Land Use Planning and Management in Nigeria: The Case of Akure. Cercetǎri Practice și Teoretice în Managementul Urban, 3(9), 1–14. BELACHEW, Melkamu – AYTENFISU, Shewakena (2010): Facing the Challenges in Building Sustainable Land Administration Capacity in Ethiopia. FIG Working Week 2010, “Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity”, Sydney, Australia, 11–16. Online: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2010/papers/ts08a/ts08a_abab_moges_4051.pdf BELACHEW, Yirsaw (2010): Urban Land Lease Policy of Ethiopia: Case Study on Addis Ababa and Lease Towns of Amhara National Regional State. In FIG Congress 2010. “Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity,” April 2010, 11–16. Online: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2010/papers/ts09a/ts09a_alemu_4006.pdf BELAY, A. (2018): Assessing Transparency Practice in Urban Land Administration: The Case of Abi Adi Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Citizenship and Morality, 2(1), 1–29. BENNETT, R. M. – ALEMIE, B. K. (2016): Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration: Lessons from Urban and Rural Ethiopia. Survey Review, 48(346), 11–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2015.1097584 DADI, Diriba – AZADI, Hossein – SENBETA, Feyera – ABEBE, Ketema – TAHERI, Fatemeh – STELLMACHER, Till (2016): Urban Sprawl and Its Impacts on Land Use Change in Central Ethiopia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 16, 132–141. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.02.005 DUBE, Engida E. (2013): Urban Planning & Land Management Challenges in Emerging Towns of Ethiopia: The Case of Arba Minch. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, 7(2), 340–348. Online: https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2013.v7n2.340348 ENEMARK, Stig (2005): Understanding the Land Management Paradigm. In Proceedings of FIG Commission 7 Symposiums on Innovative Technologies for Land Administration, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Development, (June), 1–13. Online: https://www.fig.net/organisation/council/council_2007-2010/council_members/enemark_papers/madison_2005.pdf FAIRLIE, Kate – BURNS, Tony – KEBEDE, Solomon (2017): Implementing Land Administration Solutions in Ethiopia. Gim International – The Worldwide Magazine for Geomatics, 31(9), 22–25. https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/implementing-land-administration-solutions-in-ethiopia FEKADE, Wubalem (2000): Deficits of Formal Urban Land Management and Informal Responses under Rapid Urban Growth, An International Perspective. Habitat International, 24(2), 127–150. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(99)00034-X GARBA, S. B. – AL-MUBAIYEDH, S. (1999): An Assessment Framework for Public Urban Land Management Intervention. Land Use Policy, 16(4), 269–279. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(99)00026-5 GONDO, Tendayi (2012a): Urban Land and Informality: An Evaluation of Institutional Response Options to Land Informalisation in Ethiopian Cities. Urban and Regional Planning Department, University of Venda, South Africa. Online: https://land.igad.int/index.php/documents-1/countries/ethiopia/urbanization-1/420-urban-land-and-informality-an-evaluation-of-institutional-response-options-to-land-informalization-in-ethiopian-cities/file GONDO, Tendayi (2012b). Spatial Planning and Open Space Integration in Urban Ethiopia: a Sustainable Accessibility Exegesis. Planning, Regional Province, Limpopo, South Africa, 1383–1389. https://www.corp.at/archive/CORP2012_203.pdf GONDO, Tendayi – ZIBABGWE, Scelo (2010). Gis Solutions and Land Management in Urban Ethiopia. Perspectives on Capacity, Utilization and Transformative Possibilities. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 2(2), 200–216. Online: https://core.ac.uk/reader/6276600 KEBEDE, Olira (2017): Urban Land Administration Practices in Emerging Cities of Ethiopia: The Case of Shashemene City of Oromia Regional State, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Current Research, 9(3), 47641–47649. Online: https://www.journalcra.com/article/urban-land-administration-practices-emerging-cities-ethiopia-case-shashemene-city-oromia KLAUS, Michael (2005): Sustainable Land Management – A New Approach for Implementation. FIG Working Week 2005. Online: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/cairo/papers/ts_24/ts24_02_klaus.pdf KOTHARI C.R. (2004). Research Method: Methods and Techniques (2nd Edition). New Delhi: New Age International. LANGE, Andrej – SIEBERT, Rosemarie – BARKMANN, Tim (2015): Sustainability in Land Management: An Analysis of Stakeholder Perceptions in Rural Northern Germany. Sustainability, 7(1), 683–704. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010683 LINDNER, Samira (2014): Ethiopia: Overview of Corruption in Land Administration. Transparency International. Online: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/helpdesk/ethiopia-overview-of-corruption-in-land-administration LOCKE, Anna – HENLEY, Giles (2016): Urbanisation, Land and Property Rights. Overseas Development Institute. Online: https://odi.org/en/publications/urbanisation-land-and-property-rights/ MADAN, Neha V. (2015): Land Management Strategies for Sustainable Urban Growth Case Study Pune. MENGIE, Legesse T. (2017): Urban Land Acquisition and Social Justice in Ethiopia. Haramaya Law Review, 4(1), 129–141. Online: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hlr/article/view/148621 MUDHCO. (2014). National Report on Housing & Sustainable Urban Development. NICHOLS, Susan E. (1993): Land Registration: Managing Information for Land Administration. PhD Dissertation. New Brunswick, Canada: University of New Brunswick. Online: https://www2.unb.ca/gge/Pubs/TR168.pdf NUHU, Muhammad B. (2007): Urban Land Management: The Need for Innovative Approaches to Land Registration System in Nigeria. In Proceedings of the Strategic Integration of Surveying Services, FIG Working Week 2007, 1–13. Online: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2007/papers/ts_3a/ts03a_02_nuhu_1315.pdf STEBEK, E. N. (2015): Access to Urban Land and its Role in Enhancing Business Environment. Mizan Law Review, 9(1), 1–36. Online: https://doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v9i1.1 SUNGENA, Takele N. – SERBEH-YIADOM, Kwame C. – ASFAW, Melesse (2014): Strengthening Good Governance in Urban Land Management in Ethiopia A Case-study of Hawassa. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(15), 96–108. Online: https://land.igad.int/index.php/documents-1/countries/ethiopia/urbanization-1/412-strengthening-good-governance-in-urban-land-management-in-ethiopia-a-case-study-of-hawassa/file TESSEMA, D. – DEFERE, Girma – ADMAS, Ermias (2016): An Assessment of the Challenges and Prospects of Good Urban Governance Practice in the Land Administration System: Case of Shambu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa, 3(3), 20–31. Online: https://rcmss.com/2017/JGGSDA/An-Assessment-of-the-Challenges-and-Prospects-of-Good-Urban-Governance-Practice-in-the-Land-Administration-System-Case-of-Shambu-Town-Oromia-Region-Ethiopia.pdf WELDESILASSIE, Alebel B. – GEBREHIWOT, Berihu A. (2017): A Critical Assessment of Urban Land Leasehold System in Ethiopia. Land and Poverty Conference 2017: Responsible Land Governance – Towards an Evidence-Based Approach. Online: https://land.igad.int/index.php/documents-1/countries/ethiopia/urbanization-1/374-a-critical-assessment-of-urban-land-leasehold-system-in-ethiopia/file YUSUF, Bacry – TEFERA, Sileshi M. – ZERIHUN, Admit M. (2009): Land Lease Policy in Addis Ababa. Private Sector Development Hub/Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations. 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This study aims to assess urban land management in Ethiopia from a policy perspective. A mixed approach with a concurrent nested strategy was employed. A total of 353 questionnaires were collected from civil servants and clients of urban land management systems, 8 focus group discussions (FGDs) with civil servants, and 24 interviews with experts, middle and top managers were conducted. The data were analysed and presented using logistic and multiple regressions. The results indicated that urban land management in Ethiopia continues to employ outdated and traditional systems. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory state of urban land management in the country are lack of commitment, lack of human resources, political influence, maladministration, instability of rules, etc. These factors are hampering the effective management of urban land in Ethiopia. Hence, people are not satisfied with the service of urban land management. Thus, the regional governments must reconsider the policy, employ an automated system, and work to address the identified problems.

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object(Publication)#820 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(6949) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-11-22" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-11-22 18:23:22" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8595) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(6825) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(13757) "ANTAL, Orsolya (2022): Az alternatív jogvitarendezés fajtái, annak uniós és hazai szabályozása [Types of alternative dispute resolution, its EU and domestic regulation]. In BARTKÓ, Róbert (ed.): Doktori Műhelytanulmányok 2022. Budapest: Gondolat, 51–64. AUDZEVIČIUS, Ramūnas – DAUJOTAS, Rimantas (2012): Arbitrability of Disputes Arising from Public Procurement Contracts – Lithuanian Example. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2086349 BABBIE, Earl (2001): A társadalomtudományi kutatás gyakorlata [The Practice of Social Science Research]. Budapest: Balassi. BEEBEEJAUN, Zeenat – FACCIA, Alessio (2022): Electronic Alternative Dispute Resolution, Smart Contracts and Equity in the Energy Sector. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 15(2), 97–113. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwac004 BLOHORN-BRENNEUR, Béatrice – NAGY, Márta (2021): Mediáció mindenkinek Magyarországon [Mediation for everyone in Hungary]. Budapest: L’Harmattan. BONCZ, Imre ed. (2015): Kutatásmódszertani alapismeretek [Basic knowledge of research methodology]. Pécs: PTE. BOROS, Anita (2020): A közbeszerzések alapintézményei. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. BOROS, Anita (2021a): A Közbeszerzési Döntőbizottság eljárása és a közbeszerzési tárgyú perek [The procedure of the Public Procurement Arbitration Board and public procurement litigation]. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Közigazgatási Továbbképzési Intézet. BOROS, Anita (2021b): Közbeszerzések alapintézményei [Basic institutions of public procurement]. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. BOROS, Anita ed. (2019): A közigazgatási jogvédelem és jogérvényesítés alapintézményei [Basic institutions of administrative legal protection and enforcement]. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. BOROS, Anita – KOVÁCS, László (2017): A hazai közbeszerzési jogorvoslati rendszer átfogó értékelése [Overall Assessment of the Hungarian System of Public Procurement Remedies]. Pro Publico Bono – Magyar Közigazgatás, 5(3), CĂRĂUŞAN, Mihaela V. (2018): Alternative Dispute Resolution in Public Procurement Contracts – Administrative Law Boundaries. Valahia University Law Study, 31(1), 19–36. Online: https://www.analefsj.ro/ro/reviste/numarul31/nr31.pdf CHEUNG, Sai-On – YEUNG, Yuet-Wa (1998): The Effectiveness of the Dispute Resolution Advisor System: A Critical Appraisal. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), 367–374. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00010-6 CSEMÁNÉ VÁRADI, Erika and GILÁNYI, Eszter (2011): Alternatív vitarendezés. Alternative dispute resolution. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest. DIAZ, Gonzalo Ruiz (2022): What Determines the Outcomes of Public Procurement Arbitration? International Journal of Public Administration, 47(7), 464–478. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2022.2145484 DRAGOŞ, Dacian (2011): Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in the Field of Public Procurement: Between Effectiveness and Constitutionality. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 34(E/2011), 98–113. Online: https://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/view/302/295 DRAHOZAL, Christopher R. (2004): Regulatory Competition and the Location of International Arbitration Proceedings. International Review of Law and Economics, 24(3), 371–384. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2004.10.002 EISENBERG, Theodore – MILLER, Geoffrey P. – SHERWIN, Emily (2007): Arbitration’s Summer Soldiers: An Empirical Study of Arbitration Clauses in Consumer and Nonconsumer Contracts. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 41, 871. Online: https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.41.4.arbitrations EL-ADAWAY, Islam H. – EZELDIN, A. Samer – YATES, J. K. (2009): Arbitral Tribunal Proceedings Case Study: Egyptian Large-Scale Construction Project. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 1(3), 147–153. Online: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1943-4162(2009)1:3(147) European Commission (2017): Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the effectiveness of Directives 89/665/EEC and 92/13/EEC, as amended by Directive 2007/66/EC, in review procedures in the field of public procurement. COM(2017) 28 final. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0028&from=NL European Commission (2020): ProcurComp EU. European Competency Framework for Public Procurement Professionals. European Union. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/75f2f3a0-cd02-4f71-89f0-f31966f5cb5e_en?filename=procurcompeu-in_a_nutshell_en.pdf GAGANIS, Chrysovalantis – GALARIOTIS, Emilios – PASIOURAS, Fotios – STAIKOURAS, Christos (2020): Bank Profit Efficiency and Financial Consumer Protection Policies. Journal of Business Research, 118, 98–116. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.033 GLAVANITS, Judit – WELLMANN, Bence Barna (2020): Az alternatív vitarendezés helye a jogrendszerben [The place of alternative dispute resolution in the legal system]. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Közigazgatási Továbbképzési Intézet. HAGENDOORN, John; HESEN, Geerte G. (2009): Contractual Complexity of R&D Alliances - A Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Determinants of Contractual Complexity. IN: CELS 2009 4th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper. 2009. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1367530 HOHMANN, Balázs (2019): Az alternatív vitarendezési módszerek alkalmazásának hatásai a hatósági eljárás átláthatóságára és nyitottságára [Effects of the use of alternative dispute resolution methods on the transparency and openness of the administrative procedure]. Pécs: Pécsi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar. HÖRNLE, Julia (2023): Online Dispute Resolution-The Emperor's New Clothes? Benefits and Pitfalls of Online Dispute Resolution and its Application to Commercial Arbitration. International Review of Law Computers and Technology 17.1 (2003): 27-37. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360086032000063093 HUBAI, Ágnes (2021): Előzetes vitarendezés a gyakorlatban [Preliminary dispute settlement in practice]. Közbeszerzési Értesítő Plusz, 3(10), 33–42. Online: https://doi.org/10.37371/KEP.2021.10.5 HYLTON, Keith N. (2005): Arbitration: Governance Benefits and Enforcement Costs. Notre Dame Law Review, VOL. 80, NO. 2, JANUARY 2005, PP. 489-500. JENKINS, Jane – FORSTER, Elizabeth (2021): Big Challenges: What Role Can Arbitration Play in Tender Disputes? Kluwer Arbitration Blog, 30 January 2021. Online: http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2021/01/30/bid-challenges-what-role-can-arbitration-play-in-tender-disputes/ KOVÁCS, István Vilmos (2008): Alternatív vitarendezés a nemzetközi gyakorlatban. [Alternative dispute resolution in international practice]. In GYÖRGYI Zoltán and NIKITSCHER Péter (eds.): Mindennapi ütközések. Iskolai konfliktusok és kezelésük [Everyday Collisions. School Conflicts and Their Management]. OFI, 17–36. Online: https://ofi.oh.gov.hu/sites/default/files/attachments/mindennapi_utkozesek_1.pdf#page=17 Közbeszerzési Hatóság (2021): A Közbeszerzési Hatóság éves beszámolója. Beszámoló az Országgyűlés részére [Public Procurement Authority’s 2021 report to Hungarian Parliament]. Online: https://www.kozbeszerzes.hu/media/documents/kh-eves-beszamolo-2021.pdf LEE, Chia Kuang – YIU, Tak Wing – CHEUNG, Sai On (2016): Selection and Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Construction Projects – Past and Future Research. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), 494–507. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.12.008 LEDGER, Natalie (2017): FIDIC Suite of Contracts: Updates to the Red, Yellow & Silver Books. London: Beale & Company. Online: https://fidic.org/sites/default/files/FIDIC_Suite_of_Contracts_0.pdf LOCK, Reinier (2007): Alternative Dispute Resolution in Energy Disputes: A New Formula for a New Era? The Electricity Journal, 20(8), 78–90. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2007.08.006 LU, Wenxue – LIU, Jian (2013): Research into the Moderating Effects of Progress and Quality Performance in Project Dispute Negotiation. International Journal of Project Management,) 32(4), 654–662. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.09.008 MAGYARY, Zoltán (1942): Magyar közigazgatás [Hungarian public administration]. Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda. MILLER, John R. (2006): Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): A Public Procurement Best Practice That Has Global Application. In International Public Procurement Conference Proceedings, 653–668. Online: https://www.ippa.org/images/PROCEEDINGS/IPPC2/Article_24_Miller.pdf MIMOSO, Maria João – ANJOS, Maria do Rosario (2019): Administrative Arbitration in Public Procurement: A Look at Portuguese Law. Juridical Tribune – Review of Comparative and International Law, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, 9(1), 196–205. MURTOARO, Jarkko – KUALJA, Jaakko (2007): Project Negotiation Analysis. International Journal of Project Management, 25(7), 722–733. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.03.002 NDEKUGRI, Issaka – CHAPMAN, Peter – SMITH, Nigel – HUGHES, Will (2014): Best Practice in the Training, Appointment, and Remuneration of Members of Dispute Boards for Large Infrastructure Projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(2), 185–193. Online: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000195 OJIAKO, Udechukwu – CHIPULU, Maxwell – MARSHALL, Alasdair – WILLIAMS, Terry (2018): An Examination of the ‘Rule of Law’ and ‘Justice’ Implications in Online Dispute Resolution in Construction Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(2), 301–316. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.10.002 PFEFFER, Zsolt (2018): A közpénzügyi viszonyok védelme. Büntetőjogi Szemle, 7(1), 105–113. POKOL, Béla (2002): A jog elkerülésének útjai. Mediáció, egyezségkötés [Ways to avoid the law. Mediation, settlement]. Jogelméleti Szemle, 2002/1. QU, Yingying – CHEUNG, Sai On (2013): Experimental Evaluation of Logrolling as an Effective Mediating Tactic in Construction Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 31(5), 775–790. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.05.003 RODIONOVA, Yuliya (2021): Conflict Resolution Practice in Public Procurement: Evidence from Russia. International Journal of Conflict Management, 32(5), 747–768. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-12-2020-0206 STIPANOWICH, Thomas J. (2014): Reflections on the State and Future of Commercial Arbitration: Challenges, Opportunities, Proposals. Columbia American Review of International Arbitration, 2014, 25. STIPANOWICH, Thomas J. – HENDERSON, Douglas A. (1993): Mediation and Mini‐Trial of Construction Disputes. Building Research & Information, 21(3), 162–166. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613219308727283 SVÉHLIK, Csaba ed. (2018): XIII. KHEOPS Nemzetközi Tudományos Konferencia “Gazdasági és tásradalmi útkeresés” [XIII KHEOPS International Scientific Conference entitled “Economic and Social Search”]. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/90711/1/Hohmann_Balázs_KHEOPS%202018Proceedings.pdf TRYBUS, Martin (2011): An Overview of the United Kingdom Public Procurement Review and Remedies System with an Emphasis on England and Wales. Online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2864482 UHER, Thomas E. and BRAND, Michael C. (2005): Analysis of adjudication determinations made under security of payment legislation in New South Wales. International Journal of Project Management 23. 474–482. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.05.002 VÁRHOMOKI-MOLNÁR, Márta – KÉRI, Zoltán (2021): A közbeszerzési eljárás alapján megkötött szerződés, annak teljesítése, módosítása. The contract concluded on the basis of a public procurement procedure, its performance and modification. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. Online: https://kti.uni-nke.hu/document/vtkk-uni-nke-hu/A%20közbeszerzési%20eljárás%20alapján%20megkötött%20szerződés,%20annak%20teljesítése,%20módosítása.pdf YIU, Tak Wing – LEE, Hung Kei (2011): How Do Personality Traits Affect Construction Dispute Negotiation? Study of Big Five Personality Model. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 137(3), 169–178. Online: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000271 Legal sources Magyarország Alaptörvénye (2011. április 25.) [Fundamental Law of Hungary (25 April 2011)] - 2017. évi I. törvény a közigazgatási perrendtartásról [Act I of 2017 on the Code of Administrative Court Procedure] - 2016. évi CL. törvény az általános közigazgatási rendtartásról [Act CL of 2016 on General Public Administration Procedures] - 2015. évi CXLIII. törvény a közbeszerzésekről [Act CXLIII of 2015 on Public Procurements] - 2013. évi V. törvény a Polgári Törvénykönyvről [Act V of 2013 on Civil Code] - 2003. évi CXXIX. törvény a közbeszerzésekről [Act CXXIX of 2003 on Public Procurements] - 2002. évi LV. törvény a közvetítői tevékenységről [Act LV of 2002 on Mediation Activities] - 308/2015. (X. 27.) Korm. rendelet a közbeszerzési eljárás eredményeként megkötött szerződések teljesítésének és módosításának Közbeszerzési Hatóság által végzett ellenőrzéséről [Government Decree 308/2015 (X. 27.) on the control by the Public Procurement Authority of the performance and modification of contracts concluded as a result of a public procurement procedure]" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(612) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "119-146" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2024.2.7" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1180) "

In public procurement frameworks, bidding, contracting and performing contracts is notoriously more challenging than the bidding, contracting and performance of private contracts. The strict procedures of public procurement do not tolerate mistakes and reduce the possibility of compromise if conflicts arise.

This study examines whether the resolution of disputes arising in public procurement procedures with the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods can be integrated into the strict system of public procurement regulation. It also investigates whether the use of ADR can be justified in public procurement disputes at all, and whether it can handle them effectively. During our investigation, we reviewed the so-called preliminary dispute settlement (PDS) scheme, a special institution of Hungarian public procurement law. Although this mechanism is not a form of dispute resolution in the classical sense, since it does not involve consultation and does not result in compromise at all, the PDS process, as a widely used, quick and simple electronic procedure is an accepted formula in Hungary for settling public procurement procedure conflicts.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1251) "

Közbeszerzéses keretek között ajánlatot tenni, szerződést kötni és a szerződést teljesíteni közismerten több kihívást jelent, mint a magánjogi szerződések ajánlattételi, szerződéskötési és teljesítési folyamata. A közbeszerzések szigorú eljárásrendje nem tűr tévedést, konfliktus esetén pedig minimálisra szűkíti a kompromisszum lehetőségét.

Tanulmányunkban azt vizsgáljuk, hogy a közbeszerzési eljárás során felmerülő jogviták alternatív vitarendezési módszerekkel történő megoldása a közbeszerzési szabályozás szigorú rendszerébe illeszthető-e, egyáltalán van-e az alternatív vitarendezésnek létjogosultsága a közbeszerzési jogvitákban, és képes-e hatékonyan kezelni azokat. A vizsgálat során segítséget nyújt számunkra a magyar közbeszerzési jog sajátos intézménye, az előzetes vitarendezési eljárások áttekintése. Bár ez a mechanizmus nem klasszikus értelemben vett vitarendezés, hiszen nem jár konzultációval és egyáltalán nem eredményez kompromisszumot, mégis széles körben használt, gyors és egyszerű elektronikus eljárás, amely képes a közbeszerzési eljárások konfliktusainak rendezésére.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(25) "Boros Anita, Szabó Kinga" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(72) "Alternative Dispute Resolution in Public Procurement Focusing on Hungary" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "English" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#866 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(8596) ["email"]=> string(22) "boros.anita@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(6949) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5330-9050" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1356) "

Anita Boros associate professor, National University of Public Service, boros.anita@uni-nke.hu, professor, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics

Anita Boros continued her legal studies at the Eötvös Loránd University and then obtained her doctorate (PhD) at the Károli Gáspár University of Reformed Church in Hungary. She graduated at Andrássy University Budapest with a degree in comparative law (LL.M.), and then completed his habilitation at the National University of Public Service. She has been teaching at universities for more than twenty years: she is currently a professor at the Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, director of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economy. She manages the Circular Economy Analysis Center, and the Greenology Knowledge Center. She is the editor-in-chief/member of the editorial board of several scientific journals, and also a member of several scientific organizations (such as Hungarian Lawyers Association, Hungarian Academy of Sciences). Her research area is focused on the circular economy and green innovations: she is looking for the answer to what tools can be used to promote sustainable development in the various (economic) and administrative sectors.

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Kinga Szabó, PhD student, Széchenyi István University, Doctoral School of Law, drkingaszabo@gmail.com

Kinga Szabó graduated at Budapest University of Economics and Public Administration as public administration manager, and continued her legal studies at the Eötvös Loránd University. She graduated in 2005, and then she passed the bar exam in 2009. She is currently a student at the Doctoral School of Law of Széchenyi István University, Győr. In her dissertation, she examines the possibilities of state intervention in the field of public procurement, focusing on the construction industry. Her dissertation aims to examine not only the changes in regulations, but also – in the context of the latest economic challenges – their orientation, economic, legal and other limitations, as well as the achievable effects. Her professional experience is focused in the fields of construction economics, sustainability, state asset management and public procurement law.

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FLEUß, Dannica – HELBIG, Karoline (2021): Measuring Nation States’ Deliberativeness: Systematic Challenges, Methodological Pitfalls, and Strategies for Upscaling the Measurement of Deliberation. Political Studies, 69(2), 307–325. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719890817 Freedom House [s. a.]: Freedom in the World. Online: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world GOODIN, Robert E. (2000): Democratic Deliberation Within. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 29(1), 81–109. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2000.00081.x GUTMANN, Amy – THOMPSON, Dennis (1996): Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. GUTMANN, Amy – THOMPSON, Dennis F. (2004): Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton: Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400826339 HABERMAS, Jürgen (1995): Reconciliation Through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls’s Political Liberalism. Journal of Philosophy, 92(3), 109–131. 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Daedalus, 146(3), 85–105. Online: https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00449 LEVINE, Peter – FUNG, Archon – GASTIL, John (2005): Future Directions for Public Deliberation. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 1(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.24 MAIR, Peter (2013): Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. New York: Verso Books. MICHELS, Ank (2011): Innovations in Democratic Governance: How Does Citizen Participation Contribute to a Better Democracy? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 77(2), 275–293. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311399851 NEWTON, Ken (2012): Introduction: Curing the Democratic Malaise with Democratic Innovations. In NEWTON, Kenneth and GEISSEL, Brigitte: Evaluating Democratic Innovations Curing the Democratic Malaise? Routledge, 3–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203155196 OECD (2020): Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave. Paris: OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/339306da-en PARKINSON, John (2003): Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies, 51(1), 180–196. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00419 PARKINSON, John – MANSBRIDGE, Jane eds. (2012): Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178914 Participedia [s. a.]: Participedia. Online: https://participedia.net/ PATEMAN, Carole (1970): Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720444 PAULIS, Emilien – PILET, Jean-Benoit – PANEL, Sophie – VITTORI, Davide – CLOSE, Caroline (2021): The POLITICIZE Dataset: An Inventory of Deliberative Mini-Publics (DMPs) in Europe. European Political Science, 20, 521-542. 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According to deliberative democracy theories, decisions taken by citizens through deliberation have greater legitimacy for those concerned. It may therefore be worth examining to what extent and at what level the decisions and recommendations of deliberative bodies are taken into account in the decision-making process of a given country. The paper presents a metric which, based on the analysis of specific aspects – the embeddedness of already implemented practices in decision-making, their deliberative level and the scope of the practices – indicates the extent to which a given country applies the results of deliberative bodies’ deliberations to the decision-making process. The metric was tested on a sample of 27 EU Member States and four groups were identified in terms of the embeddedness of deliberative practices in decision-making: Laggards, Emergers, Aspirers and Exemplaries.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17843939 SCHALTEGGER, Stefan – BURRITT, Roger (2014): Measuring and Managing Sustainability Performance of Supply Chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), 232–241. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-02-2014-0061 SCHALEGGER, Stefan – WAGNER, Marcus (2011): Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Innovation: Categories and Interactions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(4), 222–237. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.682 SHARMA, Sanjay – VREDENBURG, Harrie (1998): Proactive Corporate Environmental Strategy and the Development of Competitively Valuable Organizational Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 19(8), 729–753. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199808)19:8<729::AID-SMJ967>3.0.CO;2-4 SCHULER, Douglas A. – JONES, Jesse H. – REHBEIN, Kathleen – CRAMER, Roxy (2002): Pursuing Strategic Advantage Through Political Means: A Multivariate Approach. 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Sustainability has emerged as a paramount global concern in the 21^st century, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stand at the forefront of the efforts to address it. This study delves into the profound implications of these SDGs for sustainable projects carried out by organisations. Sustainable projects are those that align with the principles and objectives outlined in the SDGs, thereby contributing to a more inclusive and environmentally responsible future. By attempting to achieve these goals, sustainable projects not only mitigate environmental degradation but also foster economic development and social progress. This study explores the critical link between sustainable projects of organisations and the SDGs, whether the projects have contradictory impacts or just the opposite, they can also strengthen each other. The hypothetical assumption is that there is tension between the goals and actions of contradictory and synergistic movements. The transformative power of sustainable projects is underscored through real-world examples and case studies, showcasing how they can address complex, interconnected challenges. The literature review lends support to the hypothesis that in some cases certain sustainable goals might confront each other. A pilot study methodology employing impact measurement is used to prove the hypotheses about how the goals support and contribute to or affect each other’s results. The results underscore the essential role of sustainable projects. The conclusion also highlights the critical need for research and project development that can effectively navigate the tension between contradictory and synergistic goals within the SDG.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509940943 BRIGHT, Claire (2013): L’accès à la justice civile en cas de violations des droits de l’homme par des entreprises multinationals. Florence: European University Institute. CLAYTON, Richard – TOMLINSON, Hugh (2010): Fair Trial Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Council of Europe (2020): Respecting Democracy, Rule of Law and Human Rights in the Framework of the COVID-19 Sanitary Crisis. A Toolkit for Member States. [SG/Inf(2020)11]. Online: https://rm.coe.int/sg-inf-2020-11-respecting-democracy-rule-of-law-and-human-rights-in-th/16809e1f40 European Commission (2022): Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. 2022 Rule of Law Report. The rule of law situation in the European Union. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0500 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2021): Resilient Institutions for a Transformative Post-Pandemic Recovery in Latin America and the Caribbean: Inputs for Discussion. Santiago: United Nations. FRANCIONI, Francesco ed. (2007): Access to Justice as a Human Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233083.001.0001 GRABENWARTER, Christoph ed. (2022): Europäischer Grundrechteschutz. Baden-Baden: Nomos. Online: https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845299457 HARRIS, David – O’BOYLE, Michael – BATES, Ed – BUCKLEY, Carla M. (2023): Law of the European Convention of Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198862000.001.0001 KAMBER, Krešimir (2022): The Right to a Fair Online Hearing. Human Rights Law Review, 22(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngac006 KAUFMANN, Claudia – HAUSAMMANN, Christina eds. (2017): Zugang zum Recht: Vom Grundrecht auf einen wirksamen Rechtsschutz. Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn Verlag. KRAMER, Xandra – BIARD, Alexandre – HOEVENAARS, Jos – THEMELI, Erlis eds. (2021): New Pathways to Civil Justice in Europe: Challenges of Access to Justice. Cham: Springer. KRANS, Bart – NYLUND, Anna eds. (2021): Civil Courts Coping with Covid-19. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing. MATYAS, David – WILLS, Peter – DEWITT, Barry (2022): Imagining Resilient Courts: from COVID-19 to the Future of Canada’s Court System. Canadian Public Policy, 48(1), 186–208. Online: https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-015 MRČELA, Marin (2018): Adversarial Principle, the Equality of Arms and Confrontational Right – European Court of Human Rights Recent Jurisprudence. EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC), 1, 15–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/6519 OECD (2020): Access to Justice and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Online: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=136_136486-rcd8m6dvng&title=Access-to-justice-and-the-COVID-19-pandemic PETERS, Anne – ALTWICKER, Tilmann (2012): Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention. München: C.H. Beck. REILING, Dory – CONTINI, Francesco (2022): E-Justice Platforms: Challenges for Judicial Governance. International Journal for Court Administration, 13(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.445 ROBERTSON, David (2004): A Dictionary of Human Rights (2nd Edition). Abingdon: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203486887 ROZAKIS, Christos (2004): The Right to a Fair Trial in Civil Cases. Judicial Studies Institute Journal, (2), 96–106. ROZHNOV, Oleh (2020): Towards Timely Justice in Civil Matters Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2/3(7), 100–114. Online: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-3.2-3-a000028 SETTEM, Ola Johan (2016): Applications of the ‘Fair Hearing’ Norm in ECHR Article 6(1) to Civil Proceedings With Special Emphasis on the Balance Between Procedural Safeguards and Efficiency. Cham – Heidelberg – Dordrecht – New York – London: Springer. SOYER, Richard (2019): The Right to a Fair Trial. The European Multilevel Approach to Criminal Justice in Austria. Miskolci Jogi Szemle, 14(2), 385–394. SPANO, Robert – MOTOC, Iulia – LUBARDA, Branko – PINTO DE ALBUQUERQUE, Paulo – TSIRLI, Marialena (2020): Procès équitable: perspectives régionales et internationales / Fair Trial: Regional and International Perspectives. Liber Amicorum Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos. Brussels: Anthemis. SUMMERS, Sarah J. (2007): Fair Trials: The European Criminal Procedural Tradition and the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing. TELEKI, Cristina (2021): Due Process and Fair Trial in EU Competition Law: The Impact of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Leiden–Boston: Brill–Nijhoff. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004447493 VÁRADI, Ágnes (2014): A joghoz jutás esélyeinek bővítése a polgári perben: A rászorultság értelmezése a perköltség-kedvezmények rendszerében. In FEKETE, Balázs – HORVÁTHY, Balázs – KREISZ, Brigitta (eds.): A világ mi magunk vagyunk…: Liber Amicorum Imre Vörös. Budapest: HVG-ORAC, 544–557. VÁRADI Ágnes (2016): The Concept of Legal Aid in the Most Recent Case Law of ECJ. In SZABÓ, Marcel – LÁNCOS, Petra Lea – VARGA, Réka (eds.): Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law 2015. The Hague: eleven Publishing, 461–478. Online: https://doi.org/10.5553/HYIEL/266627012015003001022 VÁRADI, Ágnes (2022): Lessons Learned from the Covid-19 Pandemic: Ensuring Access to Justice in Emergency Situations. In KRATOCHVILOVA, Helena – KRATOCHVIL, Radek (eds.): Proceedings of VIAC 2022 in Budapest. Prague: Czech Institute of Academic Education z.s. 14–19. Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) (2020a): Interim Report on the Measures Taken in the EU Member States as a Result of the Covid-19 Crisis and Their Impact on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights. Online: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2020)018-e Venice Commission (2020b): Compilation of Venice Commission Opinions and Reports on States of Emergency [CDL-PI(2020)003-e]. Online: https://rm.coe.int/16809e38a6 Venice Commission (2016): Rule of Law Checklist, Study No. 711/2013, CDL-AD(2016)007rev. 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The right to fair trial, which is usually described as an essential starting point of the protection of human rights, as a basic safeguard of the rule of law, as a general principle of EU law and as a certain quality of procedure, plays a crucial role in defining the framework of judicial proceedings in the European states both in criminal and civil matters. The current paper examines how the concept of fair trial applies to constitutional court proceedings, with special regard to the safeguards of an efficient access to such procedures. The study raises questions like: What cornerstones for an efficient access can be identified in the case-law? What are the most typical obstacles of obtaining a decision by a constitutional court? How can a more efficient access to these procedures be promoted? The analysis offers a synthesis of the theoretical background and the general requirements identified by the relevant international and European fora (complemented by references to the related jurisprudence of the constitutional courts of certain EU Member States). This way the study can give useful insights not only into the understanding of the concept of fair trial but also into the possibilities of enhancing the efficiency of constitutional court proceedings.

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