Historical Memory and National Identity

Explaining the Baltic States’ Defence Policy since the Escalation of the Russia-Ukraine War

Abstract

The escalation of the Russia-Ukraine war has fundamentally reshaped the European security landscape, especially for the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. This study analyses the defence policies of the Baltic states, emphasising the role of historical memory and national identity. Collective memory, particularly the traumatic experiences of Soviet occupation, significantly influences the security policy decisions and deterrence strategies of these nations. The analysis examines deterrence by denial practices, the close cooperation with NATO, and their responses to hybrid warfare and cyber threats. The study highlights how the Baltic states’ historical experiences and geographic location shape their security policies in today’s geopolitical environment.