Relations between Turkey and the Turkic Countries (1991–2018)
Integration Efforts, Economic Cooperation and Strategic Relations
Copyright (c) 2022 Háda Béla; Bíró Dávid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
The study examines relations between Turkey and Turkic countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) from the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union to 2018. The present analysis attempts to outline the multidimensional policy that Turkey has pursued with these countries in the past decades. One of the central questions is to what extent Turkey can exercise its influence in the independent Turkic countries and whether Ankara’s foreign policy in this direction can be seen as decisive. Along this issue, the analysis will focus on Turkey’s integration efforts, which have reached a new level with the establishment of the Turkic Council, and on the economic cooperation, as Turkey has significant economic interests with these countries. Over the past decade, strategic and defense relations have been greatly strengthened, in which Ankara also seeks to play a leading role.
Keywords:
References
Asanov, Jandos: TurkPa: The Parliamentary Dimension of Cooperation Among Turkic Countries. In Fifth Summit of the Turkic Council. A Raising Actor in Regional Cooperation in Eurasia. 2015. 25–28.
Aselsan Annual Report. [online], 2012. Forrás: https://aselsan.com.tr [2021. 01. 02.]
Aydın, Mustafa – Çağrı Erhan: Küresel Politika’da Orta Asya (Avrasya Üçlemesi I.). Ankara, Nobel Publications, 2005.
Bakanlığa Vekâlet Etme İşlemi [online], 2008. 10. 15. Forrás: https://resmigazete.gov.tr [2022. 09. 09.].
Bal, İdris: Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türk Dış Politikası İçin Türk Cumhuriyetlerinin Önemi In İdris Bal: 21. Yüzyılın Eşiğinde Türk Dış Politikası. İstanbul, Alfa, 2001. 237–344.
Balcı, Ali: Türkiye Dış Politikası İlkeler, Aktörler ve Uygulamalar. 3. basım. İstanbul, Alfa, 2017.
Balci, Bayram: Between Secular Education and Islamic Philosophy: The Approach and Achievements of Fethullah Gülen’s Followers Caucasus Survey, 1, 2015. 107–116.
Byrappa, Ramachandra: Building Foreign Policy Resilience in the 21st Century: The Concept of Commonwealth. In Ana Jović-Lazić – Alexis Troude (szerk.): Security Challenges and the Place of the Balkan and Serbia in a Changing World. Belgrade, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade, 2020. 42–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_balkans_rssc.2020.ch3
Çaman, M. Efe – M. Ali Akyurt: Caucasus and Central Asia in Turkish Foreign Policy: The Time Has Come for a New Regional Policy. Alternatives, 10. (2011), 2–3. 67–86.
Cem, İsmail: Turkey: Setting Sail to the 21st Century. Perceptions – Journal of International Affairs, 2. (1997), 3. 1–4.
Cem, İsmail: Turkish Foreign Policy: Opening New Horizons for Turkey at the Beginning of a New Millennium. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 1. (2002), 1. 1–6.
Chotoev, Zakir: The Turkish Factor in the Evolution of the Central Asian Republics. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 20. (2003), 2. 73–79.
Çınar, Kursat: Turkey and Turkic Nations: A Post-Cold War Analysis of Relations. Turkish Studies, 14. (2013), 2. 256–271. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.802925
Daly, John C. K.: Erdogan goes to Turkmenistan. [online], Eurasia Daily Monitor, 2008. 10. 08. Forrás: https://jamestown.org [2021. 01. 28.].
Davutoğlu, Ahmet: Turkey’s Zero-Problems Foreign Policy. [online], Foreign Policy, 2010. 05. 20. Forrás: https://foreignpolicy.com [2021. 01. 31.]
Demirel, Süleyman: Başbakan Süleyman Demirel’in Türki Cumhuriyetler Gezisi ile İlgili Olarak TBMM Genel Kurulunda ve DYP TBMM Grup Toplantısında Yaptığı Konuşmalar. Ankara, 1992.
Devlet, Nadir: Turkey’s Energy Policy in the Next Decade. Perceptions – Journal of International Affairs, 9. (2004), 4. 71–90.
Efegil, Ertan: Turkish AK Party’s Central Asia and Caucasus Policies: Critiques and Suggestions. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2. (2008), 3. 166–172.
Efegil, Ertan: Rationality Question of Turkey’s Central Asia Policy. Bilgi Dergisi, 11. (2009), 2. 72–92.
Egeresi Zoltán: Híd szerepből központi állam: a török külpolitikai kapacitások átalakulása. In Ekert Mária – Molnár Attila Károly (szerk.): Teremtés – politika és művészet. Budapest, Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Molnár Tamás Kutatóközpont, 2015. 436–452.
Egeresi Zoltán: Az AKP külpolitikájának pillérei. In Baranyi Tamás Péter – Szálkai Kinga (szerk.): Újhold. A török külpolitika útkeresése a 21. század elején. Budapest, Antall József Tudásközpont, 2016. 119–152.
Egeresi Zoltán: A centrum nyomában: geopolitikai gondolkodás és külpolitikai útkeresés Törökországban. Külügyi Szemle, 16. (2017), 4. 64–87.
Egeresi Zoltán: Hungary’s Opening Towards the Turkic World. Avrasya Dünyası/Eurasian World, 4. (2020), 6. 48–54.
Egeresi Zoltán – Pénzváltó Nikolett: A Török Köztársaság a történelemben. Budapest, Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Közigazgatási Továbbképzési Intézet, 2020.
Fazendeiro, Bernardo Teles:Uzbekistan’s Defensive Self-Reliance: Karimov’s Foreign Policy Legacy. International Affairs, 93. (2017), 2. 409–427. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiw062
Fidan, Hakan – Rahman Nurdun: Turkey’s Role in the Global Development Assistance Community: The Case of TIKA (Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency). Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 10. (2008), 1. 93–111. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14613190801895888
Fight Against FETÖ Should Not Be Delayed: Erdoğan. [online], Hürriyet Daily News, 2018. 09. 03. Forrás: https://hurriyetdailynews.com [2020. 12. 31.]
Gözen, Ramazan: Türk Dış Politikası’nda Vizyon ve Revizyon. Demokrasi Platformu, 1. (2005), 4. 41–58.
Gyene Pál: Az államépítés két évtizede Közép-Ázsiában. In Ludvig Zsuzsa – Meisel Sándor (szerk.): Kelet-Európa tanulmányok IX. Eurázsiai kérdőjelek 2012. Budapest, MTA Közgazdaság- és Regionális Tudományi Kutatóközpont Világgazdasági Intézet, 2013. 53–97.
Gyene Pál: Független államiság a posztszovjet Közép-Ázsiában. Budapest, Aposztróf Kiadó, 2017.
“Historic Step” by Turkic States. [online], Anadolu Agency, 2013. 08. 16. Forrás: https://aa.com.tr [2021. 01. 28.].
Hovsepyan, Levon: The Turkish Model and Turkey’s Central Asian Policies Conditioned by Western Strategic Interests. Central Asia and Caucasus, 2. (2009), 56. 112–118.
Hovsepyan, Levon: Military-Political Aspects of Cooperation Between Turkey and the Central Asian countries. Overall Dynamics of Development. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 11. (2010), 2. 81–87.
Idrissov, Erdan: The Turkic Council: Engine of Turkic Integration. In Fifth Summit of the Turkic Council: A Raising Actor in Regional Cooperation in Eurasia. 2015. 11–14.
Interview by Mr. Ahmet Davutoğlu published in AUC Cairo Review (Egypt) on 12 March 2012. [online], Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2012. Forrás: mfa.gov.tr [2021. 01. 03.]
Kaseinov, Dusen: TURKSOY: The Global Actor of Cultural Cooperation in the Turkic World. In Fifth Summit of the Turkic Council: A Raising Actor in Regional Cooperation in Eurasia. 2015. 19–23.
Kiliç, Gülay: Turkey’s Foreign Aid Policy Towards Central Asia from a Comparative Perspective. Middle East Technical University, Turkey, 2011.
Köstem, Seçkin: Geopolitics, Identity and Beyond: Turkey’s Renewed Interest in the Caucasus and Central Asia. In Emre Erşen – Seçkin Köstem (szerk.): Turkey’s Pivot to Eurasia: Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in A Changing World Order. London and New York, Routledge, 2019a. 111–128. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429023064-8
Köstem, Seçkin: The Power of the Quiet? Turkey’s Central Asia Strategy. [online], Italian Institute for International Political Studies, 2019b. 10. 03. Forrás: https://ispionline.it [2021. 01. 31.]
Kyrgyz President Rebuffs Turkish Warning about FETÖ Coup Threat. [online], Hürriyet Daily News, 2016. 08. 01. Forrás: https://hurriyetdailynews.com [2020. 12. 31.]
Larrabee, Stephen F.– Ian O. Lesser: Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Santa Monica, CA, Rand Corporation, 2003.
Martirosyan, Tigran: Turkey in Central Asia: An Elusive Quest for a Larger Role. Turkey and its Neighbors: Current Political. Overview and Forecast for 2005 and Beyond, The Brookings Institution. 2005.
McDermott, Roger N. – Farkhad Tolipov: Military Reform in Uzbekistan: Defending the Priorities. [online], The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 2003. 08. 27. Forrás: https://cacianalyst.org [2021. 01. 02.]
Minority Rights Group International: World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Azerbaijan: Armenians. [online], 2018. 03. Forrás: https://refworld.org [2021. 05. 28.]
Moyte, Nicholas: Steppe Eagle 2018: Interoperability with Partner Countries in Action. [online], Defense Imagery and Video Distribution System, 2018. 08. 23. Forrás: https://dvidshub.net [2021. 06. 01.]
Nakhchivan Agreement. [online], 2009. Forrás: https://turkkon.org [2021. 03. 20.]
Organization of Turkic States: Presidential Summits. [online], é. n. Forrás: https://turkkon.org [2021. 03. 20.]
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye: Uzbekistan is a Strategic Country in Central Asia in Every Respect. [online], 2017. 10. 25. Forrás: https://tccb.gov.turkey [2021. 06. 01.]
Ramani, Samuel: The Turkey–Uzbekistan Rapprochement. Under Uzbekistan’s New President, Ties with Turkey May Be Poised for a Thaw. [online], The Diplomat, 2016. 12. 21. Forrás: https://thediplomat.com [2021. 01. 30.]
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Turkic Council (The Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States). [online], 2021. Forrás: https://mfa.gov.tr [2021. 01. 19.]
Rickleton, Chris: Erdogan Visit Delights Some in Kyrgyzstan, Annoys Others. The Turkish Leader is Insistent Bishkek Do More to Squeeze Out Followers of Fethullah Gulen. [online], 2018. 09. 03. Forrás: https://eurasianet.org [2021. 01. 31.]
Satke, Ryskeldi – Casey Michel – Sertaç Korkmaz: Turkey in Central Asia: Turkic Togetherness? Ankara has been Noticeably Reticent Developing Ties in the Former Soviet Sphere. [online], The Diplomat, 2014. 11. 28. Forrás: https://thediplomat.com [2021. 01. 02.]
Siddiqui, Sabena: Turk–Pak Partnership Goes Beyond Historical Bonds. [online], Daily Sabah, 2019. 07. 04. Forrás: https://dailysabah.com [2021. 01. 30.]
Simavoryan, Arestakes: Turkey’s Military-Technical Cooperation with the Turkic Nations. [online], Orbeli Center, 2019. 11. 18. Forrás: orbeli.am [2021. 06. 04.] Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102409
Szálkai Kinga: A TİKA: Törökország nemzetközi fejlesztési támogatási tevékenysége. In Baranyi Tamás Péter – Szálkai Kinga (szerk.): Újhold. A török külpolitika útkeresése a 21. század elején. Budapest, Antall József Tudásközpont, 2016. 152–166.
Tuimebayev, Zhanseit: Kazakhstan–Turkey Strategic Partnership Can Serve as Example. [online], The Astana Times, 2015. 04. 16. Forrás: [2021. 05. 31.]
Турция построит Военный институт для армии Кыргызстана. [online], 2019. 06. 24. Forrás: https://elgezit.kg [2021. 06. 01.]
Turkey Funded Over 760 Aid Projects in Kyrgyzstan. [online], TRT World, 2018. 09. 01. Forrás: https://trtworld.com [2021. 04. 20.]
Turkish Aid to 121 Countries Reached $3.5 Billion in 2012. [online], Hürriyet Daily News, 2013. 10. 28. Forrás: https://hurriyetdailynews.com [2021. 01. 05.]
Wheeler, Thomas: Turkey’s role and Interests in Central Asia. [online], Saferworld, 2013. 10. 1–12. Forrás: https://ethz.ch [2021. 06. 01.]
WITS – World Integrated Trade Solution. [online], 2021. Forrás: https://wits.worldbank.org [2021. 06. 07.]
Yalınkılıçlı, Eşref: Uzbekistan as a Gateway for Turkey’s Return to Central Asia. Insight Turkey, 20. (2018), 4. 27–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2018204.02
Yavuz, M. Hakan: Towards an Islamic Liberalism? The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah Gülen. Middle East Journal, 53. (1999), 4. 584–605.
Yunusov, Arif: Demographic Disaster. Index on Censorship, 26. (1997), 4. 69–73. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03064229708536181
Zorlu, Faruk: Turkish Aid Agency TIKA Marks 28th Anniversary of Foundation. [online], Anadolu Agency, 2020. 01. 30. Forrás: https://aa.com.tr [2021. 04. 16.].