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(2025): CTDNN-Spoof: Compact Tiny Deep Learning Architecture for Detection and Multi-Label Classification of GPS Spoofing Attacks in Small UAVs. Scientific Reports, 15, 6656. Online: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90809-3 ALQUWAYZANI, Alanoud A. – ALBUALI, Abdullah A. (2024): A Systematic Literature Review of Zero Trust Architecture for Military UAV Security Systems. IEEE Access, 12, 176033–176056. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3503587 ALSADIE, Deafallah (2025): Cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Emerging Challenges and Advanced Countermeasures. IET Information Security, (1), 2046868. Online: https://doi.org/10.1049/ise2/2046868 ASIF, Muneeba et al. (2023): Adversarial Data-Augmented Resilient Intrusion Detection System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData). Sorrento, Italy, 5428–5437. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData59044.2023.10386140 BABA, Abdullatif – ALOTHMAN, Basil – KHATTAB, Omar (2023): Blockchain-Based Heuristic Study to Secure UAVs from GPS Spoofing Signals and External Attacks. In 2023 Fifth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA). Kuwait, Kuwait, 377–379. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA58897.2023.10338915 BASAN, Elena et al. (2021): A Self-Diagnosis Method for Detecting UAV Cyber Attacks Based on Analysis of Parameter Changes. Sensors, 21(2), 509. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020509 BHARGAVI, M. S. et al. (2025): Unlocking the Potential of Machine Learning for Enhanced Security in Drone-Enabled IoT Networks. In HASSAN, Jahan – KHALIFA, Sara – MISRA, Prasant (szerk.): Machine Learning for Drone-Enabled IoT Networks. Cham: Springer, 107–120. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80961-3_6 BURNS, Jaron et al. (2023): On Effectiveness of Machine and Deep Learning Algorithms for Detection of GPS Spoofing Attacks on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In 2023 Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE). Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2405–2410. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCE60160.2023.00389 BUSKE, Ivo et al. (2022): Smart GPS Spoofing to Countermeasure Autonomously Approaching Agile Micro UAVs. In High-Power Lasers and Technologies for Optical Countermeasures. 62–67. Online: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2636236 CONNOR, Roger (2018): The Predator, a Drone That Transformed Military Combat. National Air and Space Museum, 2018. március 9. Online: https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/predator-drone-transformed-military-combat DAMIS, Haitham Abu et al. (2026): Emerging Cyber-Security Techniques for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In FACHKHA, Claude – FUNG, Benjamin C. M. – TCHAKOUNTÉ, Franklin (szerk.): Safe, Secure, Ethical, Responsible Technologies and Emerging Applications. Cham: Springer, 22–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05832-4_2 DAVIDOVICH, Barak – NASSI, Ben – ELOVICI, Yuval (2022): Towards the Detection of GPS Spoofing Attacks Against Drones by Analyzing Camera’s Video Stream. Sensors, 22(7), 2608. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072608 DEVKOTA, Bhawana Poudel – DEVKOTA, Bidur – KANDEL, Laxima Niure (2025): Leveraging Tree-Based Machine Learning and Explainable AI for UAV GPS Spoofing Detection. In SoutheastCon 2025. Concord, NC, USA, 340–345. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/SoutheastCon56624.2025.10971719 ELDOSOUKY, AbdelRahman – FERDOWSI, Aidin – SAAD, Walid (2020): Drones in Distress: A Game-Theoretic Countermeasure for Protecting UAVs Against GPS Spoofing. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(4), 2840–2854. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2963337 FADHELI, Hadjer – KHALID, Shamsul Kamal Ahmad – FADZIL, Lokman Mohd (2025): A Non-GPS Return to Home Algorithm for Drones Using Convolutional Neural Network. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 51(1), 15–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.51.1.1527 HAKEEM, Abeer et al. (2025): Integrating Artificial Intelligence for Improved Security of IoT-Drones Through Cyber-Physical Attack Detection. Frontiers in Computer Science, 7, 1545282. Online: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1545282 HOSSAIN, Shaikat – ISLAM, Aminul (2025): Dual-Band Adaptive GPS Antennas for Real-Time Spoofing Mitigation. In 2025 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE). Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1–5. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE64574.2025.11013036 INÁNCSI, Mátyás (2022): Cybersecurity Challenges of the Civilian Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Hadmérnök, 17(2), 205–216. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2022.2.14 JAIN, Meenal – JAIN, Akshat – SAHOO, Anita (2024): Protective System for Drones Against GPS Spoofing Using Image and Signal Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2024 Sixteenth International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3-2024). New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 384–389. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3675888.3676075 JAVED, Muhammad Danyal et al. (2025): Cyber Security Framework for AI-Enabled Robotics and Drone Systems. In Advancing Cybersecurity in Smart Factories Through Autonomous Robotic Defenses. Hershey: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 231–262. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0583-7.ch009 KISS Beatrix – PALIK Mátyás (2023): A drónok katonai alkalmazása modern katonai műveletek során. Repüléstudományi Közlemények, 35(1), 115–130. Online: https://doi.org/10.32560/rk.2023.1.9 KRASZNAY Csaba – INÁNCSI Mátyás (2021): Az UAV-ok kiberbiztonsági elemzésének és tanúsításának lehetőségei. Felderítő Szemle, 20(3), 63–79. LARAIB, Areeba – SIAL, Areesha – UJJAN, Raja Majid Ali (2024): Addresses the Security Issues and Safety in Cyber-Physical Systems of Drones. In SHAH, Imdad Ali – JHANJHI, Noor Zaman (szerk.): Cybersecurity Issues and Challenges in the Drone Industry. Hershey: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 381–404. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0774-8.ch016 LEE, Ho-Sung – KIM, Jong-Bae (2019): Analysis of Cyber Attack Using Drones and Its Countermeasure Strategy. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(5), 281–289. LIANG, Chen et al. (2019): Detection of GPS Spoofing Attack on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System. In CHEN, Xiaofeng – HUANG, Xinyi – ZHANG, Jun (szerk.): Machine Learning for Cyber Security. Cham: Springer, 123–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30619-9_10 LIANG, Chen et al. (2022): Detection of Global Positioning System Spoofing Attack on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 34(7), e5925. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5925 MAQBOOL, Albia et al. (2024): Proactive Cyber Defense and Forensic Investigation Techniques for Drone Operation: A Holistic Approach. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 102(18), 6697–6709. MENG, Lianxiao et al. (2021): An Approach of Linear Regression-Based UAV GPS Spoofing Detection. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, (1), 5517500. Online: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5517500 MOOSAVI, Samin – MOORE, Isabel – GOPALSWAMY, Swaminathan (2024): Using a Sensor-Health-Aware Resilient Fusion for Localization in the Presence of GPS Spoofing Attacks. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR). London, United Kingdom, 498–505. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR61664.2024.10679455 MYKYTYN, Pavlo et al. (2023): GPS-Spoofing Attack Detection Mechanism for UAV Swarms. In 2023 12th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO). Budva, Montenegro, 1–8. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/MECO58584.2023.10154998 MYNUDDIN, Mohammed – KHAN, Sultan Uddin – MAHMOUD, Mahmoud Nabil (2023): Trojan Triggers for Poisoning Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Navigation: A Deep Learning Approach. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security Resilience (CSR). Venice, Italy, 432–439. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR57506.2023.10224932 MYNUDDIN, Mohammed et al. (2024): Trojan Attack and Defense for Deep Learning-Based Navigation Systems of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. IEEE Access, 12, 89887–89907. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3419800 NAIR, Aiswarya S. – THAMPI, Sabu M. – P., Jithu Vijay V. (2025): SoCoMNNet: A SocioCognitive and Memristive Neural Network-Based Context-Aware GPS Spoofing Detection and Mitigation in the Internet of Drones. Vehicular Communications, 56, 100980. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100980 NASCIMENTO AQUILAR PEY, Jeferson – DANIEL AMVAME NZE, Georges – OLIVEIRA ALBUQUERQUE, Robson de (2022): Analysis of Jamming and Spoofing Cyber-Attacks on Drones. In 2022 17th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). Madrid, Spain, 1–4. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI54924.2022.9820201 ORACEVIC, Alma – SALMAN, Ahmad (2024): Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Peril: Investigating and Addressing Cyber Threats to UAVs. In 2024 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking, SmartNets. Harrisonburg, VA, USA, 1–7. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartNets61466.2024.10577710 ORYE, Erwin et al. (2024): Enhancing the Cyber Resilience of Sea Drones. In 2024 16th International Conference on Cyber Conflict: Over the Horizon (CyCon). Tallinn, Estonia, 83–102. Online: https://doi.org/10.23919/CyCon62501.2024.10685581 POORNIMA, B. – KUMARI, Lalitha Surya (2025): Mitigating GPS Spoofing in AVS: SHA and RSA Algorithms With Proteus Simulation for Real-Time Detection. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 16(10), 3375–3389. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-025-02864-8 PRASANNA SRINIVASAN, S. – SATHYADEVAN, Shiju (2023): GPS Spoofing Detection in UAV Using Motion Processing Unit. In 2023 11th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS). Chattanooga, TN, USA, 1–4. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDFS58141.2023.10131729 RANGANATHAN, Aanjhan – ÓLAFSDÓTTIR, Hildur – CAPKUN, Srdjan (2016): SPREE: A Spoofing Resistant GPS Receiver. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 348–360. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/2973750.2973753 RENU, Yuvaraj – SARVESHWARAN, Velliangiri (2025): A Review of Cyber Security Challenges and Solutions in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Inteligencia Artificial, 28(75), 199–219. Online: https://doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol28iss75pp199-219 SARKAR, Arupa et al. (2024): Smart Verification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle GPS Geolocation via Received Signal Strength Indicators. In 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall). Washington, DC, USA, 1–6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10757631 SATHIYANATHN, S. et al. (2024): Blockchain Integrated Framework to Detect and Prevent CAV Location Spoofing Attack Using GPS Time Series Data Learning and Quantum Cryptography. In 2024 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications Theme: Healthcare and Internet of Things (AIMLA). Namakkal, India, 1–7. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/AIMLA59606.2024.10531539 SHAFIK, Wasswa – MOJTABA MATINKHAH, S. – SHOKOOR, Fawad (2023): Cybersecurity in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review. International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 16(1), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijssis-2023-0012 SHAFIQUE, Arslan – MEHMOOD, Abid – ELHADEF, Mourad (2021): Detecting Signal Spoofing Attack in UAVs Using Machine Learning Models. IEEE Access, 9, 93803–93815. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3089847 SHAFIQUE, Arslan et al. (2026): Protecting Autonomous Systems From GPS Spoofing With a Machine Learning-Driven Approach. Ad Hoc Networks, 183, 104101. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2025.104101 SHARIAT, Mahyar et al. (2025): UWB-Based Positioning Is Not Invulnerable From Spoofing Attacks: A Case Study of Crazyswarm. Engineering Proceedings, 88(1), 43. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088043 SINGH, Ratan – CHANDRA MOHAN, B – GOLDA JEYASHEELI, P. (2023): Recent Research and Implementation on Various GPS Spoofing Attacks and Prevention. In 2023 6th International Conference on Recent Trends in Advance Computing (ICRTAC). Chennai, India, 509–515. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRTAC59277.2023.10480748 SISSODIA, Rajeshwari et al. (2025): Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cybersecurity in Robotics and Drone Systems. In KUMAR, Rajeev et al. (szerk.): Advancing Cybersecurity in Smart Factories Through Autonomous Robotic Defenses. Hershey: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 345–374. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0583-7.ch013 SREE LAKSHMI, P. et al. (2025): Securing the Future of Transportation: A Deep Dive Into Cybersecurity for Autonomous Vehicles. In BHATEJA, Vikrant – DEY, Maitreyee – SIMIC, Milan (szerk.): Intelligent Computing and Automation. Singapore: Springer, 275–285. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0143-1_22 TIWARI, Vinita et al. (2023): Mitigation of Jamming and Spoofing Attack on GNSS Signals Using Subspace Projection. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET). Patna, India, 1–6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEFEET59656.2023.10452226 TUCKER, Rajanbir Singh – NADEEM, Muhammad – PERVEZ, Shahbaz (2025): Real-Time Detection and Mitigation of GPS Spoofing in UAV Systems. In 2025 12th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT). Amman, Jordan, 154–160. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT64950.2025.11049153 WANG, Zhuang – LI, Guoqiang – WANG, Zhenpo (2025): GPS Attack Detection and Defense for Secure Localization of Automated Vehicles Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Technology. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12(7), 7723–7735. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3424518 WEI, Xiaomin et al. (2022): ConstDet: Control Semantics-Based Detection for GPS Spoofing Attacks on UAVs. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5587. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215587 WEI, Xiaomin – WANG, Yao – SUN, Cong (2022): PerDet: Machine-Learning-Based UAV GPS Spoofing Detection Using Perception Data. Remote Sensing, 14(19), 4925. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194925 YANG, Ming – ORACEVIC, Alma – DILEK, Selma (2025): Deep Learning-Based Defense Against GPS Spoofing Attacks in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In 2025 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking, (SmartNets). Istanbul, Turkiye, 1–8. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartNets65254.2025.11106869" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(693) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "3-22" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32561/nsz.2026.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(871) "

The rapid proliferation of autonomous and semi-autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), along with the integrated unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) that enable their operation, has introduced fundamentally new cybersecurity challenges. Due to the tight coupling of autonomous decision-making, network-based communication, and physical operation, cyberattacks conducted in cyberspace may lead to direct and immediate operational and safety consequences. Building on a systematic literature review, this study analyzes the cybersecurity risks affecting autonomous UAS, with particular emphasis on GPS spoofing threats targeting navigation systems. The analysis further presents layered defensive mechanisms and resilience-enhancing approaches capable of mitigating the impact of these complex threats and improving the operational reliability of autonomous systems.

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Az autonóm és részben autonóm pilóta nélküli légi járművek (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV), valamint az ezek működését integrált módon biztosító pilóta nélküli légijármű-rendszerek (unmanned aircraft system, UAS) gyors térnyerése alapvetően új kiberbiztonsági kihívásokat hívott életre. Az autonóm döntéshozatal, a hálózatalapú kommunikáció és a fizikai működés szoros összekapcsolódása következtében a kibertérben végrehajtott támadások közvetlen és azonnali működési, valamint biztonsági következményekkel járhatnak. A tanulmány szisztematikus szakirodalmi áttekintésre építve elemzi az autonóm UAS-okat érintő kiberbiztonsági kockázatokat, különös hangsúlyt fektetve a navigációs rendszereket célzó GPS-spoofing-fenyegetésekre. Az elemzés bemutatja továbbá azokat a rétegezett védelmi mechanizmusokat és rezilienciafokozó megközelítéseket, amelyek alkalmasak e komplex fenyegetések hatásainak mérséklésére és az autonóm rendszerek üzembiztonságának növelésére.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(17) "Literature Review" ["hu_HU"]=> string(25) "Szakirodalmi áttekintés" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(63) "Cybersecurity of Autonomous Drone Systems: Risks and Resilience" ["hu_HU"]=> string(70) "Autonóm drónrendszerek kiberbiztonsága: kockázatok és reziliencia" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Bor Olivér" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#716 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11370) ["email"]=> string(25) "oliver.bor@protonmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8798) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0495-519X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(57) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:31:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem";}" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(3) "Bor" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Olivér" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(24) "autonóm drónrendszerek" [1]=> string(3) "UAV" [2]=> string(3) "UAS" [3]=> string(15) "kiberbiztonság" [4]=> string(11) "reziliencia" [5]=> string(12) "GPS spoofing" } ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(24) "autonomous drone systems" [1]=> string(3) "UAV" [2]=> string(3) "UAS" [3]=> string(12) "GPS spoofing" [4]=> string(13) "cybersecurity" [5]=> string(10) "resilience" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#729 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47566) ["id"]=> int(6899) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8798) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#701 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8626) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-22" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-22 13:28:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11093) ["sectionId"]=> int(10) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(8501) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2176) "Az Országgyűlés 73. ülése (1990). Országgyűlési Napló, 1990. január 23. 6047–6110. Az Országgyűlés 74. ülése (1990). Országgyűlési Napló, 1990. január 24. 6115–6186. Az Országgyűlés 75. ülése (1990). Országgyűlési Napló, 1990. január 25. 6191–6278. Beszámoló a nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségi jogok országgyűlési biztosának tevékenységéről. Online: https://jogkodex.hu/doc/8005142 HETESY Zsolt (2011): A titkos felderítés. PhD-értekezés. Pécs: PTE ÁJK. RÉVÉSZ Béla (2004): Dunagate I. Beszélő, 9(12). Online: http://beszelo.c3.hu/cikkek/dunagate-i SOLTI István (2020): Különleges eszközök a rendszerváltást követő időszakban. Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle, 8(3), 44–61. Online: https://doi.org/10.32561/nsz.2020.3.4 Jogszabályok - 1949. évi XX. törvény a Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmányáról - 1974. évi 17. törvényerejű rendelet az állam- és közbiztonságról - 1990. évi X. törvény a különleges titkosszolgálati eszközök és módszerek engedélyezésének átmeneti szabályozásáról (közlöny állapot). Magyar Közlöny, (14), 1990. február 14. 285–287. - 38/1990. (IX. 14.) Korm. rendelet a nemzetbiztonsági feladatok ellátásának átmeneti szabályozásáról szóló 26/1990. (II. 14.) MT rendelet módosításáról - 108/1994. (VII. 21.) Korm. rendelet dr. Katona Béla tárca nélküli miniszter feladatairól - 26/1990. (II. 14.) MT rendelet a nemzetbiztonsági feladatok ellátásának átmeneti szabályozásáról (közlöny állapot). Magyar Közlöny, (14), 1990. február 14. 291–293. - 90/1990. (V. 2.) MT rendelet a nemzetbiztonsági feladatok ellátásának átmeneti szabályozásáról szóló 26/1990. (II. 14.) MT rendelet módosításáról 98/1990. (VI. 11.) MT rendelet a nemzetbiztonsági feladatok ellátásának átmeneti szabályozásáról szóló 26/1990. (II. 14.) MT rendelet módosításáról BM Országos Rendőr-főkapitányság vezetőjének 2/1990. intézkedése a különleges titkosszolgálati eszközök és módszerek átmeneti szabályozásáról szóló 1990. évi X. törvényben meghatározott feladatok végrehajtásáról" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(693) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "23-35" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32561/nsz.2026.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1168) "

In this study, the author examines the most important features of the legislation that preceded Act CXXV of 1995 on National Security Services (Nbtv.), which was adopted 30 years ago in 1995 and entered into force in 1996. The author examines the circumstances surrounding the creation of two provisional laws regulating domestic national security services and their activities from 1990 to 1996, Act X of 1990 and Council of Ministers Decree 26/1990. (II.14.), and the subjects of their regulation, as well as the compliance of individual legal institutions with the rule of law.

In doing so, he presents the legislative solutions to the political expectations that existed at the time of the regime change, the plans for the creation of a permanent law providing comprehensive regulation, and then the life cycle of the legislation that was enacted.

Given that the Nbtv., which is still in force today, was created and adopted 30 years ago, and that its content and spirit were also influenced by the applicability of the legislation it replaced, the author considers it important to highlight the legislative elements that determine continuity.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1154) "

A tanulmányban a szerző a 30 évvel ezelőtt, 1995-ben elfogadott, majd 1996-ban hatályba lépett, a nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatokról szóló 1995. évi CXXV. törvényt (Nbtv.) megelőző jogszabályok fontosabb jellemzőit vizsgálja. A szerző a hazai nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatokat és tevékenységeiket 1990-től 1996-ig szabályozó két ideiglenes jogszabály, az 1990. évi X. törvény és a 26/1990. (II. 14.) MT rendelet keletkezésének körülményeit, szabályozásának tárgyait és az egyes jogintézmények jogállami kereteknek való megfelelését vizsgálja.

Ennek során bemutatja a rendszerváltáskor meglévő politikai elvárások jogszabályi megoldásait, az átfogó szabályozást nyújtó állandó törvény megalkotására vonatkozó terveket, majd a kiadott jogszabályok életútját. Tekintettel arra, hogy a napjainkban is hatályos Nbtv. megalkotása és elfogadása 30 éve történt, amelynek tartalmára és szellemiségére az általa felváltott jogszabályok alkalmazhatósága is hatással volt, a szerző fontosnak tartja kimutatni a folytonosságot meghatározó jogszabályi elemeket.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(48) "Precursors to the National Security Services Act" ["hu_HU"]=> string(65) "A nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatokról szóló törvény előképei" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Solti István" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#745 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(11093) ["email"]=> string(23) "solti.istvan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8626) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-7782" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(48) "

Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem oktatója

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Solti" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(16) "állambiztonság" [1]=> string(16) "nemzetbiztonság" [2]=> string(16) "titkosszolgálat" [3]=> string(12) "hírszerzés" [4]=> string(12) "elhárítás" [5]=> string(53) "nemzetbiztonsági célú titkos információgyűjtés" } ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(14) "state security" [1]=> string(17) "national security" [2]=> string(14) "secret service" [3]=> string(12) "intelligence" [4]=> string(19) "counterintelligence" [5]=> string(28) "secret information gathering" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#749 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47567) ["id"]=> int(6900) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8626) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#124 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8763) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-22" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-22 13:28:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11314) ["sectionId"]=> int(10) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(8638) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(929) "Belügyminisztérium Vizsgálati Osztály, 34-Bü-503/15/70. Szigorúan titkos. Határozat szakértő kirendeléséről. 1970. február 24. SzD határőr anyagai. HU HL XI BKB I. 012/1965. HU HL XI BKB I. 035/1969. BL határőr anyagai. HU HL XI. 1. Katf. 013/1965. VJ határőr anyagai. HU HL XI. Katf. I. 011/1969. MNL OL HOP XIX-B-10 1964. év 12. sz. doboz IV/8–9. tárgykör 23. folyószám. A nyugati viszonylatban befelé irányuló határsértések értékelése. 1963. november 14. MNL OL HOP XIX-B-10 1968. év 11. sz. doboz III. tárgykör 2. folyószám. BL határőr anyagai. MNL OL HOP XIX-B-10 1969. év 12. sz. doboz III/1–4 tárgykör 2. folyószám. SzD és PJ határőrök anyagai. MNL OL HOP XIX-B-10 1972. év 9. sz. doboz III. tárgykör 5. folyószám. MI határőr anyagai. MNL OL HOP XIX-B-10 1989. év 13. sz. doboz III/1–4 tárgykör 4. folyószám. Hazaárulások nyilvántartása (1950–1989)." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(693) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "36-45" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32561/nsz.2026.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(618) "

The publication describes the criminal proceedings brought against border guard conscripts who fled the country and were subsequently charged with espionage. The information is based on materials from two archives: the Hungarian National Archives, which holds border guard documents, and the Military History Archives, which houses documents relating to criminal proceedings. the author explores the circumstances of the events (i.e. the escapes abroad and the proceedings initiated), the investigation and court documents produced, the severity of the sentences and, in some cases, the aftermath of the events.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(658) "

A publikáció olyan határőr sorkatonák ellen indított büntetőeljárásokat ismertet, akik külföldre szökést követtek el, majd kémkedéssel is megvádolták őket. Az információkat két levéltár anyagai képezik, ezek a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára, ahol a határőrségi okmányok találhatók, és a Hadtörténeti Levéltár a büntetőeljárások dokumentumaival. Az olvasó megismerheti az események – külföldre szökés, megindított eljárások – körülményeit, a keletkezett vizsgálati és bírósági okmányokat, az ítéletek mértékét és egyes esetekben az események későbbi utóéletét.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(39) "Charges of Fleeing Abroad and Espionage" ["hu_HU"]=> string(56) "Külföldre szökés és kémkedés bűntettének vádja" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Fórizs Sándor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#730 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(11314) ["email"]=> string(18) "drforizs@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8763) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-3295" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(91) "University of Public Service Faculty of Law Enforcement, Doctoral School of Law Enforcement" ["hu_HU"]=> string(95) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Rendészettudományi Kar, Rendészettudományi Doktori Iskola." } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(69) "

Retired police brigadier-general, retired university professor

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(98) "

nyugállományú rendőr dandártábornok, nyugállományú egyetemi tanár.

 

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Fórizs" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Sándor" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(20) "külföldre szökés" [1]=> string(10) "kémkedés" [2]=> string(17) "vizsgálati munka" [3]=> string(8) "vádirat" [4]=> string(20) "bírósági ítélet" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(13) "escape abroad" [1]=> string(9) "espionage" [2]=> string(13) "investigation" [3]=> string(10) "indictment" [4]=> string(12) "court ruling" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#746 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47568) ["id"]=> int(6901) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8763) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#127 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(9041) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-22" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-22 13:28:24" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11739) ["sectionId"]=> int(10) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8916) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(1953) "ANDRÉKÓ, Gábor (2025): The Russian theory of the world's geopolitical space and the classification of powers. In DOBÁK, Imre – FARKAS, Johanna (eds.): Law Enforcement, Psychology and Security in Dialogue. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Budapest: Magyar Rendészettudományi Társaság, 148–156. Online: https://en.uni-nke.hu/document/en-uni-nke-hu/LEPSY_Conf_2025_Book_ISBN.pdf BALDWIN, David A. (1985): Economic Statecraft. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DREZNER, Daniel W. (2011): Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice. International Studies Review, 13(1), 96–108. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x FARRELL, Henry – NEWMAN, Abraham L. (2019): Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security, 44(1), 42–79. Online: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00351 HURRELL, Andrew (2007): On Global Order. Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233106.001.0001 IKENBERRY, G. John (2011): Liberal Leviathan. The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7rjt2 LAKE, David A. (2009): Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. NARLIKAR, Amrita (2013): New Powers. How to Become One and How to Manage Them. New York: Columbia University Press. United Nations (1945): Charter of the United Nations. Online: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter United Nations General Assembly (2022): Aggression against Ukraine (A/RES/ES-11/1). Online: https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/ES-11/1 United Nations General Assembly (2022): Territorial Integrity of Ukraine: Defending the Principles of the Charter of the United Nations (A/RES/ES-11/2). Online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3990673?v=pdf " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(693) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "46-56" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32561/nsz.2026.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1895) "

Despite the overwhelming condemnation of the Russian Federation in the United Nations General Assembly following the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine war, international efforts aimed at isolating Russia have produced limited tangible geopolitical effects. While formal voting patterns suggest broad institutional isolation, Russia has retained significant political, economic and strategic support from major powers such as China and India, as well as from a substantial proportion of states in Africa and the Global South.

This paper addresses the apparent paradox between institutional isolation and geopolitical resilience by distinguishing between legal sovereignty and effective geopolitical position. The argument advanced is that the UN General Assembly operates on the principle of formal legal equality, where each state possesses one vote, while the geopolitical sphere is structured hierarchically, reflecting asymmetric power relations, network dependencies and resource-based influence.

Building on the analysis of UN voting behaviour and patterns of diplomatic alignment, the paper demonstrates that institutional isolation does not automatically translate into geopolitical insulation. Instead, isolation efforts are constrained by hierarchical support structures in the international system, where major powers and strategically positioned states can mitigate or neutralise the effects of institutional condemnation.

By introducing the conceptual distinction between institutional isolation and geopolitical insulation, the paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of contemporary sanction regimes and diplomatic pressure mechanisms. The findings have direct implications for security studies, sanctions policy and strategic planning, highlighting the limits of institution-based approaches in a hierarchically structured international order.

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PhD-student, University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, Pécs, Hungary

researcher, János Neumann University - Geopolitical Research Group, Kecskemét, Hungary

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(168) "

PhD-hallgató, Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Földtudományok Doktori Iskola, Pécs

kutató, Neumann János Egyetem - Geopolitikai Kutatócsoport , Kecskemét

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object(Publication)#750 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8525) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-22" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-22 13:28:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10913) ["sectionId"]=> int(10) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(8400) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4907) "- 24/2014. (VII. 11.) ORFK utasítás a rendkívüli halál esetén követendő rendőri eljárásról - 18/2020. (V. 29.) BVOP utasítás a fogvatartotti krízisek, öngyilkossági kísérletek és önártalmak megelőzéséről - 26/2022. (XII. 21.) BVOP utasítás a büntetés-végrehajtási szervezet műveleti egységeinek működéséről American Psychiatric Association (1980): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition. Washington, D.C.: APA. AMRITHA, Roy et al. (2025): Psychological Autopsy: Overview of Equivocal Deaths, Suicides and Homicide-Suicides. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 110, 102813. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102813 BOLYKY Orsolya (2015): A kiterjesztett öngyilkosságok kriminológiai háttere. Kriminológiai tanulmányok, (52), 59–76. CANTER, David V. (2000): Psychological Autopsies. In SIEGEL, Jay A. – SAUKKO, Pekka J. – HOUCK, Max M. (szerk.): Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. London: Elsevier. Online: https://doi.org/10.1006/rwfs.2000.0782 COLEMAN, Loren (2004): The Copycat Effect. How The Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow’s Headlines. New York: Praview Pocket Books. CONNER, Kenneth R. et al. (2021): Introducing the Psychological Autopsy Methodology Checklist. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51(4), 673–683. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12738 CSOMÓS István (2023): Az erőszak kockázatértékelése – pszichológiai szempontok. Scientia et Securitas, 4(1), 31–35. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/112.2023.00147 GLADWELL, Malcolm (2000): The Tipping Point. How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. London: Little, Brown and Company. JOHAL, Gursharan – APPLEBY, Louis – TURNBULL, Pauline (2024): Is There Still a Place for Psychological Autopsy in Suicide Research? A Literature Review of Methodological Limitations and Recommendations for Future Development. International Review of Psychiatry, 36(4–5), 494–502. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2024.2378075 KLONSKY, E. David – MAY, Alexis M. (2015): The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A New Theory of Suicide Rooted in the „Ideation-to-Action” Framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114–129. Online: https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114 KULCSÁR Gabriella (2016): Az iskolai ámokfutások. Pécs: Virágmandula Kft. MENON, Vikas et al. (2020): Psychological Autopsy: Overview of Indian Evidence, Best Practice Elements, and a Semi-Structured Interview Guide. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(6), 631–643. Online: https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_331_20 MURTHY, Vasudeva (2010): Psychological Autopsy – A Review. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(3), 177–181. O’CONNOR, Rory C. et al. (2016): The Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour. In O’CONNOR, Rory C. – PIRKIS, Jane (szerk.): The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 220–240. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118903223.ch13 O’TOOLE, M. E. (1999): The School Shooter. A Threat Assessment Perspective. Quantico: FBI Academy. PÁSZTOR Attila – ANGYAL Miklós (2016): Iskolai lövöldözők. Kriminálpszichológiai adalékok a megértéshez és a beavatkozási lehetőségekhez. Psychiatria Hungarica, 31(2), 193–204. POSA, Franco et al. (2023): Psychological Autopsy Structured on Individual Cases: Methodological Considerations for a New Protocol. Medical Research Archives, 11(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i3.3719 SABLONE, Sara et al. 2024: Psychological Autopsy: A Powerful Tool in Forensic Investigations. Forensic Science, 4(4), 635–646. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci4040044 SAXENA, Geetika – SAINI, Vineeta (2017): Psychological Autopsy – A Way to Revealing the Enigma of Equivocal Death. International Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2(2), 1–8. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/IJFSC-16000123 SHNEIDMAN, Edwin S. (1994): The Psychological Autopsy. American Psychologist, 49(1), 75–76. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.1.75 SHNEIDMAN, Edwin S. – FARBEROW, Norman L. (1961): Sample Investigations of Equivocal Deaths. In FARBEROW, Norman L. – SHNEIDMAN, Edwin S. (szerk.): The Cry For Help. New York: McGraw-Hill, 118–129. SZABÓ János et al. (2022): Az öngyilkossági rizikó becslése a klinikai gyakorlatban. A jelen kihívásai és a jövő perspektívái. Orvosi Hetilap, 163(22), 863–870. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2022.32464 WEINBERGER, Linda E. – BOTELLO, Timothy E. – GROSS, Bruce H. (2018): Psychological Autopsy: Consultative Tool for Suicide Determination. In SATHYAVAGISWARAN, Lakshmanan – ROGERS, Christopher B. (szerk.): Multidisciplinary Medico-Legal Death Investigation: Role of Consultants. Los Angeles: Academic Press, 119–137. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813818-2.00007-7" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(693) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "57-68" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32561/nsz.2026.1.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1051) "

Psychological Autopsy (PA), as an applied psychological procedure, belongs to the category of less validated psychological methods. This is primarily due to the fact that PA lacks an exact, systematic methodology and, furthermore, its conceptualization is also defined rather briefly. What is certain, however, is that the original purpose of the method is to help determine whether a death occurred due to natural causes, an accident, suicide, or homicide. This foundational premise can be further developed and expanded to include the examination of radicalization processes in lone actor terrorsts’, such as school shooters or suicide bombers. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to present the theoretical background of Psychological Autopsy, and second, to demonstrate its practical applicability. As can be established, even though PA lacks well-defined frameworks and methodology, its application undoubtedly elevates the toolkit of psychological procedures intended to support investigation and prevention efforts to a new level.

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A pszichológiai boncolás (Psychological Autopsy, PA), mint alkalmazott pszichológiai eljárás, a kevésbé validált pszichológiai eljárások közé tartozik. Ennek oka abban keresendő, hogy a PA nem rendelkezik egzakt, szisztematikus módszertannal, sőt, konceptualizálása is viszonylag rövid meghatározással szolgál. Annyi azonban bizonyos, hogy a módszer eredetileg annak eldöntését segíti, hogy egy halál természetes úton, baleset miatt, öngyilkosság révén vagy gyilkosság eredményeként következett-e be. Ez az alaptézis fejleszthető tovább és egészíthető ki a magányos merénylők radikalizációjának vizsgálatával, legyen szó iskolai lövöldözőkről vagy öngyilkos merénylőkről.  Ezen írás célja bemutatni a pszichológiai boncolás elméleti hátterét és gyakorlati alkalmazhatóságát. Mint az megállapítható, annak ellenére, hogy a PA nem rendelkezik jól meghatározott keretekkel és módszertannal, annyi bizonyos, hogy alkalmazása új szintre emeli a felderítés és elhárítás támogatására szolgáló pszichológiai eljárások eszköztárát.

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