Évf. 26 szám 4 (2023): Európai Tükör

Post-2027 Cohesion Policy for All A Need for Reinforcing Territorial Dimension

Kaiser Tamás

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.2

7-26.

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BENTLEY, Gill – PUGALIS, Lee (2014): Shifting Paradigms: People-Centred Models, Active Regional Development, Space-Blind Policies and Place-Based Approaches. Local Economy, 29(4–5), 283–294. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094214541355 BÖHME, Kai – DOUCET, Philippe – KOMORNICKI, Tomasz – ZAUCHA, Jacek – ŚWIĄTEK, Dariusz (2011): How to Strengthen the Territorial Dimension of ‘Europe 2020’ and the EU Cohesion Policy? Report based on the Territorial Agenda 2020. Warsaw. Online: http://urban-intergroup.eu/wp-content/files_mf/2011_territorial_dimension_eu2020.pdf BÖHME, Kai – REDLICH, Sina (2023): The Territorial Agenda 2030 for Places and a More Cohesive European Territory? Planning Practice & Research, 38(5), 729–747. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2023.2258029 Committee of the Regions (2008): The Strategy for Growth and Jobs – Handling the ‘Lisbon Paradox’. Resolution of the Committee of the Regions to be submitted to the European Council. DIEMER, Andreas – IAMMARINO, Simona – RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés – STORPER, Michael (2022): The Regional Development Trap in Europe. Economic Geography, 98(5), 487–509. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2080655 DIJKSTRA, Lewis – GARZILAZO, Enrique – MCCANN, Philip (2015): The Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on European Regions and Cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(5), 935–949. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbv032 DIJKSTRA, Lewis – POELMAN, Hugo – RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés (2020): The Geography of EU Discontent. Regional Studies, 54(6), 737–753. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1654603 DHÉRET, Claire (2011): What Next for EU Cohesion Policy? Going “beyond GDP” to Deliver Greater well-Being. EPC Policy Brief, March 2011. Online: https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2011/What_next_for_EU_Cohesion_Policy.pdf ESPON (2017): European Territorial Review. Territorial Cooperation for the future of Europe. Luxembourg: ESPON. Online: https://archive.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON_Territorial_Review.pdf ESPON (2019): European Territorial Reference Framework: Final Report, ESPON 2020 Programme. Luxembourg: ESPON. Online: https://archive.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON_ETRF_Final_Report_Main_Report.pdf ESPON (2021): Cross-Fertilization of Cohesion Policy and Spatial Planning. Policy Brief. Luxembourg: ESPON EGTC. Online: https://archive.espon.eu/cohesion-policy-and-spatial-planning European Commission (2017a): Competitiveness in Low-Income and Low-Growth Regions. The Lagging Regions Report. Commission Staff Working Document. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/reports/2017/competitiveness-in-low-income-and-low-growth-regions-the-lagging-regions-report European Commission (2017b): My Region, My Europe, Our Future: The Seventh Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/reports/cohesion7/7cr.pdf European Commission (2021): Territorial Agenda 2030. A future for all places. Informal meeting of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning and Territorial Development and/or Territorial Cohesion. 1 December 2020, Germany. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/brochures/2021/territorial-agenda-2030-a-future-for-all-places European Commission (2022): Cohesion in Europe towards 2050. Eight Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/reports/cohesion8/8cr.pdf European Commission (2023): Regional Trends for Growth and Convergence in the European Union. Commission Staff Working Document. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information-sources/publications/reports/2023/regional-trends-for-growth-and-convergence-in-the-european-union_en European Commission (2024a): Forging a Sustainable Future Together: Cohesion for a Competitive and Inclusive Europe. Report of the High-Level Group on the Future of Cohesion Policy. February 2024. Online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c6e97287-cee3-11ee-b9d9-01aa75ed71a1/language-en European Commission (2024b): Ninth Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information-sources/cohesion-report_en FÁSI, Csaba (2019): Competitiveness Studies – The Digital Preparedness of the Hungarian Public Service. JURA, (2), 264–274. FEJES, Zsuzsanna (2023): Evolution of Cross-Border Cooperation in the European Union – Challenges and Opportunities. Social Horizons – The Journal for Social Sciences, 3(5), 55–78. Online: https://doi.org/10.5937/drushor2305055F HUNTER, Alison (2023): Addressing Cohesion Policy’s Identity Crisis in a Changing European Union. Discussion Paper, Europe’s Political Economy Programme, 15 February 2023. Online: https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2023/Cohesion_Policy_DP.pdf IAMMARINO, Simona – RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés – STORPER, Michael (2017): Why Regional Development matters for Europe’s Economic Future. WP 07/2017, European Commission. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/work/201707_regional_development_matters.pdf IAMMARINO, Simona, RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés, STORPER, Michael (2019): Regional Inequality in Europe: Evidence, Theory and Policy Implications. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2), 273–298. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby021 KAISER, Tamás (2023): Understanding Narratives in Governance: Naming and Framing Regional Inequality in the United Kingdom. Social Sciences, 12(4), 246. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040246 KOLLER, Boglárka (2011): Trajectories of Identity Formation in the Post-Enlargement Era: The Hungarian Example. Jagielloniskie Forum Europejskie, 20, 7–29. MACKINNON, Danny – KEMPTON, Louise – O’BRIEN, Peter – ORMEROD, Emma – PIKE, Andy – TOMANEY, John (2022): Reframing Urban and Regional ‘Development’ for ‘Left Behind’ Places. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(1), 39–56. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab034 MARTIN, Ron – GARDINER, Ben – PIKE, Andy – SUNLEY, Peter – TYLER, Peter (2021): Levelling Up Left Behind Places. The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032244341 MEDEIROS, Eduardo – ZAUCHA, Jacek – CIOLEK, Dorota (2023): Measuring Territorial Cohesion Trends in Europe: A Correlation with EU Cohesion Policy. European Planning Studies, 31(9), 1868–1884. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2022.2143713 OECD (2009): How Regions Grow. Policy Brief, March. Online: https://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/howregionsgrowtrendsandanalysis.htm PILATI, Marta – HUNTER, Alison (2020): Research for REGI Committee – EU Lagging Regions: State of Play and Future Challenges. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels. Online: https://doi.org/10.2861/12822 RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés (2018): The Revenge of the Places that Don’t Matter (and What to Do About It). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1), 189–209. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx024 RODRÍGUEZ-POSE, Andrés – KETTERER, Tobias (2020): Institutional Change and the Development of Lagging Regions in Europe. Regional Studies, 54(7), 974–986. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1608356 SCOTT, Allen – STORPER, Michael (2003): Regions, Globalization, Development. Regional Studies, 37(6–7), 579–593. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000108697a World Bank (2009): World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. Online: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/58557d74-baf0-5f97-a255-00482909810a " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(595) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "7-26" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.4.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(717) "

The uneven development and territorial disparities in the European Union (EU) have been increasing for years and has now reached a level that increasingly threatens its economic and social cohesion as well as the political stability. Cohesion policy is therefore more important than ever to ensure the competitiveness and cohesion of the EU. Based on the critical overview of the relevant literature, policy documents, conceptions and narratives, the paper argues for a renewed cohesion policy with reinforced territorial dimension, that should focus on place-based strategies, keep balance between efficiency and equity, as well as capable working together with other EU and national policies and initiatives.

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PDF (English)

The Essence of Unity? The Historical Evolution and Future Perspectives of Cohesion Policy in the EU

Koller Boglárka, Kondor Zsuzsanna

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.3

27-43.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2014.992460 BACHE, Ian (2015): Cohesion Policy: A New Direction for New Times? In WALLACE, Helen – POLLACK, Mark A. – YOUNG, Alasdair R. (eds.): Policy-Making in the European Union. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 243–262. BACHTLER, John – MENDEZ, Carlos (2020): Cohesion and the EU’s Budget: Is Conditionality Undermining Solidarity? In COMAN, Ramona, CRESPY, Amandine and SCHMIDT, Vivien A. (eds.): Governance and Politics in the Post-Crisis European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 121–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108612609.009 BACHTLER, John - POLVERARI, Laura (2017): Building Blocks for a Future Cohesion Policy. First Reflections. Brussels: European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Research for REGI Committee. Online: https://doi.org/10.2861/629296 BEGG, Ian (2018): Innovative Directions for EU Cohesion Policy After 2020. CESifo Forum, (19)1, 3–9. München: IFO Institut-Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München. BORRÁS, Susana – JOHANSEN, Helle (2001): Cohesion Policy in the Political Economy of the European Union. Cooperation and Conflict, 36(1), 39–60. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/00108360121962254 BRUNAZZO, Marco (2016): The History and Evolution of Cohesion Policy. In Handbook on Cohesion Policy in the EU. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 17–35. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715670.00014 CIPRIANI, Gabriele (2010): The EU Budget: Responsibility Without Accountability? Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. Consolidated versions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2012) Council of the European Union (2023): The Future of Cohesion Policy – Council Conclusions (30 November 2023). Online: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-16230-2023-INIT/en/pdf DELORS, Jacques (2012): Interview. Panorama. 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MANZELLA, Gian Paolo – MENDEZ, Carlos (2009): The Turning Points of EU Cohesion Policy. Working Paper Report to Barca Report. European Policies Research Centre University of Strathclyde. Online: https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/38743/ MARKS, Gary (1993): Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance. In CAFRUNY, Alan – ROSENTHAL, Glenda (eds.): The State of the European Community (Volume 2). Harlow: Longman, 391–410. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685856540-024 NAVRACSICS, Tibor (2023): Cohesion Policy. In NAVRACSICS, Tibor – SCHMIDT, Laura – TÁRNOK, Balázs (eds.): On the Way to the Hungarian EU Presidency: Opportunities and Challenges for the Hungarian EU Presidency in 2024 in the Field of EU Policies. Budapest: Ludovika, 9–19. NYIKOS, Györgyi ed. (2017): Kohéziós Politika 2014–2020. Budapest: Ludovika. NYIKOS, Györgyi ed. (2018a): Állami támogatások. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. Online: https://antk.uni-nke.hu/document/akk-uni-nke-hu/Web_PDF_Allami_tamogatasok.pdf NYIKOS, Györgyi ed. (2018b): Beszerzések fejlesztési projekteknél. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. Online: https://antk.uni-nke.hu/document/akk-uni-nke-hu/Beszerz%C3%A9sek%20fejleszt%C3%A9si%20projektekn%C3%A9l.pdf NYIKOS, Györgyi – KONDOR, Zsuzsanna (2019): The Hungarian Experiences with Handling Irregularities in the Use of EU Funds. NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy, 12(1), 113–134. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2019-0005 NYIKOS, Györgyi – KONDOR, Zsuzsanna (2020): New Mechanisms for Integrated Territorial Development in Hungary. Pro Publico Bono – Public Administration, 8(1), 124–145. Online: https://doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2020.1.7 PETZOLD, Wolfgang (2022): The 2021 Reform of EU Cohesion Policy in Context of the Negotiations on the Multiannual Financial Framework. In HEINELT, Hubert – MÜNCH, Sybille (eds.): The EU at a Crossroads. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 122–143. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788977654.00014 Single European Act (1987) Treaty of Rome (EEC) Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957) Treaty on European Union (1992) WALLACE, Helen – REH, Christine (2015): An Institutional Anatomy and Five Policy Modes. In WALLACE, Helen – POLLACK, Mark A. – YOUNG, Alasdair R. (eds.): Policy-Making in the European Union. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 72–114." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(595) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "27-43" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.4.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(962) "

The Cohesion Policy of the European Union has a long history in European integration. New enlargement waves, internal and external challenges, economic downturns and other crises have consistently required a redefinition of the goals and instruments of Cohesion Policy. It is primarily recognised as one of the most prominent distributive policies of the EU and one of the largest development policies of the world. The aim of this article is to provide a basis for understanding this complex policy area by offering a historical perspective and outlining the future context and challenges. After establishing a suitable theoretical framework, the evolution of the policy is explained by examining the policy goals and objectives in different integration eras, as well as providing an overview of Cohesion Policy’s role in the EU’s budget. Following a summary of the main management methods, the article assesses the future perspectives of the policy.

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Boglárka Koller (1974) is a full professor, researcher, head of Department of European Studies at the University of Public Service - Ludovika. She graduated at the Corvinus University, Budapest as an economist in 1998; she also holds an MA in Nationalism Studies from the Central European University and an MSc in European Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a PhD in International Relations from Corvinus University. She habilitated in 2016 and was appointed as a full professor in 2020. She has numerous publications on European integration. Her latest volume on the political economy of the Eurozone was published by Routledge UK in 2021. https://www.routledge.com/The-Political-Economy-of-the-Eurozone-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Why/Arato-Koller-Pelle/p/book/9781032034676

She has more than twenty years’ teaching experience in the area of European Studies at each level of education (BA, MA, PhD) in Hungary and worldwide. Apart from the academic roles, she has several leadership positions. She is the vice-rector of international affairs at the University of Public Service – Ludovika, member of the Board of the Hungarian United Nations Association, member of the Social Sciences Committee of the Hungarian Accreditation Committee and head of the Editorial Board of the European Mirror Scientific Journal and member of the Public Body of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Committee of Political Sciences. She is the elected vice-president of the Central European Political Science Association (CEPSA) since 2018.

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Koller Boglárka (1974) egyetemi tanár, kutató, a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Európa-tanulmányok Tanszék vezetője. 1998-ban szerzett közgazdász diplomát a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen; emellett a Közép-Európai Egyetemen szerzett MA diplomát Nacionalizmus-tanulmányokból, a London School of Economics and Political Science-en pedig MSc fokozatot Európa-tanulmányokból, valamint PhD fokozatot nemzetközi kapcsolatokból a Corvinus Egyetemen. 2016-ban habilitált, 2020-ban pedig egyetemi tanárrá nevezték ki. Számos publikációja jelent meg az európai integrációról. Az eurózóna politikai gazdaságtanáról szóló legújabb kötete a Routledge UK gondozásában jelent meg 2021-ben. https://www.routledge.com/The-Political-Economy-of-the-Eurozone-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe- Miért / Arato-Koller-Pelle / p / könyv / 9781032034676

Több mint húsz éves oktatói tapasztalattal rendelkezik az Európa-tanulmányok területén az oktatás minden szintjén (BA, MA, PhD) Magyarországon és világszerte. Az akadémiai szerepeken kívül számos vezető pozíciót tölt be. A Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem nemzetközi rektorhelyettese, a Magyar ENSZ Társaság elnökségi tagja, a Magyar Akkreditációs Bizottság Társadalomtudományi Bizottságának tagja és az Európai Tükör tudományos folyóiratának szerkesztőbizottságának elnöke. Tagja az MTA Köztestületének, a Magyra Politikatudományi Bizottságnak. A Közép-Európai Politikatudományi Társaság (CEPSA) választott alelnöke 2018 óta.

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PDF (English)

The Cross-Border Cooperation Tool-Box of EU Cohesion Policy

Fejes Zsuzsanna, Ocskay Gyula

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.4

45-69.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74887-0_7 Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community (2007) VAN DER VALK, Johan (2018): Border Region Data collection. Final report. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2776/182672 VAN HOUTUM, Henk (2000): An Overview of European Geographical Research on Borders and Border Regions. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 15(1), 57–83. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2000.9695542 VEGGELAND, Noralv (2004): Post-National Governance and Transboundary Regionalization. Spatial Partnership Formations as Democratic Exit, Loyalty and Voice Options? In HOOPER, Barbara – KRAMSCH, Olivier (eds.): Cross-Border Governance in the European Union. Abingdon – New York: Routledge, 157–170. ZACHAR, Péter Krisztián (2023): Transition, Participation and Self-Governance: The Institutional Change of Hungarian Chambers. Budapest: Ludovika." 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The paper presents the 35-year evolution of the cooperation tool-box of the Cohesion Policy. The authors give an overview on the history of the financial (Interreg) and the governance (Euroregions and EGTCs) tools, and introduce the debate on a mechanism designed to facilitate the elimination of legal and administrative obstacles. The last debate indicates the climate change within European Territorial Cooperation policy generated by the series of crises since 2015.
The paper uses sources of information based on desk research (studies, evaluations, official documents and adopted regulations) and experiences gained from the management, implementation and evaluation of cross-border programmes and projects and adapts this knowledge in an interdisciplinary way, with a special focus on legal and political scientific aspects. As a conclusion, the paper raises concerns about the future of European Territorial Cooperation objective of the Cohesion Policy.

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PDF (English)

A Comparative Analysis of the Circular Economy Strategies of the EU Member States

György Ottília

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.5

71-87.

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Third Edition. California: Sage Publications. Online: https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_609332/objava_105202/fajlovi/Creswell.pdf CRAMER, Jacqueline (2022): Effective Governance of Circular Economies: An International Comparison. Journal of Cleaner Production, 343, 130874. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130874 European Commission (2014): Towards a Circular Economy: A Zero Waste Programme for Europe. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52014DC0398R%2801%29 European Commission (2015): Closing the Loop: An Action Plan for the Circular Economy. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614&qid=1697607115511 European Commission (2017): Roadmap – Development of a Monitoring Framework for the Circular Economy. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=PI_COM%3AAres%282017%291830357&qid=1697607115511 European Commission (2018): Monitoring Framework for the Circular Economy. 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Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=PI_COM%3AAres%282022%293492301&qid=1697607115511 European Commission (2023a): Measuring Progress towards Circular Economy in the European Union - Key Indicators for a Revised Monitoring Framework. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023SC0306&qid=1697607115511 European Commission (2023b): Revised Monitoring Framework for the Circular Economy. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023DC0306&qid=1697607115511 European Economic and Social Committee (2019): Circular Economy Strategies and Roadmaps in Europe: Identifying Synergies and the Potential for Cooperation and Alliance Building. Online: https://doi.org/10.2864/554946 European Parliament (2015): Resource Efficiency: Moving towards a Circular Economy. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015IP0266&qid=1697607115511 European Parliament (2018): Cohesion Policy and the Circular Economy. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018IP0254&qid=1697607115511 European Parliament (2021): Resolution of 10 February 2021 on the New Circular Economy Action Plan. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021IP0040&qid=1697607115511 (downloaded October 2023). Eurostat (2023): Monitoring Framework – Circular Economy Indicators. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/monitoring-framework GERING, Zsuzsanna (2017): Kevert szövegelemzési módszertan alkalmazása gazdasági és társadalmi jelenségek vizsgálatához – Online CSR-kommunikáció vizsgálata tartalomelemzéssel és diskurzuselemzéssel [Applying a Mixed Text Analysis Methodology to the Study of Economic and Social Phenomena. Exploring Online CSR Communication through Content Analysis and Discourse Analysis]. Vezetéstudomány, 48(4), 55–66. Online: https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2017.04.08 Government of Austria (2022): Austria on the Path to a Sustainable and Circular Society. Online: https://www.bmk.gv.at/en/topics/climate-environment/waste-resource-management/ces.html Government of Belgium (2014): Towards a Belgium as Pioneer in the Circular Economy. Online: https://www.belgium.be/en/economy/sustainable_development/sustainable_economy/innovative_economic_models/circular_economy Government of Bulgaria (2022): Transition to a Circular Economy of the Republic of Bulgaria for the period 2022–2027 and its Action Plan. Online: https://www.moew.government.bg/bg/strategiya-i-plan-za-dejstvie-za-prehod-kum-krugova-ikonomika-na-republika-bulgariya-za-perioda-2021-2027-g-10910/ Government of Cyprus (2021): National Action Plan for the Strengthening of the Circular Economy 2021–2027. Online: https://meci.gov.cy/assets/modules/wnp/articles/202109/290/docs/sxedio_drasiskikliki.pdf Government of Czech Republic (2021): Towards a National Strategic Framework for the Circular Economy in the Czech Republic. Circular Czechia 2040. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/23097841 Government of Denmark (2018): Strategy for Circular Economy. More Value and Better Environment through Design, Consumption, and Recycling. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/eng_mfvm_cirkulaer_oekonomi_as5_uk_final_web.pdf Government of Estonia (2022): The White Paper on Circular Economy in Estonia. Online: https://ringmajandus.envir.ee/en/creating-strategy-and-action-plan-circular-economy-estonia Government of Finland (2016): Leading the Cycle Finnish Road Map to a Circular Economy 2016–2025. Online: https://www.sitra.fi/app/uploads/2017/02/Selvityksia121.pdf Government of France (2018): Circular Economy Roadmap of France: 50 Measures for a 100% Circular Economy. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/frec_anglais.pdf Government of Germany (2021): Circular Economy Roadmap for Germany. Online: https://doi.org/10.48669/ceid_2021-4 Government of Greece (2018): National Circular Economy Strategy. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/national_circular_economy_strategy.pdf Government of Hungary (2023): Towards a National Circular Economy Strategy for Hungary. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/1178c379-en Government of Italy (2017): Towards a Model of Circular Economy for Italy Overview and Strategic Framework. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/strategy_-_towards_a_model_eng_completo_0.pdf Government of Ireland (2021): Whole of Government Circular Economy Strategy 2022–2023. Online: https://assets.gov.ie/207622/bd90130d-494e-4d32-8757-46d36c77b912.pdf Government of Latvia (2020): Action Plan for the Transition to a Circular Economy (2020–2027). Online: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/317168-par-ricibas-planu-parejai-uz-aprites-ekonomiku-20202027-gadam Government of Lithuania (2021): Roadmap for Lithuania's Industrial Transition to a Circular Economy: The First Vision of Lithuanian Industry Based on the Principles of Co-Creation and Partnership. Online: https://mita.lrv.lt/uploads/mita/documents/files/Roadmap_final.pdf Government of Luxembourg (2021): Circular Economy Strategy Luxembourg. Online: https://gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/documents/actualites/2021/02-fevrier/08-strategie-economie-circulaire/Strategy-circular-economy-Luxembourg-022021.pdf Government of Malta (2021): Towards a Circular Economy 2020–2030. Online: https://www.cemalta.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/email-version-fin..pdf Government of the Netherlands (2016): A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/17037circulaireeconomie_en.pdf Government of Poland (2019): Roadmap towards the Transition to Circular Economy. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/strategies/polands-circular-economy-roadmap Government of Portugal (2017): Leading the Transition: A Circular Economy Action Plan for Portugal 2017–2020. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/strategy_-_portuguese_action_plan_paec_en_version_3.pdf Government of Romania (2022): Circular Economy Strategy for Romania. Online: https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/national_strategy_for_the_circular_economy_in_romania.pdf Government of Spain (2020): España Circular 2030 – Circular Economy Spanish Strategy. 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Online: https://doi.org/10.20311/stat2023.02.hu0173 LACKO, Roman – HAJDUOVÁ, Zuzana – ZAWADA, Marcin (2021): The Efficiency of Circular Economies: A Comparison of Visegrád Group Countries. Energies, 14(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061680 MAYER, Andreas – HAAS, Willi – WIEDENHOFER, Dominik – KRAUSMANN, Fridolin – NUSS, Philip – BLENGINI, Gian Andrea (2019): Measuring Progress towards a Circular economy: A Monitoring Framework for Economy-wide Material Loop Closing in the EU28. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 62–76. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12809 MARINO, Alfonso – PARISO, Paolo (2020): Comparing European Countries’ Performances in the Transition towards the Circular Economy. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 138142. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138142 MAZUR, Wierzbicka Ewa (2021): Circular Economy: Advancement of European Union Countries. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33, 1–15. 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This paper focuses on the circular economy and, within this, on the strategies prepared by EU Member States to move towards a circular economy. The European Commission’s 2014 Communication “Towards a Circular Economy: a Zero Waste Europe” launched the transition to a Circular Economy (CE) in EU Member States. Subsequently, not only has the EU issued a CE Action Plan and a number of documents over the last 9 years, but Member States have also developed their own national strategies for the transition to CE during this period. These strategies vary from country to country, not only being country-specific, but also very heterogeneous in their name, composition, form, objectives and timeframe. The main research question of this paper is what the EU Member States’ circular strategies contain, and what the member states focus on within each of the categories I have chosen, what are the common points, and above all, the similarities and differences along the individual categories. To answer the “what” question, I used quantitative content analysis, while to answer the “what kind of” question, I used qualitative discourse analysis. The research is timely because by 2023, all EU countries without exception will finally have published their CE strategies. Previous studies that have looked at similar aspects only provide partial comparisons, as not all countries had a CE strategy.

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PDF (English)

Cohesion or Widening Disparities: R&D Performance vs. EU Funding of the Regions

Pató Viktória Lilla, Petri Bernadett, Matuz János

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.6

89-109.

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This comprehensive analysis investigates the effectiveness of EU funding in promoting research and innovation across various regions, with a specific focus on the Horizon Europe Programme. In this study, we employed a mixed-quantitative analysis of funding allocation data sourced from the Horizon Europe Dashboard and the Global Innovation Index. We systematically analysed the distribution of Horizon Europe funds from 2021 to 2023 across all EU Member States and their respective NUTS 2 regions, focusing on per capita and per researcher fund allocation. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted to assess the alignment between fund distribution and innovation indicators such as R&D intensity and innovation outputs.
The study also critically examines the EU’s cohesion policy, which is fundamentally designed to reduce regional disparities and promote equal opportunities across all EU regions. Through our analysis, we aim to assess whether the current implementation of the EU’s financial instruments aligns with the overarching goals of cohesion policy, particularly in terms of fostering uniform economic growth and development. This examination is crucial as it highlights the need for the values of cohesion to be more effectively integrated into the criteria systems of directly managed EU funding programs to achieve its intended objectives of regional and territorial cohesion.
The study reveals persistent and widening disparities in the distribution of funds, which accentuate regional and national inequalities within the EU. Despite significant financial allocations aimed at fostering innovation, the evidence points to a concentrated benefit in specific regions, particularly those already developed, thereby raising concerns about the equitable promotion of technological advancement and economic growth across less developed areas. The findings underscore the need for a more balanced and strategic approach to funding that ensures all regions can contribute to and benefit from Europe’s innovation landscape. This research contributes crucial insights into the complexities of funding allocation, the challenges of regional disparities, and the potential pathways towards a more inclusive innovation policy within the European Union.

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Pató Viktória Lilla

elnök

Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem

Doktorandusz Önkormányzat

1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2.

P: + 36 20/332 3035
E: pato.viktoria.lilla@uni-nke.hu

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Researcher, Europe Strategy Research Institute, József Eötvös Research Centre, University of Public Service

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Kutató, Európa Stratégia Kutatóintézet, Eötvös József Kutatóközpont, Nemzeti Közszolgálat iEgyetem

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PDF (English)

Is the Purpose of Cohesion Policy Changing? The Goals of Cohesion Policy in the Reports of the European Parliament

Lapu Árpád

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.7

111-121.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.59809/Comitatus.2023.33-246.119 European Parliament (2021a): European Parliament Legislative Resolution of 23 June 2021 on the Council Position at First Reading with a View to the Adoption of a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund [06168/1/2021 – C9-0194/2021 – 2018/0197(COD)]. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0299_EN.html European Parliament (2021b): Recommendation for Second Reading on the Council Position at First Reading with a View to the Adoption of a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0204_EN.html European Parliament (2021c): Report on the Gender Dimension in Cohesion Policy. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0154_EN.html European Parliament (2022a): European Parliament Resolution of 6 April 2022 on the Start of the Implementation of the 2021–2027 Cohesion Policy [2022/2527(RSP)]. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0113_EN.html European Parliament (2022b): European Parliament Resolution of 15 September 2022 on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion in the EU: The 8th Cohesion Report. [2022/2032(INI)]. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0326_EN.html European Council (2023a): European Council Meeting (14 and 15 December 2023) – Conclusions. Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/68967/europeancouncilconclusions-14-15-12-2023-en.pdf European Parliament (2023b): European Parliament Resolution of 22 November 2023 on Proposals of the European Parliament for the Amendment of the Treaties [2022/2051(INL)]. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2023-0427_EN.html European Parliament (2024): Report on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 – Implementation and Outcomes in the Member States. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2024-0049_EN.html HORVÁTH, Zoltán (2011): Kézikönyv az Európai Unióról. Budapest: HVG-ORAC. KAISER, Tamás (2018): A kohéziós politika 2020 utáni perspektívái. Comitatus, 2018 nyár, 36–45. KLUG, Michael (2006): Market Entry Strategies in Eastern Europe in the Context of the European Union – An Empirical Research into German Firms Entering the Polish Market. Danzig: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9334-8 MOLLE, Willem (2015): Cohesion and Growth – The Theory and Practise of European Policy Making. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315727332 PETRE, Bianca-Georgiana (2021): Reform of the EU Cohesion Policy in the Context of the New 2021–2027 Multiannual Financial Framework: A Study on the Post-2020 Prospects of Central and Eastern European Interdependence. Oeconomia, Romanian Society for Economic Science. Online: https://doi.org/10.24818/OEC/2021/30/1.03 PETZOLD, Wolfgang (2022): The 2021 Reform of EU Cohesion Policy in Context of the Negotiations of the Multiannual Financial Framework, In HEINELT, Hubert – MÜNCH, Sybille (eds.): EU Policymaking at a Crossroads: Negotiating the 2021–2027 Budget. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 122–143. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788977654.00014 SZÉCHY, Balázs (2023): The Future of Cohesion Policy the Emerging Debate. European Parliament Research Service Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/753948/EPRS_BRI(2023)753948_EN.pdf VON DER LEYEN, Ursula (2019): A Union that Strives for More. European Commission. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2020-04/political-guidelines-next-commission_en_0.pdf Legal sources Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 on the European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R1058 Regulation (EU) 2021/1060 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund Plus, the Cohesion Fund, the Just Transition Fund and the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund and financial rules for those and for the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, the Internal Security Fund and the Instrument for Financial Support for Border Management and Visa Policy Regulation (EU) 2022/562 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 amending Regulations (EU) No 1303/2013 and (EU) No 223/2014 as regards Cohesion’s Action for Refugees in Europe (CARE). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R0562 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Online: https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT:en:PDF" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(595) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "111-121" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.4.7" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1240) "

An effective cohesion policy is the backbone of the common market and European economy in general. It mitigates the negative effects of economic integration by strengthening the weakest links in the chain of European economic cooperation. The significance of cohesion policy is evident, however, there are worrying tendencies weakening its effectiveness. Not only does the Multiannual Financial Framework have less nominal resources allocated for cohesion in general, but the focus, objectives, and recipients seem to be shifting as well. By introducing the objectives of other policy fields into cohesion policy and deviating its resources for short-term crisis management, the development of regions and their cohesion seems to become a secondary, subsidiary objective. Without cohesion policy, the costs of accelerated economic integration can become unbearable for certain parts of the EU. Even though the European Parliament does recognise this tendency, it sends mixed signals during legislative and non-legislative procedures. There is only one solution for the change in the nature of cohesion policy and thus its hollowing-out – a strict separation of cohesion and non-cohesion goals and their allocation in the EU budget.

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PDF (English)

Support Funds of the European Union and their Eastern Central European Comparison

Kocsis Lóránt Zsombor

doi: 10.32559/et.2023.4.8

123-148.

object(Publication)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(6956) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2024-07-17" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-07-17 11:57:12" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8604) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(6832) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(1655) "Agenția de Dezvoltare Centru (2022): Structura PR Centru 2021–2027. Online: https://regio-adrcentru.ro/structura-por-2021-2027/ ARTNER, Annamária (2014): Tőke, munka és válság a globalizáció korában. Budapest: Akadémiai. CRUCITTI, Francesca – LAZAROU, Nicholas-Joseph – MONFORT, Philippe – SALOTTI, Simone (2023): The Impact of the 2014–2020 European Structural Funds on Territorial Cohesion. Regional Studies, 1–15. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2243989 Fonduri Structurale (2023): Planul Național Strategic PAC. Fonduri structurale. Online: https://www.fonduri-structurale.ro/programe-operationale/18/planul-national-strategic-pentru-agricultura-si-dezvoltare-rurala#! KENGYEL, Ákos (2020): Kohéziós politika. Budapest: Akadémiai. KHANNA, Parag (2017): Konnektográfia. Budapest: HVG Könyvek. KOPÁTSY, Sándor (2021): Új közgazdaságtan. A minőség társadalma. Budapest: Pallas Athéné. Pénzcentrum (2023): A klímaváltozás okai: milyen hatással van a globális felmelegedés a földi időjárásra? Pénzcentrum.hu, 12 March 2023. Online: https://www.penzcentrum.hu/gazdasag/20230312/a-klimavaltozas-okai-milyen-hatassal-van-a-globalis-felmelegedes-a-foldi-idojarasra-1134825# UNECE (2021): Total length of motorways. Online: https://w3.unece.org/PXWeb/en/Table?IndicatorCode=50 WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel (2010): Bevezetés a világrendszer-elméletbe. Budapest: L’Harmattan. Legal source Regulation (EU) 2021/1058 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 on the European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1058/oj" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(595) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "123-148" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2023.4.8" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1064) "

Recent events have posed significant challenges for the world economy, including the European Union. There were problems at several levels, with the memory of the 2008 crisis and its aftermath still present in society, an energy crisis, and the very damaging effects of the pandemic on the economy and, finally, the outbreak of war on the continent. Even before that, the EU had a number of problems to address, such as improving competitiveness and the issue of migration, but these events had exacerbated them. The EU’s cohesion policy plays an important role in addressing or at least mitigating these challenges by providing a well-planned support structure to intervene and offer solutions. How are the funds structured? What are the main funding priorities, which in turn also highlight the most pressing problems? How have the funds changed compared to the previous budgetary period, and how do the particularly vulnerable Eastern Central European countries stand to benefit from these? The present study aims to analyse and answer these questions.

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közgazdaság- és vállalkozástan tanár

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Turning Water into Wine?

Tanulmány

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Support Funds of the European Union and their Eastern Central European Comparison