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Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12906 CRESPY, Amandine – VANHEUVERZWIJN, Pierre (2016): What “Brussels” Means by Structural Reforms. Les Cahiers du Cevipol Brussels Working Papers, (5), 58–87. Online: https://doi.org/10.3917/lcdc.165.0058 CSATH, Magdolna – FÁSI, Csaba – NAGY, Balázs – PÁLFI, Nóra – TAKSÁS, Balázs –VINOGRADOV, Sergey (2018): Measuring the Social Trust of Young People in the Light of Competitiveness – A Case Study in Hungary. Vadyba: Journal of Management, 32(1), 49–59. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/158467/1/5_07_Ksath.pdf DE BECKER, Eleni (2024): The Principle of Adequate Social Protection in the European Pillar of Social Rights: Assessing the Instruments Used to Realise Its Potential. European Journal of Social Security, 26(2), 284–304. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/13882627241254613 European Commission (2020): Country Specific Recommendations. 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Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 26(4), 7–26. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2023.4.2 LADI, Stella – POLVERARI, Laura (2025): Reconceptualising the EU – Member States Relationship in the Age of Permanent Emergency. Comparative European Politics, 23, 1–17. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-024-00384-6 LOPRIORE, Marco (2022): Recovery Plans and Structural Funds: How to Strengthen the Link. Online: https://www.eipa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EIPA-Briefing_Recovery-plans-and-strutural-funds_eng.pdf RAINONE, Silvia (2022): From Deregulatory Pressure to Laissez Faire: The (Moderate) Social Implications of the EU Recovery Strategy. Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 15(Special Issue 1), 31–52. Online: https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/15705 TÓTH, Tibor (2018): Az európai szociális modell történeti változásai és perspektívái [The Changes and Perspectives of the European Social Model]. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 21(2), 33–50. 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One of the most important financial instruments for recovery from the pandemic crisis is the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RFF), which replaces austerity-oriented conditionality introducing a demand-driven and results-oriented framework, with access to support conditional on forward-looking reforms and investment plans. All this contributes to the renewal of European economic governance, which in the post-pandemic period relies heavily on the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) and the general objectives of the RFF. Based on an analysis of the relevant literature, EU documents and databases, the study argues that the interconnection of the EPSR and RRF governance architectures has created an opportunity to strengthen the socialisation and territorialisation of European economic governance, at the same time the effectiveness of implementation is influenced by several factors, above all, the diversity of social policy and regional development practices represented by Member States, the differing domestic priorities of recovery strategies, and the unclear relationship between the RFF and cohesion policy.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-021-00237-9 Legal sources Brundtland Report 1987 of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations. Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12016M/TXT Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/oj/eng Charter of Fundamental Rights. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12016P/TXT Case C-127/02 Landelijke Vereniging tot Behoud van de Waddenzee and Nederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming van Vogels v. Staatssecretaris van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij. Opinion of Advocate General Kokott delivered on 29 January 2004. Case C-141/02 Commission of the European Communities v. T-Mobile Austria GmbH. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 22 February 2005. 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Case C-379/92 Criminal proceedings against Matteo Peralta. Judgment of the Court of 14 July 1994. Case C-379/98 PreussenElektra AG v. Schhleswag AG, in the presence of Windpark Reußenköge III GmbH and Land Schleswig-Holstein. Judgment of the Court of 13 March 2001. Case C-444/15 Associazione Italia Nostra Onlus v. Comune di Venezia and Others. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 21 December 2016. Case C 573/12 Ålands vindkraft AB v. Energimyndigheten. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 July 2014. Case C-673/13 P Commission v. Stichting Greenpeace. Judgment of 23 November 2016, Commission v. Stichting Greenpeace Nederland and PAN Europe (Appeal Case before the General Court T-545/11). Case T-177/13 TestBioTech and Others v. Commission. Judgment of the General Court (Fifth Chamber) of 15 December 2016." 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The concept of sustainability is expressly or indirectly embedded in the primary law of the European Union, as analysed in the Treaty on European Union, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The novel contribution of this research is that it illustrates how these documents have, in many cases, been conceived as aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), thereby situating the EU’s constitutional framework as an SDG-compliant normative framework. Whereas ideas of sustainability have typically been construed as limited to environmental protection, this research employs a broader conceptualisation, manifesting it comprehensively across environmental, economic, social and financial dimensions, including fiscal sustainability, macroeconomic stability and resource governance. Through an analysis of key CJEU case law, it demonstrates how judicial interpretation through adjudication operationalises the sustainability objectives enshrined in treaties and exposes the tensions between the freedom of the market and environmental or societal aims. The analysis demonstrates that sustainability has moved from a stated and aspirational principle to a structuring feature of EU integration, but there continues to be an ambition that grounds limitations. The EU’s sustainability concept requires a climate-specific treaty provision, a horizontal sustainability compliance mechanism, and the elevation of environmental and intergenerational protection to fully justiciable rights.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(79) "Reflections on Sustainability and SDGs in the Primary Law of the European Union" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(17) "Vértesy László" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#725 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11235) ["email"]=> string(24) "laszlo.vertesy@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8707) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(201) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9783-2572" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "

associate professor

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egyetemi docens

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object(Publication)#128 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7936) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-05-12" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-05-12 15:29:24" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10051) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(7812) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3499) "BACHTLER, John – MENDEZ, Carlos (2020): Cohesion Policy: Doing More with Less. In WALLACE, Helen – POLLACK, Mark A. – ROEDERER-RYNNING, Christilla – YOUNG, Alasdair R. (eds.): Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 232–253. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198807605.003.0010 BACHTLER, John – MENDEZ, Carlos – COMAN, Ramona – CRESPY, Amandine – SCHMIDT, Vivien A. (2020): Cohesion and the EU’s Budget: Is Conditionality Undermining Solidarity? In COMAN, Ramona – CRESPY, Amandine – SCHMIDT, Vivien A. (eds.): Governance and Politics in the Post-crisis European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 121–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108612609.009 BRIA, Francesca – TIMMERS, Paul – GERNONE, Fausto (2025): EuroStack – A European Alternative for Digital Sovereignty. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung. Online: https://doi.org/10.11586/2025006 DRAGHI, Mario (2024): The Future of European Competitiveness. A Competitiveness Strategy for Europe. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/strengthening-european-competitiveness/eu-competitiveness-looking-ahead_en European Commission (2024): Financial Transparency System. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/budget/financial-transparency-system/analysis.html European Commission (s. a.): Funding by Management Mode. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/find-funding/funding-management-mode_en Eurostat (s. a.): Population of Europe. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/demo_pjan Horizon Dashboard, RTD Cordia. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/horizon-dashboard HUNTER, Alison (2023): Addressing Cohesion Policy’s Identity Crisis in a Changing European Union. European Policy Centre, 15 February 2023. Online: https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2023/Cohesion_Policy_DP.pdf JANČOVÁ, Lenka – KAMMERHOFER-SCHLEGEL, Christa – CENTRONE, Marco (2024): The Future of EU Cohesion: Scenarios and Their Impacts on Regional Inequalities. European Parliamentary Research Service, December 2024. Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2024)762854 KENGYEL, Ákos (2019): Az Európai Unió költségvetésének jövője a 2021–2027-es többéves pénzügyi keret tükrében [The Future of the EU Budget in Light of the 2021–2027 Multi-annual Financial Framework]. Közgazdasági Szemle, 66(5), 521–550. Online: https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2019.5.521 LEINO-SANDBERG, Päivi (2024): Cohesion Policy and the Principle of Subsidiarity: A Legal Analysis. ZEW – Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Papers, (24-042). Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4871722 PATÓ, Viktória Lilla – PETRI, Bernadett – MATUZ, János (2023): Cohesion or Widening Disparities: R&D Performance vs. EU Funding of the Regions. Európai Tükör – European Mirror, 25(4), 89–109. Online: https://doi.org/10.32559/et.2023.4.6 Legal sources Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, 47–390 Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union. OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, 13–390 Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2093 of 17 December 2020 Laying Down the Multiannual Financial Framework for the Years 2021 to 2027, OJ L 433I, 22.12.2020, 11–22 Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No. 1311/2013 of 2 December 2013 Laying Down the Multiannual Financial Framework for the Years 2014–2020, OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, 884–891" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(686) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "43-58" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32559/et.2025.2.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1387) "

This study examines the absorption of direct European Union (EU) funding by the Visegrád Group (V4) countries – Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia – during the 2021–2023 period. Employing a mixed-quantitative analysis, data were sourced from the Financial Transparency System of the European Commission. The focus is on twenty-five key EU programmes, including Horizon, LIFE, Digital Europe Programme (DEP), EU4Health, European Defence Fund (EDF), Euratom, Military Mobility, Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), Erasmus+, Creative, Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values (CERV), Innovation Fund, Single Market Programme. The study reveals that 20 years after their accession to the EU, the V4 countries still receive one third of the EU average in direct EU funding. In absolute terms, their share has been 4.86% over the last three years, while their population represents 13.98% of the EU population. This means that the existing distribution of directly managed EU funds reinforces regional and national disparities and does not promote cohesion. Given the fact that the share, the number and scope of directly managed EU funds are steadily increasing and the share of the Cohesion Fund, which is jointly managed by the Commission and the Member States, is expected to decrease in the future, mainstreaming cohesion in the programming of EU direct funds will be crucial.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1387) "

This study examines the absorption of direct European Union (EU) funding by the Visegrád Group (V4) countries – Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia – during the 2021–2023 period. Employing a mixed-quantitative analysis, data were sourced from the Financial Transparency System of the European Commission. The focus is on twenty-five key EU programmes, including Horizon, LIFE, Digital Europe Programme (DEP), EU4Health, European Defence Fund (EDF), Euratom, Military Mobility, Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), Erasmus+, Creative, Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values (CERV), Innovation Fund, Single Market Programme. The study reveals that 20 years after their accession to the EU, the V4 countries still receive one third of the EU average in direct EU funding. In absolute terms, their share has been 4.86% over the last three years, while their population represents 13.98% of the EU population. This means that the existing distribution of directly managed EU funds reinforces regional and national disparities and does not promote cohesion. Given the fact that the share, the number and scope of directly managed EU funds are steadily increasing and the share of the Cohesion Fund, which is jointly managed by the Commission and the Member States, is expected to decrease in the future, mainstreaming cohesion in the programming of EU direct funds will be crucial.

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object(Publication)#762 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8355) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-05-12" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-05-12 15:29:24" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10632) ["sectionId"]=> int(26) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8231) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(10998) "BÁNDI Gyula szerk. (2022): Környezetjog. Budapest: Szent István Társulat. BERTA Márton – FALUS György – KIRÁLY Csilla (2011): A szén-dioxid felszín alatti elhelyezése. CCS – új eszköz a klímaváltozás elleni küzdelemben. Természet Világa, 142(1), 27–28. European Commission (2019a): The European Green Deal. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640 European Commission (2019b): Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. On Implementation of Directive 2009/31/EC on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0566 European Commission (2020): Communication from the Commission to the European Parlia-ment, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability. Towards a Toxic-Free Environment. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0667 European Commission (2021): Communication from the Commission to the European Parlia-ment and the Council. Sustainable Carbon Cycles. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0800 European Commission (2024): Communication from the Commission to the European Parlia-ment, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Towards an ambitious Industrial Carbon Management for the EU. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0062 European Council (2016): On the Conclusion, on Behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement Adopted Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016D1841&locale=hu European Eonomic and Social Committee (2024): Opinion on the ’Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Towards an Ambitious Industrial Carbon Management for the EU’. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:C_202404666 European Parliament (2003): Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 Establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community and Amending Council Directive 96/61/EC. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32003L0087 European Parliament (2009): Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide and Amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32009L0031 European Parliament (2010): Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on Industrial Emissions (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32010L0075 European Parliament (2013): Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the Annual Financial Statements, Consolidated Financial Statements and Related Reports of Certain Types of Undertakings, Amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Repealing Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013L0034 European Parliament (2015): Directive 2015/2193/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the Limitation of Emissions of Certain Pollutants into the Air from Medium Combustion Plants. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32015L2193 European Parliament (2018): Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the Inclusion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry in the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, and Amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32018R0841 European Parliament (2020): Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202403012 European Parliament (2021a): Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 Establishing the Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality and Amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R1119 European Parliament (2021b): Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2021 Supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council by Specifying the Content and Presentation of Information to be Disclosed by Undertakings Subject to Articles 19a or 29a of Directive 2013/34/EU Concerning Environmentally Sustainable Economic Activities, and Specifying the Methodology to Comply with that Disclosure Obligation. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:02021R2178-20240101 European Parliament (2023a): Regulation (EU) 2023/955 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 Establishing a Social Climate Fund and Amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1060. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R0955 European Parliament (2023b): Directive 2023/959/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 Amending Directive 2003/87/EC Establishing a System for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Union and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 Concerning the Establishment and Operation of a Market Stability Reserve for the Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023L0959 European Parliament (2024a): Regulation (EU) 2024/1735 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on Establishing a Framework of Measures for Strengthening Europe’s Net-zero Technology Manufacturing Ecosystem and Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202401735 European Parliament (2024b): Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202403012 European Parliament (2024c): Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Establishing a Framework of Measures for Strengthening Europe’s Net-Zero Technology Products Manufacturing Ecosystem (Net Zero Industry Act). Online: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/publications/net-zero-indust-ry-act_en FARKAS CSAMANGÓ Erika et al. (2023): Szén-dioxid-tárolási és -hasznosítási (CCS/CCU) lehetőségek Magyarországon. Fehér Könyv. Szeged: Innovariant Nyomdaipari Kft. FODOR László (2014): Klímavédelem az energiajogban – szabályozási modellek Németországból. Budapest: Wolters Kluwer Complex. FRATTINI, Linda – BECATTINI, Viola – MAZZOTTI, Marco (2024): Main Current Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, and Storage in the European Economic Area. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 136, 4–5. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104172 FREESTONE, David – STRECK, Charlotte szerk. (2009): Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.001.0001 HONEGGER, Matthias – BURNS, Wil – MORROW, David R. (2021): Is Carbon Dioxide Removal ‘Mitigation of Climate Change’? Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 30(3), 327–335. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12401 IEA (2022): Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for CCUS. IEA Publications, 72–80. Online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/bda8c2b2-2b9c-4010-ab56-b941dc8d0635/LegalandRegulatoryFrameworksforCCUS-AnIEACCUSHandbook.pdf IPCC (2022): 1.5°C Special report: Chapter 2 – Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 93 – 174 Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.004 KOPPÁNY Krisztián (2021): A Pareto-hatékony klímavédelem és a szén-dioxid-kibocsátás csökkentési lehetőségeinek határa. Magyar Tudomány, 182(3), 322–331. Online: https://doi.org/10.1556/2065.182.2021.3.4 KOPPÁNY Krisztián – HANULA Barna (2021): Mennyi szén-dioxid van egy euróban? 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The European Union has committed to becoming climate-neutral by 2050. To achieve this, it must reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, which can be accomplished, for example, by introducing renewable energy sources and developing greener technologies. In addition, greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere through natural systems (such as forest conservation and afforestation) and carbon capture technologies. Therefore, in addition to reducing emissions, it will be necessary to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Regarding technologies for carbon capture and storage, legislative processes have accelerated in EU policy. The European Union’s carbon management strategy is a new policy and legislative framework adopted in 2024 that aims to establish infrastructure for carbon capture, transport, utilization, and storage. The Net-Zero Industry Regulation aims to strengthen the competitiveness of EU industry by promoting the technologies necessary to achieve climate neutrality goals. The regulation recognizes carbon capture and storage as a net-zero technology. As technologies evolve rapidly, the regulatory environment must keep pace and also leave room for further developments.

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Az Európai Unió vállalta, hogy 2050-re klímasemlegessé válik. Ehhez csökkenteni kell a légkörbe bocsátott üvegházhatású gázok mennyiségét, amit például megújuló energiaforrások bevezetésével, zöldebb technológiák kifejlesztésével érhet el. Emellett a légkörből kivonhatók az üvegházhatást okozó gázok, például természetes rendszerek (erdők megőrzésével és telepítésével) és szénmegkötő technológiák segítségével. Az emissziócsökkentés kiegészítéseként tehát szükség lesz a szén-dioxid légkörből való eltávolítására. A szén-dioxid leválasztását és tárolását biztosító technológiákat illetően az uniós politikában felgyorsultak a jogalkotási folyamatok. Az Európai Unió szén-dioxid-gazdálkodási stratégiája egy új, 2024-ben elfogadott szakpolitikai és jogalkotási keret, amely célul tűzi ki szén-dioxid-leválasztási, -szállítási, -hasznosítási és -tárolási infrastruktúra kiépítését. A Nettó zéró iparról szóló rendelet megalkotásának célja, hogy megerősítse az EU iparának versenyképességét a klímasemlegességi célokhoz szükséges technológiák ösztönzésével. A rendelet nettó zéró technológiaként ismeri el a szén-dioxid-leválasztást és -tárolást is. A technológiák gyors fejlődésével a szabályozási környezetnek lépést kell tartania, továbbá teret kell hagynia a további fejlesztéseknek is.

Az EU ipari szén-dioxid-gazdálkodási stratégiája az üvegházhatásúgáz-kibocsátás mérséklésének kiegészítője. A szén-dioxid-leválasztást és -tárolást széles körben kell alkalmazni az éghajlatváltozás mérséklésére irányuló egyéb intézkedések kiegészítéseként. 

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