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(2023): Philippine Migration Journey: Processes and Programs in the Migration Life Cycle, Background paper to the World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. Online: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/10c897a0730557682d8b1d67a5a65adc-0050062023/original/Philippine-Migration-Experience-and-Cases-FORMATTED.pdf BELTRAN, Michael (2023): Philippines to Hire Unlicensed Nurses as Shortages Bite. Nikkei Asia, 10 July 2023. Online: https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Health-Care/Philippines-to-hire-unlicensed-nurses-as-shortages-bite CHILTON, Adam – WODA, Bartosz (2022): The Expanding Universe of Bilateral Labor Agreements. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 23(2), 1–64. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0010 HAAS, Hein de – CASTLES, Stephen – MILLER, Mark J. (2020): The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the World. London: Red Globe Press. HENNEBRY, Jenna L. – PIPER, Nicola – KC, Hari – WILLIAMS, Kira (2022): Bilateral Labor Agreements as Migration Governance Tools: An Analysis from a Gender Lens. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 23(2), 184–204. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0015 HORVÁTH, Valéria Eszter (2023): Emerging Migration Theories in the Wake of Regularising Climate Change Induced Human Mobility under International Law. Acta Humana, 11(1), 111–125. Online: https://doi.org/10.32566/ah.2023.1.7 ILO (1949): Ro86 – Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised), 1949 (No. 86). Online: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312424 ILO (1998): ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up. Online: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/ILO_1998_Declaration_EN.pdf ILO (2006) The Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration. Non-binding Principles and Guidelines for a Rights-Based Approach to Labour Migration. Geneva: International Labour Office. Online: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_146243.pdf ILO (2010) International Labour Migration. A Rights-Based Approach. Geneva: International Labour Office. Online: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_protect/%40protrav/%40migrant/documents/publication/wcms_208594.pdf ILO (2019) Tool for the Assessment of Bilateral Labour Migration Agreements Pilot-Tested in the African Region. Online: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_protect/%40protrav/%40migrant/documents/publication/wcms_722208.pdf Intergovernmental Authority on Development – ILO (2021): Background Report: IGAD Regional Guidelines on Rights Based Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs). Online: https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/outputs/encyclopediaEntry/IGAD-regional-guidelines-on-rights-based-Bilateral/995219360102676 KOZAK, Yuriy – SHENGELIA, Teimuraz eds. (2014): An Introduction to International Economics Relations. Tbilisi: Publishing House “Universal”. Lee, Everett S. (1966): A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3, 47–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063 MANGULABNAN, Bernard P. – DAQUIO, Carl R. O. (2019): A Review of Bilateral Labor Agreements Concluded by the Philippines with Countries of Destination: Toward a Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation. ILS Journal, 1(1). Online: https://ils.dole.gov.ph/downloads/file/191-a-review-of-bilateral-labor-agreements-concluded-by-the-philippines-with-countries-of-destination-toward-a-framework-for-monitoring-and-evaluation Migration Data Portal (2023): Remittances. Online: https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/remittances RAMAMURTHY, Bhargavi (2003): International Labour Migrants: Unsung Heroes of Globalisation. Online: https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida2899en-international-labour-migrants-unsung-heroes-of-globalisation.pdf UN Network on Migration (2022) Guidance on Bilateral Labour Migration Agreements. Online: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/system/files/resources_files/220426_BLM_Guidance_CLI.pdf WICKRAMASEKARA, Piyasiri (2018): Good Practices and Provisions in Multilateral and Bilateral Labour Agreements and Memoranda of Understanding. ILO Country Office for Bangladesh. 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Labour migration is a complex global phenomenon, connecting the aspirations of individuals seeking better work opportunities with the regulatory frameworks established by international and national instruments. In this framework, bilateral labour migration arrangements emerge between states as governing instruments of cross-border employment. That is why this paper aims to examine the bilateral labour migration arrangements of the Philippines, particularly with countries in the Middle East and Europe, and assess their compliance with international human rights and worker’s rights, with a focus on the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Conventions. By doing so, the article seeks to contribute to the understanding of multilateral legal frameworks governing labour migration and to identify the role of bilateral labour arrangements as the most effective means of governance from the perspective of states involved. Selecting the Philippines as the centre of our analysis aligns with global labour migration trends, as the Philippines is one of the largest exporters of labour to the Middle East and Western Europe. Additionally, a recent trend of emerging labour markets in Eastern and Central Europe also vindicates prognostic research in this topic.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eead032 BURMAN, Erica – CHANTLER, Khatidja (2005): Domestic Violence and Minoritisation: Legal and Policy Barriers Facing Minoritized Women Leaving Violent Relationships. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28(1), 59–74. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.12.004 CAPONE, Francesca (2017): Violence against Women: Assessing Italy’s Compliance with the OSCE Commitments and the Current International Legal Framework. Security and Human Rights, 28(1), 24–48. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02801004 CHOUDHRY, Shazia (2016): Towards a Transformative Conceptualisation of Violence Against Women – A Critical Frame Analysis of Council of Europe Discourse on Violence Against Women. The Modern Law Review, 79(3), 406–441. CICHOWSKI, Rachel A. (2016): The European Court of Human Rights, Amicus Curiae, and Violence against Women. Law & Society Review, 50(4), 890–919. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12236 COSTELLO, Róisín A. (2021): Volodina v. Russia (no. 2): Intimate Images, Domestic Violence and the Positive Obligations of Member States under Article 8 ECHR. European Data Protection Law Review, 7(4), 614–620. Online: https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2021/4/19 DEMIR, Ebru (2021): The European Court of Human Rights’ Engagement with International Human Rights Instruments: Looking at the Cases of Domestic Violence. The Age of Human Rights Journal, 17, 79–96. Online: https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v17.6347 DEMPSEY, Michelle M. (2007): Toward a Feminist State: What Does Effective Prosecution of Domestic Violence Mean?’ The Modern Law Review, 70(6), 908–935. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2007.00670.x DEVANEY, John (2014): Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence: How Should We Hold Them to Account? The Political Quarterly, 85(4), 480–486. 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HEDLUND, Niels (2024): The ECHR and the Positive Obligation to Criminalise Domestic Psychological Violence. Human Rights Law Review, 24(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngae019 KHRYSTOVA, Ganna (2014): State Positive Obligations and Due Diligence in Human Rights in Human Rights and Domestic Violence Perspective. European Political and Law Discourse, 1(5), 109–122. KRENC, Frédéric (2025): The European Convention on Human Rights: Pillars, Shifts, and Challenges. Human Rights Law Review, 25(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaf023 LONDONO, Patricia (2012): Human Rights, Positive Obligations and Domestic Violence: Kalucza v. Hungary in the European Court of Human Rights. International Human Rights Law Review, 1(2), 339–348. MCQUIGG, Ronagh J. A. (2015): Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue. Rumor v. Italy’. European Journal of International Law, 26(4), 1009–1025. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv057 MCQUIGG, Ronagh J. A. (2021): The European Court of Human Rights and Domestic Violence: Volodina v. Russia. International Human Rights Law Review, 10(1), 155–167. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/22131035-01001002 MUJUZI, Jamil D. (2016): Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence in Europe: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. In ATKIN, Bill (ed.): International Survey of Family Law. Bristol: Jordan Publishing. 165–186. MURPHY, Sarah (2019): Domestic Violence as Sex Discrimination: Ten Years Since the Seminal European Court of Human Rights Decision in Opuz v. Turkey. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 51(4), 1347–1358. RACHOVITSA, Adamantia (2015): Fragmentation of International Law Revisited: Insights, Good Practices, and Lessons to be Learned from the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights. Leiden Journal of International Law, 28(4), 863–885. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S092215651500045X RISTIK, Jelena (2020): Protection from Gender-based Violence before the European Court of Human Rights. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(2), 71–88. Online: https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2020071r%20 ROBERTS, Kendra D. (2021): “A Discriminatory Effect on Women”: Implications of Volodina v. Russia in Promulgating Domestic Violence Protection in Russia. North Carolina Journal of International Law, 46(2), 315–352. RUDOLF, Beate – ERIKSSON, Andrea (2007): Women’s Rights under International Human Rights Treaties: Issues of Rape, Domestic Slavery, Abortion, and Domestic Violence. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5(3), 507–525. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mom022 SĘKOWSKA-KOZŁOWSKA, Katarzyna (2024): Proving Domestic Violence as Gender Structural Discrimination before the European Court of Human Rights. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 37(6), 1725–1738. SPERLING, Valerie – SUNDSTROM, Lisa M. (2024): Russia, Domestic Violence, and Barriers to Sex Discrimination Cases at the European Court of Human Rights, 1998–2021. In BRODEALǍ, Elena – JELIC, Ivana – ŞUTEU, Silvia (eds.): Violence against Women under European Human Rights Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 114–136. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035346660.00015 ŠPREM, Petra (2023): Conceptualising Torture in Domestic Violence Cases: The ECHR’s Dynamic Approach’ Central European Academy Law Review, 1(2), 203–224. Online: https://doi.org/10.62733/2023.2.203-224 Statista (2023): Share of Women Who Suffered Intimate Partner Physical and/or Sexual Violence over Their Lifetime in 2023, by Country. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1212170/share-of-women-who-suffered-intimate-partner-physical-and-or-sexual-violence-by-region/?srsltid=AfmBOopEVB7uqW9_eIADYa2q2DU7TBM0iMYDPU06Tyth7K7BaazBsVDR TOLBARU, Carmina-Elena (2022): European Legal Measures to Prevent and Combat Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. Journal of Law and Public Administration, 16(16), 151–156. VÁZQUEZ, David – AIZPURUA, Eva – COPP, Jennifer – RICARTE, Jorge J. (2021): Perceptions of Violence against Women in Europe: Assessing Individual- and Country-Level Factors. European Journal of Criminology, 18(4), 566–584. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819859462 VESA, Andreea (2004): International and Regional Standards for Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 12(2), 309–360. Legal sources Commission on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, General Recommendation No. 19: Violence Against Women, A/47/38 (1993) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome 4 November 1950, UNTS 2889 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, New York, 18 December 1979, UNTS 20378 Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, Istanbul, 11 May 2011, UNTS 52313 General Assembly Resolution 54/4, UN Doc. A/54/4 (15 October 1999) Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) 9 June 1994 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. Maputo, 11 July 2003, UNTS 26363 Case law of the European Court of Human Rights Bălșan v. Romania, App. No. 49645/09 (ECtHR, 23 May 2017) Buturugă v. Romania, App. No. 56867/15 (ECtHR, 11 June 2020) J.S. v. Slovakia, App. No. 35767/23 (ECtHR, 22 January 2026) Kalucza v. Hungary, App. No. 57693/10 (ECtHR, 24 April 2012) Kontrová v. Slovakia, App. No. 7510/04 (ECtHR, 31 May 2007) Opuz v. Turkey, App. No. 33401/02 (ECtHR, 9 June 2009) Rumor v. Italy, App. No. 72964/10 (ECtHR, 27 May 2014) Talpis v. Italy, App. No. 41237/14 (ECtHR, 2 March 2017) Tërshana v. Albania, App. No. 48756/14 (ECtHR, 4 November 2020) Tomašic and Others v. Croatia, App. No. 46598/06 (ECtHR, 15 April 2009) Volodina v. Russia (No. 1), App. No. 41261/17 (ECtHR, 9 July 2019) Volodina v. Russia (No. 2), App. No. 40419/19 (ECtHR, 14 December 2021) X. v. Cyprus, App No. 40733/22 (ECtHR, 27 May 2025)" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(689) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "23-39" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2025.4.2" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1371) "

The issue of domestic violence has not always been at the forefront of legal analysis regarding the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Reasons for the initial seeming lack of enthusiasm from scholars can be traced on the one hand to the fact that domestic violence occurs in an inherently private and personal legal relationship and on the other hand, because domestic competences by states are predominant. This paper aims at analysing the gradually solidifying practice of the ECtHR in the field of domestic violence by applying the method of comparative case studies. From early cases such as Kontrová v. Slovakia in 2007 and Opuz v. Turkey in 2009 to recent ones, such as Volodina v. Russia in 2019 and 2021, where stalking has been a major element of domestic violence and Buturugă v. Romania in 2020, where the Court has recognised cyberbullying as an act of violence against women and girls to J.S. v. Slovakia in 2026 where a context-sensitive approach was missing according to the Court. Through a legal analysis of the Court’s findings and deductions from the ECtHR’s reasoning, a generalised overview of the state’s responsibilities and omissions takes form to ascertain in what way the Court’s practice leaned towards and to observe whether technological advancements had manifested themselves in the Court’s judgments.

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The present article provides a brief overview of the Holy See’s position under international law with regard to the legal status and rights of the child, as well as the institution of the family. Our aim is to outline, in a rather schematic manner, the extent to which the Holy See has been able to assert its own approach within the relevant fields of international legal regulation. The Holy See in the 20^th century, based on its social teachings, has developed a strong and consistent position at international level regarding the protection of human rights, with a particular focus on the rights of the child and the rights of the family. Even if the Holy See has never become a member of the United Nations and still today it maintains its observer status, it has been more and more active in contributing to international codification efforts in this field. The travaux préparatoires of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child show this active participation in law making clearly, but as this article shows, it could only have a very limited influence on the treaty.

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Online: https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/resources/Pakistan-ConnectingTheDots-Email(3).pdf WILSON, Anita – SAEED, Samina – RAHMAN, Aziz U. (2020): Constitutional Rights of Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Global Political Review, 5(1), 316–325. Online: https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(V-I).34 Legal sources The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2012 Sindh Act No. VIII (2018) The Sindh Hindu Marriage (Amended) Act Sindh Act No. XVII (2013) The Sindh Protection of Communal Properties of Minorities Act Sindh Provincial Assembly (2015) The Criminal Law (Protection of Minorities) Bill" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(689) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "55-72" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2025.4.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1422) "

This article examines the systemic caste discrimination of Dalits (untouchables) in Pakistan, an overlooked topic even when the country has a constitutional mandate of equality. Based on historical analysis and interviews with Dalit activists, it reveals entrenched barriers in education, healthcare, and political participation. Legislative initiatives, including the Sindh Hindus Marriage Act (2018), are present but fail because they are weakly enforced and institutionally ignored. In contrast to India-centric caste studies, the research provides an innovative angle through the study of caste in the context of Muslim-majority populations, combining religion and minority rights in the discourse. By taking a Dalit-centred approach, it draws attention to the gap between protection given by law and actual experience, advocating for land rights, gender equality, and social inclusion. The research expands human rights and social justice research, suggesting improved legal protections, specific socio-economic policies, and increased Dalit political representation. It calls for an enhanced examination of caste relations in Muslim societies, contending that confronting this exclusion is crucial to getting Pakistan’s law on the same page as its ideology of justice and equity. This paper emphasises the imperative of policy change and additional research to close the gap between promise and performance.

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object(Publication)#122 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(30) { ["id"]=> int(9297) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-06-26" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-06-26 08:02:46" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(12159) ["sectionId"]=> int(164) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(9172) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4559) "BALAMPANIDIS, Dimitris (2017): Diversity and Entrepreneurship in the City of Athens: Different Views and Ambiguous Perceptions of Local Entrepreneurs. Argomenti, 8, 49–72. Online: https://doi.org/10.14276/1971-8357.1053 BAYCAN-LEVENT, Tüzin – NIJKAMP, Peter (2009): Characteristics of Migrant Entrepreneurship in Europe. A Comparative Perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21(4), 375–397. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903020060 Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood Press CRESWELL, John W. – POTH, Cheryl N. (2018): Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. European Commission. (2022). Summary of the annual performance report for AMIF submitted by Greece. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/bf5f18dd-47a0-480c-acfe-290f169a9671_en?filename=Summary%20of%20the%20annual%20performance%20report%20for%20AMIF%20submitted%20by%20Greece_en.pdf GRANOVETTER, Mark (1985): Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. GLICK SCHILLER, Nina – ÇAĞLAR, Ayse (2009): Towards a Comparative Theory of Locality in Migration Studies: Migrant Incorporation and City Scale. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(2), 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802586179 HATZIPROKOPIOU, Panos (2008): Migrant Entrepreneurship in Greece. Revista Migrações, 3, 73–84. Ibrahim, G., & Galt, V. (2011). Explaining ethnic entrepreneurship: An evolutionary economics approach. International Business Review, 20(6), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.010 International Rescue Committee. (2018). Forging a common path: A European approach to the integration of refugees and asylum-seekers. https://voiceeu.org/publications/forging-a-common-path-a-european-approach-to-the-integration-of-refugees-and-asylum-seekers.pdf KLOOSTERMAN, Robert – RATH, Jan (2001): Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies: Mixed Embeddedness Further Explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 189–201. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830020041561 Kloosterman, R., Van Der Leun, J., & Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness:(in) formal economic activities and immigrant businesses in the Netherlands. International journal of urban and regional research, 23(2), 252-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00194 LAZARIDIS, Gabriella – KOUMANDRAKI, Maria (2003): Survival Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Greece: A Mosaic of Informal and Formal Business Activities. Sociological Research Online, 8(2), 38–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.801 LIGHT, Ivan – GOLD, Steven J. (2000): Ethnic Economies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. PIPEROPOULOS, Panagiotis (2010): Ethnic Minority Businesses and Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Greece. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(1), 139–158. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011019170 PORTES, Alejandro (1998): Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1 RAM, Monder – JONES, Trevor – VILLARES-VALERA, María (2017): Migrant Entrepreneurship: Reflections on Research and Practice. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 35(1), 3–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616678051 Rath, J. (Ed.). (2007). Tourism, ethnic diversity and the city (pp. 12-15). New York: Routledge. RATH, Jan – SWAGERMAN, Anna – KRIEGER, Hubert – LUDWINEK, Anna – PICKERING, Lisa (2011): Promoting Ethnic Entrepreneurship in European Cities (EF Reference No. EF 1138). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2012/promoting-ethnic-entrepreneurship-european-cities VAN HEELSUM, A. (2010): Cities Local Integration Policies: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Athens. Eurofound. http://avanheelsum.socsci.uva.nl/2010%20Entrepreneurship%20Athens.pdf VAN HEELSUM, Anja (2012): Ethnic Entrepreneurship – Case Study: Athens, Greece. (Reference No. EF‑11211). Eurofound. Online: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2012/ethnic-entrepreneurship-case-study-athens-greece VERTOVEC, Steven (2007): Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(689) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "73-85" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32566/ah.2025.4.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1311) "

Focusing on three case studies, this study analyses the relationship between ethnic entrepreneurship and cultural integration in Athens, Greece. Drawing on qualitative research conducted during the “Migration in the Margins of Europe” Winter School, it examines how migrant-owned restaurants serve as economic growth, cultural expression, and community building spaces. This paper highlights how Athens-based Nigerian, Georgian, and Turkish entrepreneurs navigate regulatory barriers, financial limitations, and social integration while establishing food businesses that reflect their cultural identities. Through in-depth interviews and comparative analysis, the study identifies common patterns and contrasts in funding access, customer demographics, and engagement with host communities. While ethnic entrepreneurship fosters a degree of socio-economic integration, gaps in public policy persist, especially concerning access to information, support networks, and banking. The article concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening institutional support for ethnic entrepreneurs, advocating for more inclusive legal and financial frameworks. This study provides a grounded understanding of how the broader migration-integration nexus in urban Europe can shape ethnic food businesses.

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This paper examines the convergence of decolonial theory and anti-racist praxis within contemporary human rights discourses, focusing particularly on educational contexts and minority rights frameworks. Through critical engagement with recent discourses on decolonising curricula in higher education, this analysis interrogates the scrutiny to which the ostensibly universal edifice of human rights has been subjected, revealing its entrenchment within colonial epistemologies and racial stratifications. The paper also explores how meaningful advancement of minority rights necessitates fundamental epistemic transformation rather than superficial inclusion within existing institutional structures.

Two theoretical developments frame the analysis: an emerging strand of scholarship proposing anti-colonisation as a distinct move beyond decolonisation, and the growing integration of intersectionality with decolonial frameworks. Together, these signal a field grappling seriously with the gap between theoretical ambition and institutional practice. Decolonial approaches carry genuine transformative potential, but that potential is routinely absorbed and neutralised by institutional diversity agendas that adopt decolonial language while leaving colonial power relations intact.

This paper underscores the imperative of synthesising decolonial and anti-racist modalities to foster authentically equitable human rights, particularly within educational spheres that shape subsequent generations’ understanding of justice and human dignity.

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