object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2937) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:41:37" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2816) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "7–17" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(385) "

In situations where it is impossible for a refugee to go back home or integrate into the first host country, resettlement to a third country remains the only way for a durable solution. I would like to give an overview of the history of resettlement which helped many people to find a new life after the WWII. I also sum up of the Hungarian legal background and recent practice.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(98) "A menekültek áttelepítésének nemzetközi gyakorlata és jogszabályi háttere Magyarországon" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3331) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2937) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Klenner" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(26) "Hungarian legal background" [1]=> string(7) "refugee" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8273) ["id"]=> int(2074) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2937) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#114 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2939) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:45:52" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(2818) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "19–38" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1171) "

Slovenia is thought to be a success story as the first independent republic after the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, the secession did not go as smoothly as seen from the outside. According to the official figures 25 671 persons, who did not become Slovenian citizens, were secretly „erased” from the civil registry in 1992, thus becoming de iure or de facto stateless. All these people were formerly federal citizens of Yugoslavia who emigrated from other republics and settled down in Slovenia. After 20 years of „erasure”, on 26 June 2012 the European Court of Human Rights found that Slovenia violated several articles of the European Convention on Human Rights. In the Kuric and others v. Slovenia case, the Court issued a pilot judgement and asked the Slovenian Government to set up a compensation scheme for the „erased” people within one year. The Slovenian Parliament adopted the law on compensation on 21 November 2013. This article analyses the events and the laws concerning the secession, the judgement of the Court, and the future of the „erased” persons in the light of the compensation law.

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object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2940) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:49:31" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2819) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "39–56" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1307) "

The three authors, who acted as chair and experts of the group set up by the president of the Supreme Court to analyse the practice related to reviews of decisions in refugee status determination procedures and in incidental procedures, like the decision on detention at the Hungarian Courts, offer personal comments on a few salient issues.

Although the goal of the expert group was to increase the unity in the courts’ decision making, the authors note that this is hardly achievable under the present decentralised system. There was no impact assessment before the introduction of the repeated changes in the law, there is no appeal against the decisions of the local courts, no independent country of origin information or a clear guidance on credibility assessment.

The authors suggest the creation of an independent country of origin information source. They also advocate the establishment of a specialised court in the long term to deal solely with cases affecting foreigners and asylum seekers. They also suggest – in line with the report of the whole group – that judges should have a better access to confidential information used by the authorities to justify their decision. They criticise the institution of “asylum detention” introduced in July 2013, as well.

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object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2942) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:51:46" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2821) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "57–85" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(401) "

This paper describes the possibilities to provide pastoral care for migrants within the framework of the current canon law. The paper also describes the past and present role of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People. Finally, it analyses recent publications including official documents and papal messages about contemporary challenges faced by migrants.

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object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2944) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:53:51" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(2823) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "87–94" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1607) "

In recent decisions the Constitutional Court dealt with the substance of several fundamental rights. It annulled certain statutory conditions of completing a ’living will’ for violating the right to human dignity. The Court found that the rule obliging a pregnant woman to inform her employer of her state in order to apply the rule prohibiting dismissal was contrary to the right to private life and human dignity. The Constitutional Court declared the integration of credit institutions as cooperative societies in accordance with the Fundamental Law, just like the state monopolization of the retail of tobacco products. The Court stated in a constitutional requirement that the lessee, similarly to the civil-law owner, is entitled to compensation in case a local government limits the usability of a real estate leased. The right to access data of public interest involves the accessibility of data concerning companies that are under the decisive influence of a company in permanent state ownership. The Constitutional Court interpreted several aspects of the right to a fair trial in connection with a disciplinary case of a judge. It examined the rules on the election of the members of metropolitan general assembly in the light of the principle of direct elections and equal suffrage. The Court dealt with the jurisprudence resulting in the prolongation of the term of limitation of fine and community service work, certain rules of the Criminal Code on aggregation of punishments and the constitutionality of the statutory conditions of placing someone in a lenient grade of execution.

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object(Publication)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2946) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 15:56:59" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(2825) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "95–102" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(972) "

Between May 2014 and September 2014, the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to human dignity [Article II of the Fundamental Law], right to the protection of one’s private life and private communication and correspondence [Article VI of the Fundamental Law], right of association and to establish a political party [Article VIII, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Fundamental Law], right to freedom of the press [Article IX, paragraphs (2) and (6) of the Fundamental Law], right to work [Article XII of the Fundamental Law], right to property [Article XIII of the Fundamental Law], right to run for public office [Article XXIII, paragraph (8) of the Fundamental Law], right to have one’s affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities, right to a fair court trial, and right of appeal [Article XXIV, paragraph (1) and Article XXVIII of the Fundamental Law].

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(24) "A Kúria gyakorlatából" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#796 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3342) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2946) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Berkes" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bálint" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(5) "Curia" [1]=> string(15) "Fundamental Law" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#800 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8292) ["id"]=> int(2083) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2946) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#797 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2948) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 19:05:22" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(2827) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "103-109" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(1501) "

The question of whether Europe’s linguistic diversity would not constitute an obstacle to the European integration arose already upon the creation of the European Communities.

On the one hand, linguistic borders can adversely affect the functioning of the single internal market as they may give rise to restrictions on the exercise of the fundamental freedoms. These restrictions can take different forms: EU citizens not mastering the languages of other countries may have difficulties in finding a job or setting up a business abroad, whilst some Member States set linguistic requirements capable of discouraging migrant workers or businesses from settling down in their territory. On the other hand, linguistic diversity raises also questions related to fundamental rights. As the EU law grants rights to and imposes obligations on the EU citizens, they can therefore legitimately expect to read its rules in their mother tongue. That is the reason why the EU law, including the case-law of the EU Courts, is available in all official languages. Likewise, it must be possible for the EU citizens to communicate in their mother tongue with the EU institutions. Assuring such a linguistic diversity is however a costly task, which is ultimately financed by the citizens. In some cases therefore, budget limits and practical reasons can make it necessary to introduce restrictions on the right to use any of the official languages, which is not easy for some Member States to accept.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(79) "A nyelvhasználattal kapcsolatos jogviták az Európai Unió Bírósága előtt" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#803 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3344) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2948) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(20) "linguistic diversity" [1]=> string(2) "EU" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#804 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8297) ["id"]=> int(2085) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2948) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#805 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2950) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-09-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 16:11:14" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(2829) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(221) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "111–122" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1044) "

Since the last issue of Acta Humana, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled on a number of important cases. The present review intends to analyse a decision concerning the Hungarian abolition of service pensions and their conversion into allowances, affecting a high number of applicants. It also discusses the judgment concerning the premature dismissal of the former President of the Supreme Court of Hungary. Two further cases are included for their relevance from a procedural point of view. Among cases concerning other countries, this paper covers judgments concerning the representation of extremely vulnerable victims before the Court, the “extraordinary rendition” programme of the CIA, the recognition of parenthood of children born as a result of a surrogacy arrangement and the ban on wearing religious face covering in public. Furthermore, an inter-State judgment about collective expulsion as well as a jurisprudential novelty concerning the “significant disadvantage” admissibility criterion are also evoked.

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