object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2858) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-01-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 11:16:14" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2737) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(216) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "9–23" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(796) "

This article discusses the asylum practices in Hungary by looking at the asylum seekers’ road from struggling to express their claims to the point of achieving the quality and recognition to speak. I focus on the particular manifestations, meaning and interpretations of their voice. Drawing on the role of language turned into agency and power, at times into protest, I argue that the asylum seekers go through a process of imposed voicelessness by a set of actors, spaces and institutions pertaining to the asylum system. They can overcome this silence when they make themselves heard, listened to and understood outside the space of control and detention, when they reach political subjectivity and when they efface the limits between aliens/non aliens and between nationals/citizens.

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The present paper is an attempt to examine, in a comparative fashion, the series of demands and claims the Romanian state, as a candidate-state, had to deal with in the sphere of minority rights observance, protection and promotion, in the period prior to the EU accession (1998-2006). The study is based on extensive document analysis of two sets of documentation: (1) the European Commission’s annual regular reports on Romania’s progress towards accession in the period 1998-2006, and (2) the documentation (i.e. statute, programs, governmental agreements, internal resolutions, etc.), adopted by the main, most active, political organization representing the interests and demands of the Hungarian minority, the RMDSz/UDMR. The paper employs the observations previously drawn by Edina Szöcsik and Peter Vermeersch, on the development recorded by the states of East-Central Europe in the field of minority rights, under the auspices of the European Commission in the pre-accession period. From the documents’ analysis, the study concludes that a significant discrepancy between the claims and demands expressed by the RMDSz/UDMR for its constituency, and the recommendations issued by the European Commission through the monitoring reports, is conspicuous and can only be further explained through the circumstances and political changes specific to each of the years under scrutiny. Generally, the Commission appears vague and ambiguous in this sphere, probably due to the lack of well-established and well-founded standards.

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object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(24) { ["id"]=> int(2864) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-01-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 11:27:14" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2743) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(216) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "51–59" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(84) "Bridge of Civilizations: What Are the Rights of the Crimean Tatar National Minority?" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3232) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2864) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Shcherbyna" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Maryna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#769 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8116) ["id"]=> int(2001) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2864) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2865) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-01-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-21 14:40:29" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2744) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(216) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "61–73" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1263) "

This article tries to address the controversy around the progression of legal measures of national and supranational nature that aim to introduce norms of desired social conduct in relation to past events. For the last two decades we have been observers of an intensified and complicated dialogue between law and memory. This dialogue in several countries resulted in the introduction of measures intended to combat acts of revisionism, including the negation of crimes against humanity, in particular of the Holocaust, laws on the recognition of genocide, guidelines on the interpretation of slavery and colonialism, as well as in the establishment of days of remembrance. It has provoked a debate on the role that law should play in defining history and in shaping the narrative of collective memory. To whom does the history belong? What is the responsibility of a historian and of a legislator to people and communities? Are legal measures that impose what needs to be remembered and in what way justifiable as reflections of values and norms of contemporary societies, or rather, by framing the past so that it responds to collective expectations of the present, they dangerously become measures of the same order as the behaviour they try to address?

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object(Publication)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(24) { ["id"]=> int(2970) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2014-12-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 18:56:02" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(2849) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(216) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "95–107" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(70) "61/295. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(0) { } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#801 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8341) ["id"]=> int(2106) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2970) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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object(Publication)#793 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(24) { ["id"]=> int(2975) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-01-31" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-20 19:02:15" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(2854) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(216) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "119–123" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(119) "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Res. 1985 (2014) – the Situation and Rights of National Minorities in Europe" ["hu_HU"]=> string(119) "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Res. 1985 (2014) – The Situation and Rights of National Minorities in Europe" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(0) { } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#809 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(8348) ["id"]=> int(2110) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2975) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }