object(Publication)#723 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2757) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 12:42:39" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(2636) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "7–40" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(56) "Alkotmányos büntetőjog és a strasbourgi joggyakorlat" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(76) "A ténylegesen életfogytig tartó szabadságvesztés alapjogi vonatkozásai" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3093) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2757) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gönczi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gergely" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(0) { } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7910) ["id"]=> int(1902) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2757) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#114 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2759) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 12:52:08" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(2638) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "41–80" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(674) "

Local governments are the most basic expressions of our community life. The autonomy of locally elected bodies – among others – is highlighted by their decision-making competence.

The autonomy of local governments reflects the freedom of local communities. Gábor Kecső in his excellent paper published in two subsequent issues discusses one of the cornerstones of local government autonomy from an international perspective: the possibility to access funds.

The article is undoubtedly loosely related to individual fundamental rights; however, the importance of the topic and its thoroughly researched nature makes it recommendable for publishing.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(764) "

A helyi, települési önkormányzat közösségi létünk legközvetlenebb környezete. A helyi közösségek választott testületeinek autonómiája, önállósága – egyebek mellett – döntési kompetenciáikban ölt testet. A helyi önkormányzatok autonómiája a helyi közösségek szabadsága is egyben.

Kecső Gábor egymást követő két lapszámban közlésre szánt, magas színvonalú írása az önkormányzati autonómia egyik alapkérdését, a saját forráshoz jutás lehetőségeit vizsgálja nemzetközi összehasonlításban. A szakcikk egyéni alapjogokkal való összefüggése nem kétségesen közvetett, ugyanakkor a téma hiánypótló jellege és a feldolgozás igényessége mindenképpen a közlés mellett szólt.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(88) "A helyi adók jellemzői és a működtetett helyi adók négy külföldi jogrendszerben" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#765 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3094) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2759) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Kecső" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Gábor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(29) "autonomy of local governments" [1]=> string(9) "local tax" } ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(36) "helyi önkormányzatok autonómiája" [1]=> string(12) " helyi adó " [2]=> string(23) "külföldi jogrendszer " } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#788 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7912) ["id"]=> int(1903) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2759) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2762) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:51:43" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(2641) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "81–96" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(430) "

Hate speech is written or oral communication intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against a group of people. Hate speech is generally directed towards a minority based on their race, nationality, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. In international law hate speech is a form of discrimination based on racial, national, ethnic, religious intolerance.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(632) "

A gyűlöletbeszéd olyan szóbeli vagy írásbeli megnyilvánulás, amelynek célja valamely társadalmi csoport megalázása, megfélemlítése vagy a csoport tagjai elleni erőszak vagy előítéletes fellépés kiváltása. A gyűlöletbeszéd legtöbbször a faji, etnikai, nemzeti, vallási, szexuális irányultság, nemi identitás vagy fogyatékosság szerinti kisebbségi csoportok tagjai ellen irányul. A gyűlöletbeszédet a nemzetközi jog a faji, a bőrszín, a nemzeti vagy etnikai származás szerinti és a vallási intolerancián alapuló megkülönböztetés egyik megnyilvánulási formájaként kezeli.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(77) "A véleményszabadság nemzetközi jogi megítélésének paradigmaváltásai" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3100) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2762) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Kondorosi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Ferenc" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(17) "gyűlöletbeszéd" [1]=> string(15) "nemzetközi jog" } ["en_US"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(11) "Hate speech" [1]=> string(17) "international law" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#769 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7920) ["id"]=> int(1907) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2762) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#174 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2764) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:14:03" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(2643) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(8) "97–122" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(961) "

Since the democratic transition in Hungary the central issue of every government’s family policy has been to stop and improve worsening demographic processes. Governments often emphasize the importance of family as the basic unit of society, the creation of a secure family life, the improving conditions for starting a family and the stopping of population decline. Furthermore, every government tends to claim that the status of families and children appeared to be the most favourable during their tenure. So it is worth examining whether such statements are true or not and what the various governments did to support families. The method of this examination is a comparative analysis of government programs and legal changes, through which we may get acquainted with the main governmental aims and the relevant legislative measures. Under this approach, this study examines the changes of financial family benefits in the period from 2010 to 2014.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(125) "A pénzbeli családtámogatási ellátások változásai 2010 és 2014 között, a kormányprogram célkitűzései tükrében" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#796 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3105) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2764) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kristó" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Katalin" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(25) "financial family benefits" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#790 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7928) ["id"]=> int(1911) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2764) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2769) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:18:03" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(2648) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "123–131" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(416) "

Between 15 February and 15 April 2015 the Curia of Hungary rendered important decisions in respect of the following fundamental rights issues: right to access data of public interest [Article VI, paragraph (2) of the Fundamental Law], freedom of expression and the press [Article IX, paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law], right to a fair trial [Article XXVIII, paragraph (1) of the Fundamental Law].

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(86) "Fundamental Rights Cases of the Curia of Hungary between 15 February and 15 April 2015" ["hu_HU"]=> string(24) "A Kúria gyakorlatából" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#797 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3110) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2769) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Berkes" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bálint" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(5) "Curia" [1]=> string(15) "Fundamental Law" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#798 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7933) ["id"]=> int(1913) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2769) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#764 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2770) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:26:19" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(2649) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "133–156" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1712) "

This paper discusses the decisions of the Constitutional Court [CC] between 16 February and 15 April, 2015. Barnabás Lenkovics, the new president of the CC, started his term on 25 February. The CC passed 41 decisions, in 31 cases it denied jurisdiction (most of the cases were constitutional complaints). The CC found in one case an act of Parliament and in one case a decision of a regular court unconstitutional (the latter was a judgement on a local election). In one case it provided a constitutional interpretation for an act of Parliament. Decision 6/2015. (II. 25.) of the CC discussed the international rules and the Hungarian regulation on statelessness. According to the CC there is a contradiction between the Hungarian regulation and the international norms which led to the partial annulment of the definition of “stateless person” in the Hungarian act. According to the Hungarian definition a homeless person is someone residing in Hungary legally. According to the CC the requirement of residing “legally” contradicts the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (New York, 28 September, 1954.), Art. 1. The right to information was the central issue in Decision 3056/2015. (III. 31.). The petitioner, the ombudsman, argued that the restrictions on supplying anonymized data (court rulings) in certain procedures or at certain stages of specific procedures in Act on Civil Procedure (1952: III. tv., Pp.) are unconstitutional. The CC held that Pp. is not against the constitution and it stated that in certain cases it is “disproportionally difficult” to anonymize court rulings, so it is acceptable to deny a request for (public) information (ie. court rulings).

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(34) "Az Alkotmánybíróság döntései" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3114) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2770) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kovács" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Virág" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(20) "Constitutional Court" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#800 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7940) ["id"]=> int(1916) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2770) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#789 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(25) { ["id"]=> int(2773) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:31:47" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(2652) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "157–162" ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(2388) "

The Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions provides that uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes are not patentable. In 2011 the Court of Justice ruled in the Brüstle Case that a non-fertilised human ovum whose division and further development have been stimulated by chemical and electrical techniques must also be classified as a human embryo as it is capable of commencing the process of development of a human being. As a result, scientific solutions implying the use of organisms resulting from such ova got also excluded from the circle of patentable inventions.

The Brüstle judgment was heavily criticised by the scientific world in Europe since it saw in it an obstacle to medical research on the Old Continent. European scientists highlighted that this ruling had deprived them from the possibility to enjoy the fruits of their work, whilst their peers in the US and Asia could seek legal protection for their inventions. They also recalled that the use of organisms created by the artificial stimulation of a human ovum seemed to be inevitable in the treatment of patients suffering from neurological diseases such as the Parkinson’s disease.

However, it turned out that the Brüstle judgment had been based on imprecise scientific data and the Court was asked to deliver a new ruling to dispel any doubts resulting from the Brüstle decision. In its judgment given in December 2014 in the International Stem Cell Corporation (ISCC) Case, the Court pointed out that the human embryo, as interpreted in the Brüstle judgment, is limited to organisms capable of commencing the process of development which actually leads to a human being.

The Court’s new approach employed in the ISCC Case took account of the fact that, according to current scientific knowledge, human ova stimulated by chemical and electrical techniques can never develop to term because they do not contain any paternal DNA, which is required for the development of extra-embryonic tissue.

In the light of scientific research aimed at finding a solution so that non-fertilised, artificially stimulated human ova could develop into a human being, the Court emphasised that processes using organisms resulting from such ova may be patented only on the condition that these organisms are not capable of developing to term.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(85) "Az emberi embrió védelme a biotechnológiai találmányok szabadalmaztatása során" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#799 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3116) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2773) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Lehóczki" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Balázs" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(16) "Court of Justice" [1]=> string(16) "biotechnological" [2]=> string(3) "DNA" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#806 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7946) ["id"]=> int(1919) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2773) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#794 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(2777) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2015-04-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-05-19 13:33:43" ["sectionId"]=> int(34) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["submissionId"]=> int(2656) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(209) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(9) "163–170" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(478) "

From a Hungarian perspective, the most important decision adopted in the last period by the European Court of Human Rights was the pilot judgment concerning the conditions of detention in various Hungarian prisons. In addition to that judgment, this paper intends to give an overview on some cases concerning other Contracting States, which were not only interesting for the facts behind them but have brought novel approaches and distinctions to the Strasbourg case-law.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["prefix"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(70) "Alapjogi jogesetek – a strasbourgi Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#802 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(3120) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(2777) ["seq"]=> int(7) ["userGroupId"]=> int(235) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Mohácsi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Máté" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(2) { [0]=> string(30) "European Court of Human Rights" [1]=> string(10) "Strasbourg" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#810 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(7947) ["id"]=> int(1920) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(2777) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }