Editor’s note

Vizi Balázs
3.
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PDF (English)
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PDF (English)
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After the implementation of the post 1991 EPRDF government’s program of ethnic regionalism, local ethnic rivalries have intensified among indigenous nationalities and non-indigenous communities of Benishangul Gumuz. The quest for regional autonomy of the indigenous nationalities, especially, to profess their need of self-rule, did not resonate very well with the political representation rights of the non-indigenous communities. In this regard, the paper argues that the problem is mainly attributable to the fact that the Constitutional guarantees provided under the FDRE Constitution have not been seriously and positively implemented to bring about a balanced political empowerment. Making the matter even worse, the regional state’s Constitution placement of a Constitutional guarantee by which the indigenous nationalities are considered to be the ‘owners’ of the regional state coupled with an exclusionary political practice, relegating others to a second-class citizenship, has undermined the notion of “unity in diversity” in the region. Thus, striking a delicate balance between the ambitions of the indigenous nationalities regional autonomy on the one hand and extending adequate share of the regions political power to the non-indigenous communities on the other is a prerequisite for a balanced political empowerment.

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After the implementation of the post 1991 EPRDF government’s program of ethnic regionalism, local ethnic rivalries have intensified among indigenous nationalities and non-indigenous communities of Benishangul Gumuz. The quest for regional autonomy of the indigenous nationalities, especially, to profess their need of self-rule, did not resonate very well with the political representation rights of the non-indigenous communities. In this regard, the paper argues that the problem is mainly attributable to the fact that the Constitutional guarantees provided under the FDRE Constitution have not been seriously and positively implemented to bring about a balanced political empowerment. Making the matter even worse, the regional state’s Constitution placement of a Constitutional guarantee by which the indigenous nationalities are considered to be the ‘owners’ of the regional state coupled with an exclusionary political practice, relegating others to a second-class citizenship, has undermined the notion of “unity in diversity” in the region. Thus, striking a delicate balance between the ambitions of the indigenous nationalities regional autonomy on the one hand and extending adequate share of the regions political power to the non-indigenous communities on the other is a prerequisite for a balanced political empowerment.

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PDF (English)
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PDF (English)
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PDF (English)

Unpacking Indigenous Rights

Toki Valmaine
85–98.
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PDF (English)
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Persons belonging to minorities are frequently the victims of violence and atrocities. Violence can take the form of attacks on individuals, their homes, shops or places of worship, or wider acts of aggression against communities with different national, ethnic or religious identities. In the worst cases, violence constitutes mass atrocities, crimes against humanity, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and even genocide, often perpetrated with impunity. Sometimes violence is committed by non -State actors, including those belonging to the majority, or larger, more powerful groups, extremist groups, or even business actors. Sometimes it is perpetrated by State actors.

A primary objective of the United Nations and most States in the area of peace and stability is to prevent violence before it breaks out. The tragic experiences of past violence and atrocities have helped to better understand the causes of violence and the fact that minorities are frequently targets, and to produce indicators to predict violent incidents and provide early warning. While violence can be difficult to predict, States too often fail to translate clear early warnings into adequate, appropriate and timely measures to prevent or stop violence. In order to save lives and ensure peaceful societies, a high priority of stakeholders at all levels must be to improve prevention mechanisms and turn early warning into early action.

Essential elements of strategies to better prevent and address violence against minorities consist of the adoption of measures to foster unity among different population groups, the comprehensive implementation of minority rights and the establishment or strengthening of institutional and policy frameworks for the protection of minority rights. At the national level, good and inclusive governance, which includes minorities and measures to ensure equality, are key prevention prerequisites. The international community must also improve its ability to engage and assist States in efforts to prevent and resol ve violence and to effectively intervene where States fail in their responsibility to protect minorities.

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PDF (English)
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PDF (English)