Historical Forms of Just War Theory in Europe and Hungary
Copyright (c) 2023 Boda Mihály
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The copyright to this article is transferred to the University of Public Service Budapest, Hungary (for U.S. government employees: to the extent transferable) effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The author warrants that this contribution is original and that he/she has full power to make this grant. The author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors.
An author may make an article published by University of Public Service available on a personal home page provided the source of the published article is cited and University of Public Service is mentioned as copyright holder
Abstract
Just war thinking features the history of warfare from the beginning up to the 20th century. Just war thinking, however, did not have one unique frame, but it appeared in many forms. The theory of judgement of God, the mission-related theory, the law enforcement theory, the revolutionary, and finally, the regular war theory were the important forms of historical just war thinking. This article presents these theories and classifies them with the help of the main concepts of Saint Thomas Aquinas and the principal concepts of justice.
Keywords:
How to Cite
References
Aquinas , Thomas (1997): On the Government of the Rulers. De Regimine Principium. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Aquinas , Thomas (2013a): Summa Theologiae II–II. Question 29: On Peace. In Reichberg, Gregory M. – Syse, Henrik – Begby, Endre (eds.): The Ethics of War. Classic and Contemporary Readings. Malden, MA – Oxford – Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing. 171–176.
Aquinas , Thomas (2013b): Summa Theologiae II–II. Question 40: On War. In Reichberg, Gregory M. – Syse, Henrik – Begby, Endre (eds.): The Ethics of War. Classic and Contemporary Readings. Malden, MA – Oxford – Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing. 171–182.
Aquinói Szent Tamás [Thomas Aquinas] (2011): Summa Theologica. In Aquinói Szent Tamás [Thomas Aquinas]: A Summa Theologiae kérdései a jogról [Summa Theologiae on Law]. Budapest: Szent István Társulat.
Aristotle (2004): Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Roger Crisp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Augustine, Saint (1886): Letter 138 (To Marcellinus). In Schaff, Philip (ed.): Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church I. Buffalo: The Christian Literature Company.
Augustine, Saint (2000): The City of God. Translated by Marcus Dods. New York: Modern Library.
Bobocel, D. Ramona – Gosse, Leanne (2015): Procedural Justice: A Historical Review and Critical Analysis. In Cropanzano , Russell S. – Ambrose, Maureen L. (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Justice in the Workplace. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 51–88. Online:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981410.001.0001
Boda, Mihály (2020): Az igazságos haború hagyománya Europában és a Távol Keleten (Kínában) [Just War Tradition in Europe and the Far East (China)]. In Pohl, Árpád (ed.): Biztonság és honvédelem. Budapest: Ludovika Egyetemi Kiadó. 1689–1701.
Boda, Mihály (2021a): Háborús ideológiák a középkori Magyarországon: istenítéleti ideológia, az igazságos háború elmélete [Warfare Ideologies in Medieval Hungary: Ideology of Judgement of God, Just War Theory]. Hadtudomány, 31(1), 62–74. Online: https://doi.
org/10.17047/HADTUD.2021.31.1.62
Boda, Mihály (2021b): Hungarian Theory of Just War Based on the Idea of the Holy Crown: A Historical Case of Just Mission. Journal of Military Ethics, 20(3–4), 269–280. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2021.2018797
Boda, Mihály (2022a): Az igazságos háború elméletének kiterjesztése a rendészetre: történelmi és kortárs elméletek. Az igazságos rendészet elmélete [Applying Just War Theory for Policing: Historical and Contemporary Theories. Just Policing Theory]. Belügyi Szemle, 70(1), 169–185. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2022.1.10
Boda, Mihály (2022b): The Warfare Ideology of Ordeal: Another Form of Just War Thinking? Theory and Practice from the Early Middle Ages. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/129507/1/Boda_Warfare%20Ideology%20of%20Ordeal_Lek_20210507.pdf
Cushing, Kathleen G. (1995): Anselm of Lucca and the Doctrine of Coercion: The Legal Impact of the Schism of 1080? The Catholic Historical Review, 81(3), 353–371. Online: https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0031
Frowe, Helen (2011): The Ethics of War and Peace. An Introduction. London – New York: Routledge.
Gentili, Alberico (1933): De Iure Belli. Libri Tres. Vol. 1–2. Volume 2 translated by John C. Rolfe. Oxford–London: The Clarendon Press – Humphrey Milford.
Gerics, József (1980): Judicium Dei a magyar állam XI. századi külkapcsolataiban [Iudicum Dei in the Hungarian State’s Foreign Relations in the 11th Century]. In Mezey, László (ed.): Athleta Patriae – Tanulmányok Szent László történetéhez [Athleta Patriae – Essays on the History of Saint Ladislaus]. Budapest: Szent István Társulat. 111–134.
Gratian (2013): Decretum, part II, causa 23. In Reichberg, Gregory M. – Syse, Henrik – Begby, Endre (eds.): The Ethics of War. Classic and Contemporary Readings. Malden, MA – Oxford – Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing. 109–124.
Grotius, Hugo (2005a): The Rights of War and Peace. Book I. Indianapolis. Liberty Fund.
Grotiu , Hugo (2005b): The Rights of War and Peace. Book II. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
Grotius, Hugo (2005c): The Rights of War and Peace. Book III. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
Isidore of Seville (1966): History of the Kings of Goths. In Isidore of Seville’s History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevis. Translated by Guido Donini – Gordon B. Ford Jr. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 3–33.
Isidore of Seville (2006): The Etymologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Isidore of Seville (2018): Sententiae. Translated by Thomas L. Knoebel. New York – Mahwah, NJ: The Newman Press.
Johnson, James Turner (2006): The Just War Idea: The State of the Question. Social Philosophy and Policy, 23(1), 167–195. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052506060079
Kalmanovitz, Pablo (2018): Early Modern Sources of the Regular War Tradition. In Lazar, Seth – Frowe, Helen (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 145–165.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1964a): The Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution. In Lenin Collected Works. Volume 24 (April–June 1917). London: Lawrence and Wishart, Moscow: Progress Publishers. 57–91.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1964b): War and Revolution. Lenin Collected Works. Volume 24 (April–June 1917). London: Lawrence and Wishart, Moscow: Progress Publishers. 398–421.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1966): The Principles of Socialism and the War of 1914–1915. In Lenin on the War and Peace. Three Articles. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 4–57.
Luban, David (2011): War as Punishment. Georgetown Law Faculty Working Papers, (145), 11–71. Online: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/fwps_papers/145/
McMahan, Jeff – McKim, Robert (1993): The Just War and the Gulf War. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 23(4), 501–541. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1993.10717333
Mille, David (2021): Justice. In Zalta , Edward N. (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2021. Online: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/justice/
Ramsey, Paul (1978): Basic Christian Ethics (Midway reprint). Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rawls, John (1999): Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Reichberg, Gregory M. (2018): Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17–41.
Révay, Péter (1979): Révay Péter Turóc vármegyei főispán emlékirata Magyarország több mint 600 éve tündöklő Szent Koronájának eredetéről, jeles és győzedelmes voltáról, sorsáról. In Katona, Tamás (ed.): A korona kilenc évszázada. Budapest: Magyar Helikon. 195–232.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005): Crusading as an Act of Love. In Berman, Constance H. (ed.): Medieval Religion. New Approaches. New York – London: Routledge. 44–60. Online:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203328675_chapter_2
Ryder, Andrew (2019): “The only Justifiable War” The Marxist Strategies of Lenin, Trotsky, and Blanco. An Introduction to International Perspectives. In Cordeiro-Rodrigues, Luís – Singh, Danny (eds.): Comparative Just War Theory. Lanham – New York – London: Rowman and Littlefield. 31–44.
Walzer, Michael (1992): Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books.
Weithman, Paul (2001): Augustine’s Political Philosophy. In Stump, Eleonore – Kretzmann, Norman (eds.): The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 234–252. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521650186.017
Wollenberg, Erich (1936): Just Wars in the Light of Marxism. New International, 3(1), 2–5.