object(Publication)#147 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(711) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2020-12-02" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-12-02 12:27:33" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(6231) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(867) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(396) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(0) "" ["pages"]=> string(6) "2–21" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2020.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1805) "

The public sector – possessing its regulatory, financial and non-financial instruments by law – is responsible for supplying public goods and services in favour of the sector of households. Both the central governmental and the local governmental level may delegate the role of public supply to their own private enterprises. As a result, the utility companies are managing national wealth, they are supposed to operate in an economical and cost-effective way, and thus to provide continuous service.  Since the economic crisis in 2008, not only for-profit organisations, but also public utility companies and governmental bodies are expected to do budgeting by admitting the accounting principle of ‘going concern’, as their operation directly affects the entire society on a daily basis. The reform of the public sector, which came into effect after 2010, and the more consistent audit system as the result of the above, have a favourable impact on the operation of the public utility companies; therefore the stricter governmental and state control over the public utility companies made their operation more stable and economically viable. In our study we examined the financial reports of the public utility companies owned by central or local governmental bodies,  within the administrative territory of Budapest; and we evaluated them from the perspectives of wealth, finances and profitability. We questioned how the established price affected their operation, and whether the improvement of their budgetary discipline (as requested by the State Audit Office) has outperformed the decrease in net sales revenue due to the official pricing. In our study we examined the annual reports of the public utility companies of those industries which were affected by the official pricing.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2100) "

Az államháztartási szektor törvények által vindikált szabályozási, vagyoni és pénzügyi eszközei birtokában felel a lakosság számára biztosítandó közfeladatok ellátásáért, közszolgáltatások nyújtásáért. Mind a központi költségvetési, mind pedig az önkormányzati szféra a közszolgáltatások ellátását a tulajdonában álló gazdasági társaságokra bízhatja. Ebből adódóan a közüzemi vállalatok a nemzeti vagyonnal gazdálkodnak, így tőlük is elvárt a folyamatos rentábilis és költséghatékony működés, sőt a szolgáltatásnyújtás folyamatosságának biztosítása. A 2008‑asgazdasági világválság óta nemcsak a klasszikusan profitorientált vállalatoknál, hanem a közüzemeknél és a költségvetési rend szerinti gazdálkodóknál is jelentős szerepe van a vállalkozás folytatása számviteli alapelv érvényesülésének, ugyanis tevékenységük a társadalom egészére közvetlenül, a mindennapok szintjén kihat. A 2010 után megvalósított közpénzügyi  reform és ennek keretében a következetesebb ellenőrzési rendszer a közüzemi vállalatok működésére is kedvező hatással van, vagyis az erősebb állami és tulajdonosi kontroll a közüzemi vállalatok stabilabb, gazdaságosabb működését tette lehetővé. Tanulmányunkban Budapest közigazgatási területén szolgáltató állami, valamint önkormányzati tulajdonban lévő közüzemi gazdasági társaságok szektorvetületű beszámolóit vettük górcső alá, és értékeltük vagyoni, pénzügyi, illetve jövedelmezőségi szempontból. Arra kerestük a választ, hogy a hatósági árszabályozás a gazdálkodásukat hogyan befolyásolta, az Állami Számvevőszék által általános követelményként megfogalmazott gazdálkodási fegyelem javulása mennyiben kompenzálta a hatósági árszabályozás kiváltotta nettó bevételük „fékeződését”. Tanulmányunkban azon ágazatok mögött meghúzódó közüzemi vállalatok éves beszámolóit vizsgáltuk, amelyeket a hatósági árszabályozás érintett.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(105) "Some Regulatory and Efficiency Issues of Public Services of Budapest after the 2010 Public Finance Reform" ["hu_HU"]=> string(130) " Budapesti közüzemi szolgáltatások egyes szabályozási és hatékonysági kérdései a 2010-es állampénzügyi reform után" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Lentner Csaba" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#846 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1013) ["email"]=> string(24) "Lentner.Csaba@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(711) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Lentner" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Lentner" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Csaba" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#820 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(6231) ["email"]=> string(28) "Molnar.Petronella@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(711) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Molnár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Molnár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(11) "Petronella " ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Petronella " } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(32) "budapesti közüzemi vállalatok" [1]=> string(13) "hatékonyság" [2]=> string(27) "hatósági árszabályozás" [3]=> string(17) "jövedelmezőség" [4]=> string(34) "vállalkozás folytatásának elve" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(41) "state- and LG-owned utilities in Budapest" [1]=> string(10) "efficiency" [2]=> string(16) "price regulation" [3]=> string(13) "profitability" [4]=> string(23) "going concern principle" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#853 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(14025) ["id"]=> int(4096) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(711) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#84 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(625) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2020-12-02" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-12-02 15:49:39" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(889) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(769) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(396) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(0) "" ["pages"]=> string(7) "22–35" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2020.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1314) "

The proliferation of electronic public administration is much slower than it has been anticipated. One of the constraints is that the citizens as customers of services of public administration are considered as a homogeneous group, therefore it is assumed that the citizens’ demand for electronic services can be fulfilled by a unified solution of services. One of the facts that is not taken into account is the skills and capabilities of clients, especially in the case of the representation of enterprises. The clients who act on behalf of companies have specific skills, capabilities, competencies, knowledge and experiences that should be utilised when personalised services are to be defined. Ignoring the specific competencies of contact persons is one of the obstacles against the wide-spread use of electronic services of public administration. For citizens unskilled in electronic services, the personalised services of information exchange are acceptable and welcome. This type of services may be ‘simulated’ through the usage of ‘chat bots’, although that technology cannot be considered as appropriate for professional clients of firms in official cases of enterprises. The paper proposes a set of criteria that makes possible the improvement of services of public administration.  

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(863) "

Az elektronikus ügyintézés terjedése a vártnál lassabb folyamat. Korlát, hogy az ügyfeleket homogén csoportnak, ezáltal igényüket közösen kiszolgálhatónak tételezik fel. Az ügyfél képzettsége, hozzáállása mellett az ügyféloldalon – különösen a cégeknél – az ügyintézést lebonyolító és az ahhoz szükséges információkról döntő személy elkülönülése olyan szempont, amelynek figyelmen kívül hagyása akadályozza a terjedést. A kapcsolati formák közül a képzetlenek, illetve egyéb okból idegenkedők számára a személyes kiszolgálás a fontos, amelyet „chat robot”-technológia alkalmazásával lehet szimulálni. Ez a technológia viszont nem megfelelő a céges ügyintézések esetén. A cikkben javasolt szempontok figyelembevételével javítható az ügyfélkiszolgálás minősége. 

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(110) "Criteria of Selection among Channels for Citizen Relationships in the Case of Electronic Public Administration" ["hu_HU"]=> string(91) " Ügyfélkapcsolati forma választásának egyes szempontjai elektronikus ügyintézésnél" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(19) "Kiss Péter József" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#868 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(889) ["email"]=> string(25) "kisspeterjozsef@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(625) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3367-7769" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(26) "Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(21) "

vendégkutató

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Kiss" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Kiss" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(14) "Péter József" ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Péter József" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(26) "elektronikus ügyintézés" [1]=> string(19) "elektronikus űrlap" [2]=> string(8) "chat bot" [3]=> string(15) "adaptív űrlap" [4]=> string(31) "felhasználók csoportosítása" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(25) "electronic administration" [1]=> string(15) "electronic form" [2]=> string(8) "chat bot" [3]=> string(13) "adaptive form" [4]=> string(17) "grouping of users" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#862 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(14030) ["id"]=> int(4098) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(625) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#867 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(546) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2020-12-02" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-12-02 15:49:39" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(780) ["sectionId"]=> int(17) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(672) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(396) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(0) "" ["pages"]=> string(7) "36–55" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2020.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(486) "

Scholars of public administration and related legal texts apply axiomatically the terms of body, organisation and system of organisations, however, their definition as well as their correct use should deserve more attention. This study aims at examining the notions of organ and organisation as well as their relatedness through an analysis of related legal texts. The use of these analysed expressions is inaccurate and inconsistent in both the literature and the legal texts. 

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(588) "

A közigazgatással foglalkozó tudományos munkák és a közigazgatásra vonatkozó joganyag magától értetődő természetességgel használja a szerv, szervezet, szervezetrendszer fogalmakat, pedig e fogalmak definiálása, valamint pontos és következetes használatuk több figyelmet érdemelne. A tanulmány a szerv és a szervezet fogalmakat és egymáshoz való viszonyát célozza vizsgálni többek között a jogi szabályozás segítségével. A vizsgált kifejezések használata mind a szakirodalomban, mind a jogi szabályozásban pontatlan és következetlen. 

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(71) "Body, Organisation and System of Organisations in Public Administration" ["hu_HU"]=> string(58) "Szerv, szervezet és szervezetrendszer a közigazgatásban" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(14) "Temesi István" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#872 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(780) ["email"]=> string(24) "Temesi.Istvan@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(546) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Temesi" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Temesi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "István" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(18) "hivatali szervezet" [1]=> string(8) "rendszer" [2]=> string(5) "szerv" [3]=> string(9) "szervezet" [4]=> string(18) "szervezeti egység" [5]=> string(17) "szervezetrendszer" [6]=> string(13) "szervrendszer" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(19) "office arrangements" [1]=> string(6) "system" [2]=> string(4) "body" [3]=> string(19) "civil organisations" [4]=> string(19) "organisational unit" [5]=> string(23) "system of organisations" [6]=> string(16) "system of bodies" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#873 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(14033) ["id"]=> int(4099) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(546) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#165 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(316) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2020-12-02" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2020-12-02 13:51:05" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(427) ["sectionId"]=> int(23) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(385) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(396) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(0) "" ["pages"]=> string(7) "56–73" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32575/ppb.2020.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(965) "

In line with the stipulations of the Fundamental Law  of Hungary, local governments may adopt regulations on two legal cases: if authorised by law or if they want to regulate a local public affair. 
While in the first case it is not only the right but also the obligation of local governments to enact regulations that can even be sanctioned, in the second case it is almost completely optional. The scope of public affairs regulated by local governments is rather broad. Norms regulating peaceful public coexistence represent a separate subject area as in many cases they wish to regulate legal relationships pertaining to privacy. In the case of the latter issue, the clause stating that the local regulations shall not contradict any higher form of law is especially central. This paper introduces and examines those local government regulations which typically cause problems, with special emphasis on  the rules of peaceful public coexistence. 

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(986) "

Az Alaptörvény alapján a helyi önkormányzat két jogalap alapján alkothat rendeletet: az egyik esetben törvény felhatalmazása nyomán, míg a másik esetben valamely helyi közügy szabályozására. Míg az első esetben nemcsak joga, hanem egyben szankcionálható kötelessége is a helyi önkormányzatnak rendeletet alkotni, addig a második tárgykör már csaknem teljesen fakultatív. A helyi önkormányzatok által szabályozott közügyek köre igen tág keretek között helyezkedik el. Ilyenek lehetnek a közösségi együttélést szabályozó normák, amelyek sok esetben a magánélet területére tartozó jogviszonyokat kívánnak szabályozni. Ez utóbbi kérdések  esetén különös súllyal esik latba az a kitétel, hogy a helyi rendelet magasabb szintű jogforrással nem ütközhet. Jelen tanulmány azt veszi számba, hogy melyek a tipikusan problémát okozó önkormányzati rendeletek, illetve miként hat ezekre a centralizáció elve. 

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(68) "Centralisation, Decentralisation and the Peaceful Public Coexistence" ["hu_HU"]=> string(67) "Centralizáció, decentralizáció és a közösségi együttélés" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Árva Zsuzsanna" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#787 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(427) ["email"]=> string(28) "arva.zsuzsanna@law.unideb.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(316) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(116) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Árva" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Árva" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Zsuzsanna" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Zsuzsanna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(31) "alkotmánybírósági gyakorlat" [1]=> string(22) "helyi önkormányzatok" [2]=> string(16) "jó kormányzás" [3]=> string(26) "közigazgatási szankciók" [4]=> string(26) "közösségi együttélés" [5]=> string(17) "Kúria gyakorlata" } ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(24) "administrative sanctions" [1]=> string(15) "good governance" [2]=> string(18) " local governments" [3]=> string(27) "peaceful public coexistence" [4]=> string(36) "practice of the Constitutional Court" [5]=> string(22) " practice of the Curia" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(6) "magyar" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#819 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(14034) ["id"]=> int(4100) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(316) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

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This study focuses primarily on the territorial bodies of mid-level state administration. Hungarian territorial state administration has been under constant transformation since 1989–1990. As other studies have already researched the key steps of this transformation extensively, this paper focuses solely on the major developments of the 2016/2017 calendar years (primarily due to the manuscript deadline). The study is mostly based on the analysis of the relevant Hungarian legislation, but also contains an international outlook. In summary, the paper concludes that in recent years the number of Hungarian territorial administrative organisations have been greatly reduced, the importance of the capital and county government offices have been greatly increased, the system of the district-level offices have been differentiated, and the customer relationship solutions have seen a notable renewal. The aforesaid conclusions will also offer a system-level interpretation of this Neo-Weberian Hungarian transformation. 

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The paper addresses the challenges of a better scientific understanding of the complexity of innovation processes. In this relation the authors are  stressing the need to adopt the so-called “holistic” innovation strategy integrated into the national innovation governance system in the innovation “front-runner” countries (i.e. Sweden, Finland, Denmark, etc.). The paper has two main parts. The first part presents the theoretical and methodological foundations of the innovation approaches and examines the following issues: macro- and micro (organisational) importance of innovations, innovation challenges in the public sector, comparison of variables measuring public and private sector innovations, notion and dimension of workplace innovations, hard and soft regulations of innovation, types and fast erosion of knowledge, underlining the growing role of knowledge management. 
The second part of the paper examines the empirical experiences of workplace innovation in the EU-27 countries, using certain waves (2005 and 2010) of European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) organised by the Eurofund (Dublin). Distinguishing four major types of work organisations (i.e. "discretionary learning organisation”, “lean organisation”, “Taylorean organisation” and “traditional/simple organisation”) important cross-country differences were mapped. Comparing the period before and after the “Grand” financial crisis (2008–2009) the share of “discretionary learning organisation” declined, reflecting the strengthening trend of the short-term cost efficiency seeking strategy of the European companies, while other strategies based on knowledge-efficiency seeking have been overshadowed. Finally, the authors outline  the need – in both public and private sector – for a knowledge management based on the Employee Driven Innovation (EDI) scheme in order to create high performance working systems (HPWS). 

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Hungary is one of the main beneficiaries of the EU  Cohesion Policy, which aids the development of the regions lagging behind. As one of the policy’s main objectives is territorial cohesion, both the functioning  of the territorial delivery system and the role of the regional and local stakeholders have crucial importance. The paper presents and evaluates the regime Hungary uses for integrated territorial development: the territorial strategies devised by municipalities as integrated plans on the basis of a pre-set financial allocation, a pre-defined menu of measures and obligatory performance targets. The research explores the interactions between multilevel governance structures and effectiveness of delivery. The paper is based on a mix of desk research and fieldwork (desk research of publicly available data presented in official reports, documents and data from the Hungarian institutions and authorities and on the relevant EU and national legislation together with the result of interviews with  the local stakeholders and experiences of the authors) and it offers empirical experience on how this regime has been functioning and what the impacts are. The Hungarian mechanism implies a renewed system of domestic collaboration and increased territorial responsibilities. Despite similarities, it is a distinct mode from the ESIF territorial toolkit, and even with the establishment of  a dedicated financial framework for counties and cities with county rights, the decentralisation of the programming and implementation of ITPs have not been realised.

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A considerable part of public debt originates from the budgetary practices of local governments: this amounted to nearly 850 billion euros, which was 6.7%  of the EU-28’s general government gross debt in 2018. This paper briefly presents the magnitude and relevance of local government debt at a national level, then it outlines the effective debt management strategies taking a multi-level governance approach. Four debt management categories can be classified: changing the conditions, repayment strategies, additional resources and, finally, state intervention. Unfortunately, there are no good/best practices for the first two methods. For additional resources, in some Mediterranean and Scandinavian countries, state or local government-owned specialised financial institutions were established, while in other European countries, the state pays the bailout or consolidation by overtaking the unsustainable local debts. In most cases, only the direct and/or indirect state intervention methods were proven to be successful solutions.

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associate professor

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egyetemi docens

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The aim of the study is to examine how animal protection, especially that of animal specimens, is included in the European constitutions. San Marino and the United Kingdom have no classical, written constitutions, hence, a total of 42 European constitutions were studied. Animals typically appear in the constitution as species that, as part of nature and the environment, must be conserved in order to preserve biodiversity. There are only a few constitutions in Europe that reflect a narrowly defined approach to animal protection. According to this, animals as individuals must be protected because of their intrinsic value. The research has shown that 14% (6 countries) of the European countries examined contain both species and specimen protection provisions in their constitutions. The vast majority, 69% (29 countries) included only animal species protection provisions in the constitution. 17% (7 countries) of the European constitutions do not contain a provision based on any of the criteria. Only Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland have provisions for  individual protection of animals at constitutional level. In Switzerland, a unique legal institution, the  “dignity of animals” was given constitutional protection.

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