Digital Tools User Groups as a Digital Divide Among Finnish Employees
Copyright (c) 2024 Tuomo Alasoini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Based on Statistics Finland’s Quality of Work Life Survey 2018, this paper seeks how Finnish employees’ use of digital tools differs from each other, what sociodemographic and work contextrelated factors these differences are connected to, and how differences in usage are reflected in the effects of digitalisation on employees’ work. The research identified five user groups. Nearly half of the employees are classified as Skilled Users, which are typically of a young age. Challenges for other groups include deficiencies in digital skills, problems in learning to use digital tools, routine-like usage, low learning demands at work, and a high workload and learning pressure arising from intensive use of digital tools. The results support the sequential and compound digital exclusion arguments derived from previous literature, but do not fully support the stratification argument. The paper shows that among employees there are digital divides of various types. Narrowing these gaps requires different policies and customised solutions.
Keywords:
References
BALDWIN, Richard (2019): The Globotics Upheaval. Globalization, Robotics, and the Future of Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
BOES, Andreas – KÄMPF, Tobias – LANGES, Barbara – LŰHR, Thomas (2017): The Disruptive Power of Digital Transformation. In BRIKEN, Kendra – CHILLAS, Shiona – KRZYWDZINSKI, Martin – MARKS, Abigail (eds.): The New Digital Workplace. How New Technologies Revolutionise Work. London: Red Globe Press, 153–173.
BRYNJOLFSSON, Erik – MCAFEE, Andrew (2014): The Second Machine Age. Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: W.W. Norton.
FIELD, Justin Craig – CHAN, Xi (2018): Contemporary Knowledge Workers and the Boundaryless Work–Life Interface. Implications for the Human Resource Management of the Knowledge Workforce. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2414), 1–10. Online: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02414
FREY, Carl (2019): The Technology Trap. Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691191959
FREY, Carl – OSBORNE, Michael (2017): The Future of Employment. How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
HELSPER, Ellen Johanna (2012): A Corresponding Fields Model for the Links between Social and Digital Exclusion. Communication Theory, 22(4), 403–426. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01416.x
HEPONIEMI, Tarja – GLUSCHKOFF, Kia – LEEMANN, Lars – MANDERBACKA, Kristiina – AALTO, Anna-Mari – HYPPÖNEN, Hannele (2023): Digital Inequality in Finland. Access, Skills and Attitudes as Social Impact Mediators. New Media & Society, 25(9), 2475–2491. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211023007
HYPPÖNEN, Hannele – ILMARINEN, Katja (2016): Sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon digitalisaatio. Tutkimuksesta tiiviisti 22/2016. Helsinki: Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos.
KORJONEN-KUUSIPURO, Kristiina – RASI-HEIKKINEN, Päivi – VUOJÄRVI, Hanna – PIHLAINEN, Kaisa – KÄRNÄ, Eija eds. (2022): Ikääntyvät digiyhteiskunnassa. Elinikäisen oppimisen mahdollisuudet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
MAZZUCATO, Mariana (2021): Mission Economy. A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism. Milton Keynes: Allen Lane.
NEFF, Gina – NAGY, Peter (2019): Agency in the Digital Age. Using Symbiotic Agency to Explain Human–Technology Interaction. In PAPACHARISSI, Zizi (ed.): A Networked Self and Human Augmentics, Artificial Intelligence, Sentience. New York: Routledge, 97–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315202082-8
PwC (2018): Will Robots Really Steal Our Jobs? An International Analysis of the Potential Long Term Impact of Automation. PricewaterhouseCoopers.
RAGNEDDA, Massimo – MUSCHERT, Glenn eds. (2018): Theorizing Digital Divides. London: Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315455334
SAIKKONEN, Loretta (2022): Metallialan työntekijöiden digitaaliset informaatiotaidot – ketkä ovat vaarassa digisyrjäytyä? Työelämän Tutkimus, 20(3), 385–410. Online: https://doi.org/10.37455/tt.110005
SAIKKONEN, Loretta – KAARAKAINEN, Meri-Tuulia (2021): Multivariate Analysis of Teachers’ Digital Information Skills. The Importance of Available Resources. Computers & Education, 168(104206), 1–13. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104206
SAK (2020): SAK:n työolobarometri. Helsinki: SAK.
SCHEERDER, Anique – VAN DEURSEN, Alexander– VAN DIJK, Jan (2017): Determinants of Internet Skills Use and Outcomes. A Systematic Review of the Second- and Third-Level Digital Divide. Telematics and Informatics, 34(8), 1607–1624. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007
SUTELA, Hanna – PÄRNÄNEN, Anna – KEYRILÄINEN, Marianne (2019): Digiajan työelämä. Työolotutkimuksen tuloksia 1977–2018. Helsinki: Statistics Finland.
VAN DEURSEN, Alexander – HELSPER, Ellen (2018): Collateral Benefits of Internet Use. Explaining the Diverse Outcomes of Engaging with the Internet. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2333–2351. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817715282
VAN DEURSEN, Alexander – HELSPER, Ellen – EYNON, Rebecca (2016): Development and Validation of the Internet Skills Scale (ISS). Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), 804–823. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1078834
VAN DEURSEN, Alexander – HELSPER, Ellen – EYNON, Rebecca – VAN DIJK, Jan (2017): The Compoundness and Sequentiality of Digital Inequality. International Journal of Communication, 11. 452–473.
VAN DIJK, Jan A.G.M. (2005): The Deepening Divide, Inequality in the Information Society. London: Sage. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229812
VAN LAAR, Ester – VAN DEURSEN, Alexander – VAN DIJK, Jan – DE HAAN, Jos (2017): The Relation between 21st-Century Skills and Digital Skills. A Systematic Literature Review. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 577–588. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900176
VUORIKARI, Riina – KLUZER, Stefano – PUNIE, Yves (2022): DigComp 2.2. The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens – With New Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes. JRC128415. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2760/115376
WESTLUND, Oscar – BJUR, Jakob (2014): Media Life of the Young. Young, 22(1), 21–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308813512934