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Journal of International Economic Law, 24(2), 259–275. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab014" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(675) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8448" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1117) "

This paper assesses the integration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the policy framework of Namibia’s Sustainable Special Economic Zones (SSEZs). As Namibia transitions from the underperforming Export Processing Zones (EPZs) to SSEZs, the paper raises the question of whether the new policy sufficiently addresses the CSR deficiencies of its predecessor. Using a qualitative, interpretive methodology, the paper highlights significant policy and institutional gaps impeding effective CSR implementation, such as the absence of regulatory mandates, inadequate accountability mechanisms and disjointed governance. It suggests a multi-tiered intervention strategy comprising policy reforms, legal requirements and participatory governance mechanisms, to integrate CSR into the SSEZs design and operations. Drawing on international best practices, the paper presents a contextualised framework to improve social sustainability within Namibia’s industrial policy. The results emphasise the need to reconceptualise CSR as a fundamental and strategic component of sustainable economic development.

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Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Management and Political Studies, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0171-4" ["issueId"]=> int(675) ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8435" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1428) "

In recent years, the world has been facing global issues such as the spread of pandemic and global warming. Countermeasures for these problems have been discussed using the concept of global public goods (GPGs). This article explores the necessity of establishing complex arrangements and governance structures for addressing global public goods, with an emphasis on the public health context, and combating infectious disease threats in particular. The article conceptualises malaria prevention and control as a global public good and suggests that its governance is likely to be more effective and sustainable if based on three multi-level settings: international rule-forming institutions; regionally embedded knowledge networks; and national cross-border infrastructures. Using the Mekong Countries as an empirical case, it evaluates the actor–recipient dynamics leveraging public health goods, and highlights the importance of adaptive, governance-rooted strategies for addressing epidemiological challenges. The article further argues that international norms must be activated and operationalised through both regional plurilateral and national bilateral pathways to build collaborative mechanisms and implement pragmatic health policies, thereby achieving effectiveness and sustainability. These findings contribute to cumulative theoretical insights into the transforming landscape of global health governance.

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Doctoral Researcher, Institute of International Relations, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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PhD Candidate, Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589 Craven, S., Brown, S. & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of Literature and Theoretical Considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601069414 Electronic Privacy Information Center (2026, March 25). Jury Finds Meta and Google Negligent in Landmark Social Media Addiction Case. Online: https://epic.org/jury-finds-meta-and-google-negligent-in-landmarksocial-media-addiction-case/ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2025, August 19). Staying One Step Ahead: How to Protect Kids from Emerging Online Threats. Online: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/jacksonville/news/staying-onestep-ahead-how-to-protect-kids-from-emerging-online-threats Fowler, M. J., Lybert, K. A., M.A., Owens, J. N., M.A. & Waterfield, J. M. (2020, August 6). Undercover Chatting with Child Sex Offenders. United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, Featured Articles. Online: https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/undercover-chatting-with-child-sex-offenders Fu, Y., Peng, H., Ou, L., Sabharwal, A. & Khot, T. (2023). Specializing Smaller Language Models Towards Multi-Step Reasoning. Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 202, 10421–10430. Online: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/fu23d/fu23d.pdf Kramer, J. (2024, November 5). Louisiana Signs $3M Deal for High-Tech Investigations. The Times-Picayune. Online: https://tinyurl.com/43bpjnr8 Kyrik, Kelly (2005). Trolling for Predators: More and More Law Enforcement Officers Are Actively Working the Internet to Track, Apprehend, and Prosecute Pedophiles. Police: The Law Enforcement Magazine, 29(10), 32–40. Lorenzo-Dus, N., Kinzel, A. & Di Cristofaro, M. (2020). The Communicative Modus Operandi of Online Child Sexual Groomers: Recurring Patterns in their Language Use. Journal of Pragmatics, 155, 15–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.09.010 Mavali, S., Ricker, J., Pape, D., Fischer, A. & Schönherr, L. (2024). Fake It until You Break It: On the Adversarial Robustness of AI-generated Image Detectors. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.01574 Mulvaney, E. & Bobrowsky, M. (2026, March 24). Landmark Verdict Says Meta Harmed Children, Allowing Adults to Prey on Them. The Wall Street Journal. Online: https://www.wsj.com/tech/landmark-verdictsays-meta-harmed-children-allowing-adults-to-prey-on-them-cb3ad674 National Institute of Justice (2024, May 8). Unconventional Wisdom: Research Shakes up Assumptions About Sex Trafficking Clues in Online Escort Ads. Online: https://tinyurl.com/pakavj8x O’Connell, R. (2020). Freedom of Expression. In Law, Democracy and the European Court of Human Rights (pp. 84–119). Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139547246.007 O’Keeffe, K. & McWhirter, C. (2023, September 17). New Orleans DA Fights “Terrorism” on Streets with AI Spycraft. The Wall Street Journal. Online: https://tinyurl.com/5xsv9khd Petroff, A. (2018, April 5). Yes, Facebook Is Scanning Your Messages for Abuse. CNN Business. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4cbm6crj Plaisance, S. (2024, November 18). Tulane Researchers Partner with Court Watch NOLA to Boost Criminal Justice Transparency. Tulane University of Science and Engineering. Online: https://tinyurl.com/54xwd4jk Pollack, D. & MacIver, A. (2015). Understanding Sexual Grooming in Child Abuse Cases. Child Law Practice, 34(11), 166–168. Sartain, M. (2024, June 24). Large Language Models (LLMs) vs. Small Language Models (SLMs). Rackspace Technology. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3cv6vk8s Shackelford, S., Hiller, J., Makridis, C., Nash, I., Kisska-Schulze, K. & Travis, H. (2025). Moving Slow and Fixing Things. 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Pervasive computing has abused information and communication technologies and created new kinds of systemic risks and societal vulnerabilities. With the rise of artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, and pattern recognition systems, all those petabytes of information can be analysed and used to seriously interfere with the rights and liberties of others, and, in particular, it can be used to reveal the most intimate aspects of the lives of others. This, in turn, has offered new and unheard means of criminality, ranging from financial offenses to child exploitation. Therefore, there is a social responsibility for developing systems capable of mitigating the risks that the development of information and communications technologies poses to society. Given that this particular threat involves expression, efforts to mitigate expression-related misconduct must attend to rules that protect expression from government regulation. This article considers one particular area of expression-related misconduct, namely the online abuse of children.

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This study examines the development of the European Administrative Space through cooperation understood both as a constitutional principle and as a system of everyday interauthority relations. It argues that EU law is implemented through a multi-level, networked administrative structure combining direct and indirect forms of public administration, in which composite administrative procedures play a central role. Using a theoretical and doctrinal methodology, the article analyses the structural features of these procedures and identifies persistent gaps in legal remedies that pose risks to the rule of law. Particular attention is paid to the impact of digitalisation, showing how interoperability and automation simultaneously enhance administrative efficiency while introducing new forms of procedural uncertainty. The study presents European administrative cooperation as an evolving but still incomplete legal and institutional Framework.

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