object(Publication)#1060 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(8109) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-11-10 16:30:20" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10308) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(7985) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(8619) "Acharya, K. K. (2018). Local Governance Restructuring in Nepal: From Government to Governmentality. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 12, 37–49. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v12i0.22178 Acharya, K. K. (2021). Federalism Practice in Nepal: Does it Move in the Expected Course? Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 15(1), 20–34. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v15i01.41923 Acharya, K. K. & Zafarullah, H. (2022). Whither Demarginalization, Inclusion and Effectiveness? Challenges of Local Government Planning in Nepal. Millennial Asia, 15(2), 216–235. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/09763996221107116 Adhikari, B. & Upadhyaya, P. (2020). Inter-Government Relations Bill: A Mixed Bag of Optimism for Subnational Governments. New Spotlight, 14(2), 8–11. Online: https://tinyurl.com/mupznwcd Afesha, N. (2015). The Federal-state Intergovernmental Relationship in Ethiopia: Institutional Framework and Its Implication on State Autonomy. Mizan Law Review, 9(2), 341–368. Online: https://doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v9i2.4 Afonso, J. R., Ferreira, S. G. & Varsano, R. (2019). Fiscal Competition: Decentralization. In C. C. Mendes, D. Chebenova & A. C. Lorena (Eds.), 30 Years of the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Perspectives for Brazilian Federalism (pp. 75–94). Forum of Federations. Agranoff, R. (2011). Federalist No. 44: What Is the Role of Intergovernmental Relations in Federalism? Public Administration Review, 71(S1), s68–s77. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02464.x Ayadi, A. B. (2025). Implementation of Federalism in Nepal: Insights from Karnali Province. Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 1–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v25i1.75768 Benton, J. E. (2020). Challenges to Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations and Takeaways Amid the Covid-19 Experience. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 536–542. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941698 Benz, A. (2009). Intergovernmental Relations in German Federalism: Joint Decision-Making and the Dynamics of Horizontal Cooperation. In Seminario internacional la federalización en España: Los déficit de la cooperación intergubernamental (pp. 1–28). Fundación Manuel Giménez Abad de Estudios Parlamentarios y del Estado Autonómico. Bhal, R. W., Timofeev, A. & Yilmaz, S. (2022). Implementing Federalism: The Case of Nepal. Public Budgeting & Finance, 42(3), 23–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/pbaf.12314 Bolleyer, N. (2009). Intergovernmental Institutionalization in Canada. In Intergovernmental Cooperation. Rational Choices in Federal Systems and Beyond (pp. 61–92). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570607.003.0003 Cameron, D. & Simeon, R. (2000). Intergovernmental Relations and Democratic Citizenship. In B. G. Peters & D. J. Savoie (Eds.), Governance in the Twenty-first Century. Revitalizing the Public Service (pp. 58–118). McGill-Queen’s University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773568884-005 Cameron, D. & Simeon, R. (2002). Intergovernmental Relations in Canada: The Emergence of Collaborative Federalism. Publius: The Global Review of Federalism, 32(2), 49–72. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a004947 DRCN (2020). The Interrelationship between Three Levels of Governments in Nepal’s Federal Structure. Democracy Resource Center Nepal. Online: https://tinyurl.com/a9ar376s Edwards, T. (2008). Key Challenges of Improving Intergovernmental Relations at Local Sphere: A Capacity Building Perspective. Journal of Public Administration, 43(si-1), 89–98. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC51640 Elazar, D. J. (2006). Federalism. In J. R. Marbach, E. Katz & T. E. Smith (Eds.), Federalism in America. An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. (pp. 223–242). Greenwood. Online: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216190479 Fenna, A. (2012). Federalism and Intergovernmental Coordination. In B. G. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Public Administration (pp. 750–763). Sage Publications. Online: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446200506.n48 Fisk, J. M. (2022). Intergovernmental Relations. State and Local Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003272441 GoN (2015). The Constitution of Nepal. Government of Nepal, Nepal Law Commission. GoN (2017). National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission Act, 2074 (2017). Government of Nepal, Nepal Law Commission. GoN (2020). Federation, Province, and Local Level (Coordination and Inter-relation) Act, 2020 (2077). Government of Nepal, Nepal Law Commission. Hachard, T. (2022). Capacity, Voice, and Opportunity: Advancing Municipal Engagement in Canadian Federal Relations. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, 27, 102–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.vi27.8480 Hausing, K. K. S. (2023). Intergovernmental Relations and the Territorial Management of Ethnic Diversity in India. India Review, 22(4), 397–432. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2023.2236462 Jha, P. C. (2007). Decentralization and Federalism in Brazil. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 68(1), 157–171. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858828 Kincaid, J. & Cole, R. L. (2016). Is the Teaching of Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations Dead or Alive in U.S. Public Administration? Journal of Public Affairs Education, 22(4), 515–530. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2016.12002264 Krane, D. & Leach, R. H. (2018). Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations: Theories, Ideas, and Concepts. In W. B. Hildreth, G. Miller & J. W. Rabin (Eds.), Handbook of Public Administration. 3rd edition (pp. 485–500). Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093215-12 Leonardy, U. (1998). The Institutional Structures of German Federalism. In C. Jeffery (Ed.), Recasting German Federalism. The Legacies of Unification (pp. 3–22). Bloomsbury Publisher. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies. A Comparative Exploration. Yale University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300158182 Malan, L. P. (2012): Intergovernmental Relations in South Africa: A Revised Policy Approach to Co-operative Government. African Journal of Public Affairs, 5(3), 115–124. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/21842 McLaughlin, A. (1918). The Background of American Federalism. American Political Science Review, 12(2), 215–240. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1943600 Menzies, J. (2013). Reducing Tensions in Australian Intergovernmental Relations through Institutional Innovation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(3), 382–389. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12036 Osborne, S. P. (2010). The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203861684 Painter, M. (2001). Multi-level Governance and the Emergence of Collaborative Federal Institutions in Australia. Policy & Politics, 29(2), 137–150. Online: https://doi.org/10.1332/0305573012501260 Phillimore, J. (2013). Understanding Intergovernmental Relations: Key Features and Trends. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(3), 228–238. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12025 Rai, R. K. J. (2025). Issues of Federalism in Nepal: A Political Analysis of Success Factors. NPRC Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6), 180–192. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/nprcjmr.v2i6.80894 Rhodes, R. A. W. (1997). Understanding Governance. Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Open University Press. Rose, S. & Bowling, C. J. (2015). The State of American Federalism 2014–15: Pathways to Policy in an Era of Party Polarization. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 45(3), 351–379. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjv028 Rosenthal, D. B. (1980). Bargaining Analysis in Intergovernmental Relations. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 10(3), 5–44. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/3329681 Subedi, G. (2021). Interprovincial Relations in Formative Phase of Federal Nepal. Journal of Political Science, 21, 9–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i0.35259 Subedi, G. (2025). Practices and Key Aspects of Intergovernmental Relations in Nepal: Major Challenges and Way Forward in Advancing Federalism. The Academia: An Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 5(1), 53–69. Online: https://doi.org/10.3126/ta.v5i1.77114 Wright, D. S. (1974). Intergovernmental Relations in America Today. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 416(1), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627441600102" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7985" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1598) "

This study investigates the complexities and obstacles associated with intergovernmental relations (IGR) in Nepal’s emerging federal system. By conducting interviews with government officials and analysing key IGR mechanisms, the research identifies substantial obstacles to the effective cooperation, coordination and coexistence of federal, provincial and local governments. Some of the significant issues are a lack of genuine autonomy for subnational entities, fiscal imbalances, inactive dispute resolution bodies and an ambiguous division of responsibilities. The study uses a qualitative approach, analysing authority, resources and responsibilities in Nepal through 29 key informant interviews with government officials. It identifies themes related to coordination, power devolution and service delivery, and uses secondary sources to contextualise Nepal’s federal experiment within broader theoretical and comparative contexts. The study reveals that centralised control, political interference and ineffective institutions continue to hinder Nepal’s IGR framework, despite the constitutional provisions. The findings have significant implications for federal governance in Nepal, emphasising the necessity of overcoming structural obstacles, promoting genuine collaboration among government echelons, and empowering subnational entities. More broadly, the study contributes to the literature on federalism and IGR in developing democracies by illustrating the difficulties associated with translating constitutional principles into functional multi-level governance systems.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(38) "Keshav Kumar Acharya, Habib Zafarullah" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(19) "Federalism in Nepal" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(66) "Intergovernmental Relations and the Challenges of Power Devolution" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#1072 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10308) ["email"]=> string(24) "keshavkacharya@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8109) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "NP" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3295-0003" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(41) "Kathmandu University School of Management" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(84) "

Visiting Faculty, Kathmandu University School of Management, Kathmandu, Nepal

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Acharya" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(12) "Keshav Kumar" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#1061 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10309) ["email"]=> string(19) "hzafarul@une.edu.au" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8109) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "AU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-2855" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(25) "University of New England" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(111) "

Full Professor, Department of Sociology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(10) "Zafarullah" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Habib" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "constitution" [1]=> string(33) "intergovernmental relations (IGR)" [2]=> string(10) "federalism" [3]=> string(16) "local government" [4]=> string(5) "Nepal" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1067 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42546) ["id"]=> int(6565) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8109) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#1059 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(8547) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-02 15:09:20" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10953) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(8422) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(11821) "Alidemaj, A. H., Krivins, A., Durguti, E. & McArdle, J. (2025). Economic Freedom Index and Foreign Direct Investment: Bridging the Gap between Developed and Emerging Economies. Central European Business Review, 14(5), 1–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.398 ALTAX Institute (2025, February 23). The Level of Informality in the Economy and Employment in the Western Balkans. ALTAX. Online: https://altax.al/en/the-level-of-informality-in-the-economy-andemployment-in-the-western-balkans/ Alvarez, J. & Arellano, M. (2003). The Time Series and Cross-Section Asymptotics of Dynamic Panel Data Estimators. Econometrica, 71(4), 1121–1159. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00441 Andiojaya, A. (2025). Do Stronger Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Measures Reduce Crime? An Empirical Study on Corruption, Bribery, and Environmental Crime. Journal of Economic Criminology, 8. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2025.100157 Arellano, M. & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error Component Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968 Asllani, A. & Schneider, F. (2025). A Review of the Driving Forces of the Informal Economy and Policy Measures for Mitigation: An Analysis of Six EU Countries. International Tax and Public Finance, 32(1), 310–344. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-024-09842-z Aspachs, O., Durante, R., Graziano, A., Mestres, J., Montalvo, J. G. & Reynal-Querol, M. (2022). Real-time Inequality and the Welfare State in Motion: Evidence from Covid-19 in Spain. Economic Policy, 37(109), 165–199. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiac008 Barra, C. & Papaccio, A. (2024). Does Regulatory Quality Reduce Informal Economy? A Theoretical and Empirical Framework. Social Indicators Research, 172(2), 543–567. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-024-03319-6 Baum, C. F., Schaffer, M. E. & Stillman, S. (2003). Instrumental Variables and GMM: Estimation and Testing. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 3(1), 1–31. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0300300101 Blundell, R. & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 Boguslavskyy, O., Gura, V. & Nikitina, T. (2025). Reviewing Transition Economies (1989–2021): Sustainable Reform Outcomes in Post-Socialist Countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 14(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2025.v14n1p198 Buitrago R., R. E., García-Suaza, A. F. & Garzón Restrepo, J. E. (2024). Exploratory Analysis of the Determinants of Informality in Emerging and Frontier Economies: An Institutional Approach via PLS–SEM. Development Studies Research, 11(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2023.2291004 Chen, K. & Zha, T. (2023). China’s Macroeconomic Development: The Role of Gradualist Reforms. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, (31395). Online: https://doi.org/10.3386/w31395 Clark, J., Marin, G., Ardic Alper, O. P. & Galicia Rabadan, G. A. (2025). Digital Public Infrastructure and Development: A World Bank Group Approach. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/42935 Colombo, E., Menna, L. & Tirelli, P. (2019). Informality and the Labour Market Effects of Financial Crises. World Development, 119, 1–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.001 CREDI (2024). 2024 Regional Policy Paper. Online: https://credi.ba/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Final-Regional-Policy-Paper-WBF.pdf D’Agostino, E., De Benedetto, M. A. & Sobbrio, G. (2023). Does the Economic Freedom Hinder the Underground Economy? Evidence from a Cross-country Analysis. Economia Politica, 40(1), 319–341. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-022-00288-2 Deléchat, C. & Medina, L. (Eds.) (2021). The Global Informal Workforce. Priorities for Inclusive Growth. International Monetary Fund. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513575919.071 Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D. & Ansar, S. (2022). The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of Covid-19. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1897-4 Doeringer, P. B. & Piore, M. J. (1971). Internal Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis. M. E. Sharp. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003069720 Dolado, J. J., Jáñez, A. & Wellschmied, F. (2025, March 23). Riders on the Storm: The Effects of Regulating Platform Work. CEPR. Online: https://tinyurl.com/yc6bz8dw Dreher, A. & Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Analysis. Public Choice, 144(1–2), 215–238. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9513-0 Durguti, E., Arifi, E., Gashi, E. & Spahiu, M. (2023). Anti-money Laundering Regulations’ Effectiveness in Ensuring Banking Sector Stability: Evidence of Western Balkan. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2167356 Eng, R. & Lim, S. (2025). The Influence of the Informal Economy on the Growth Rate of Real GDP within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 15(3), 59–65. Online: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.18312 Esaku, S. & Mugoda, S. (2025). Unemployment and the Informal Economy in Uganda: An Empirical Investigation. Forum for Economic and Financial Studies, 3(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.59400/fefs2218 Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gwartney, J., Lawson, R. A., Murphy, R., Abubaker, M., Celico, A., Hammond, A. C. R., McMahon, F. & Rode, M. (2023, September 19). Economic Freedom of the World: 2023 Annual Report. Fraser Institute. Online: https://doi.org/10.53095/88975012 Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators. Econometrica, 50(4), 1029–1054. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775 IMF (2021). World Economic Outlook. Managing Divergent Recoveries. International Monetary Fund. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513577234.081 IMF (2023). 2023 Review of the Fund’s Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Strateg y. International Monetary Fund Policy Papers, (052), 1–55. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400258763.007 Jahan, I., Pavlik, J. B. & Williams, R. B. (2020). Is the Devil in the Shadow? The Effect of Institutional Qualityon Income. Review of Development Economics, 24(4), 1463–1483. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12691 Jeník, I. & Duff, S. (2020). How to Build a Regulatory Sandbox: A Practical Guide for Policy Makers. World Bank. Online: https://tinyurl.com/bdhztffx Khelil, I., Khlif, H. & Achek, I. (2024). The Economic Consequences of Money Laundering: A Review of Empirical Literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 27(5), 901–916. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-09-2023-0143 Klapper, L., Singer, D., Starita, L. & Norris, A. (2025). The Global Findex Database 2025: Connectivity and Financial Inclusion in the Digital Economy. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-2204-9 Krivins, A., Durguti, E., Vilks, A. & Kipane, A. (2025). Ethics and Corruption in the European Union: A Content Analysis. European Review, 1–26. [First view article.] Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798725100240 Levin, A., Lin, C.-F. & Chu, C.-S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098‑7 Littlewood, D., Rogers, P. & Williams, C. (2018). Experiences, Causes, and Measures to Tackle Institutional Incongruence and Informal Economic Activity in South-East Europe. Current Sociology, 68(7), 950–971. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392118788911 Maiti, D. & Bhattacharyya, C. (2020). Informality, Enforcement, and Growth. Economic Modelling, 84, 259–274. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.04.015 Momot, T., Chekh, N., Prylypko, S., Filonych, O. & Cherednychenko, O. (2023). Corruption in Business: Motives and Influence on the Shadow Economy. Business: Theory and Practice, 24(1), 206–215. Online: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2023.17365 Nguyen, G. N. T. & Liu, X. (2023). The Interrelationship between Corruption and the Shadow Economy: A Perspective on FDI and Institutional Quality. Journal of Economics and Development, 25(4), 349–364. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-03-2023-0044 Ohnsorge, F. L. & Yu, S. (2021). The Long Shadow of Informality: Challenges and Policies. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1753-3 Phillips, R. F. (2022). Forward Orthogonal Deviations GMM and the Absence of Large Sample Bias. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.14075 Piatkowski, M. (2018). Europe’s Growth Champion. Insights from the Economic Rise of Poland. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.001.0001 Ptak, A. (2025, July 7). How Poland Shook Off Its Past and Became Europe’s Growth Champion. Notes from Poland. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4e6bvsbh Ricci, L. A., Ahokpossi, C., Quayyum, S. N., Turk, R. A., Belianska, A., Cangul, M., Fuje, H., Lee, S., Li, G. B., Li, X., Mu, Y., Mwase, N., Ree, J. J., Shi, H. & Kramarenko, V. (2025). Digital Payment Innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa. IMF Departmental Papers, (004), 1–132. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400232220.087 Roodman, D. (2009). How to Do Xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 9(1), 86–136. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900106 Round, J. (2009). Transitional Economies. In R. Kitchin & N. Thrift (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 355–360). Elsevier. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00235-2 Saha, S., Beladi, H. & Kar, S. (2021). Corruption Control, Shadow Economy, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100774 Usman, N., Griffiths, M. & Alam, A. (2025). FinTech and Money Laundering: Moderating Effect of Financial Regulations and Financial Literacy. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 27(3), 301–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-04-2024-0068 Wang, Z. (2022). Informal Economy and Institutional Quality. BCP Business & Management, 18, 18–23. Online: https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v18i.530 Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics. A Modern Approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. World Bank (2022). Western Balkans Labour Market Brief 2022. World Bank. Online: https://tinyurl.com/y3hj36hv World Bank (2024). Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 26, Fall 2024. Retaining the Growth Momentum. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/42267 World Bank (2025). Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 27, Spring 2025. Adapting for Sustainable Growth. World Bank. Online: https://doi.org/10.1596/43132 World Economics (2025). Informal Economy Sizes. Informal Economy Size as a Percentage of GDP. World Economics. Online: https://www.worldeconomics.com/Informal-Economy/ Yao, J. (2024). Unveiling the Informal Economy: An Augmented Factor Model Approach. IMF Working Papers, (110), 1–39. Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400277160.001" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8422" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1340) "

The informal economy has been a consistent threat to development policy, particularly in Southeastern Europe, where institutional vulnerability and macroeconomic fluctuations are common. This paper examines institutional and macroeconomic factors behind informality across 2012–2024, denoting control of corruption, effectiveness of anti-money laundering, inflation, unemployment, contract enforcement, and economic freedom. Employing panel data from well-regarded international sources, the paper estimates the econometric result using the Arellano–Bover and Blundell–Bond System GMM estimator, which incorporates the endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and the dynamic effects. Results reveal strong path dependence, as lagged informal activity is statistically significant. Corruption control and the enforcement of contracts lead to lesser informality, whereas AML controls, surprisingly, enhance informality; hence, there are gaps in institution implementation. Inflation and unemployment heighten the informal behaviour, whereas economic freedom checks such behaviour. The research gap discussed is the lack of a combination of institutional and macroeconomic approaches to informality in the post-transition economy. The results presented provide practical implications for strengthening and formalising institutions.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(76) "Esat A. Durguti, Nexhat Kryeziu, Anatoljis Krivins, Carolina Suárez Agudelo" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(63) "The Institutional Roots of Informal Economy in Southeast Europe" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Invisible Markets, Visible Weaknesses" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(4) { [0]=> object(Author)#1056 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10952) ["email"]=> string(21) "esat.durguti@umib.net" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8547) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "RS" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-3664" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(34) "University Isa Boletini-Mitrovicë" ["hu_HU"]=> string(34) "University Isa Boletini-Mitrovicë" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(117) "

Full Professor, Bank, Finance and Accounting, Faculty of Economics, University Isa Boletini, Mitrovica, Kosova

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Durguti" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Durguti" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Esat A." ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Esat A." } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#1075 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10953) ["email"]=> string(26) "nexhat.kryeziu@ubt-uni.edu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8547) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "RS" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-2284" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(38) "University for Business and Technology" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(121) "

Assistant Professor, Management, Business and Economics, University for Business and Technology, Prishtina, Kosovo

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Kryeziu" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Nexhat" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#1070 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10954) ["email"]=> string(23) "anatolijs.krivins@du.lv" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8547) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "LV" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1764-4091" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(21) "Daugavpils University" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(122) "

Associate Professor, Department of Law, Management Science and Economics, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Krivins" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Anatoljis" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [3]=> object(Author)#1065 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10955) ["email"]=> string(18) "u2614673@uel.ac.uk" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8547) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "GB" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4908-2438" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(25) "University of East London" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(79) "

DBA Candidate, Business Studies, University of East London, London, U.K.

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "Suárez Agudelo" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Carolina" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(11) "informality" [1]=> string(21) "institutional quality" [2]=> string(24) "macroeconomic indicators" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1078 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42915) ["id"]=> int(6584) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8547) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#1068 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8585) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-02 15:11:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11027) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(8460) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(16023) "Alon-Barkat, S. & Busuioc, M. (2023). Human–AI Interactions in Public Sector Decision Making: “Automation Bias” and “Selective Adherence” to Algorithmic Advice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(1), 153–169. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac007 Alon-Barkat, S. & Busuioc, M. (2024). Public Administration Meets Artificial Intelligence: Towards a Meaningful Behavioral Research Agenda on Algorithmic Decision-making in Government. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 7. Online: https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.71.261 Andrews, P., de Sousa, T., Haefele, B., Beard, M., Wigan, M., Palia, A., Reid, K., Narayan, S., Dumitru, M., Morrison, A., Mason, G. & Jacquet, A. (2022). A Trust Framework for Government Use of Artificial Intelligence and Automated Decision Making. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.10087 Bai, J. & Perron, P. (2003). Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Change Models. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18(1), 1–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.659 Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (6th ed.). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5 Bossetta, M. (2022). The Digital Architectures of Social Media: Comparing Political Campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. Election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 471–496. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763307 Bruun, M. H. (2024). Algorithmic Governance, Public Participation and Trust. Citizen–State Relations in a Smart City Project. Social Anthropology, 32(4), 13–30. Online: https://doi.org/10.3167/saas.2024.320402 Busuioc, M. (2021). Accountable Artificial Intelligence: Holding Algorithms to Account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825–836. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13293 Canel, M. J. & Luoma-Aho, V. (2018). Public Sector Communication. Closing Gaps Between Citizens and Public Organizations. Wiley. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135630 Chan, J., Choi, F., Saha, K. & Chandrasekharan, E. (2025). Examining Algorithmic Curation on Social Media: An Empirical Audit of Reddit’s r/popular Feed. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.20491 Chen, Y.-C., Ahn, M. J. & Wang, Y.-F. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Public Values: Value Impacts and Governance in the Public Sector. Sustainability, 15(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064796 Cobbe, J., Veale, M. & Singh, J. (2023). Understanding Accountability in Algorithmic Supply Chains. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 1186–1197). Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594073 Coombs, W. T. & Holladay, S. J. (Eds.) (2022). The Handbook of Crisis Communication in the Digital Era. Wiley-Blackwell. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119678953 Cordella, A. & Gualdi, F. (2025). Algorithmic Formalization: Impacts on Administrative Processes. Public Administration, 103(2), 441–466. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.13030 Dekker, C. A., Baumgartner, S. E. & Sumter, S. R. (2025). For You vs. for Everyone: The Effectiveness of Algorithmic Personalization in Driving Social Media Engagement. Telematics and Informatics, 101. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2025.102300 Djatmiko, G. H., Sinaga, O. & Pawirosumarto, S. (2025). Digital Transformation and Social Inclusion in Public Services: A Qualitative Analysis of E-Government Adoption for Marginalized Communities in Sustainable Governance. Sustainability, 17(7). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072908 Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014 Eurostat (2023). Digital Economy and Society Statistics. Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/digital-economy-and-society/publications FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights) (2022). Bias in Algorithms. Artificial Intelligence and Discrimination. Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2811/25847 Gandini, A., Keeling, S. & Reviglio, U. (2025). Conceptualising the ‘Algorithmic Public Opinion’: Public Opinion Formation in the Digital Age. Dialogues on Digital Society. Online First. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/29768640251323147 GPAI (Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence) (2025). Algorithmic Transparency in the Public Sector. Why It Is Important and Why It Is a Key Aspect of Responsible AI and Data Governance. Online: https://wp.oecd.ai/app/uploads/2025/05/algorithmic-transparency.pdf Grimmelikhuijsen, S. & Meijer, A. (2022). Legitimacy of Algorithmic Decision-Making: Six Threats and the Need for a Calibrated Institutional Response. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 5(3), 232–242. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvac008 Grimmer, J., Roberts, M. E. & Stewart, B. M. (2022). Text as Data. A New Framework for Machine Learning and the Social Sciences. Princeton University Press. Haug, N., Dan, S. & Mergel, I. (2024). Digitally-induced Change in the Public Sector: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda. Public Management Review, 26(7), 1963–1987. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2234917 Heath, R. L. & Johansen, W. (Eds.) (2018). The International Encyclopedia of Strategic Communication. Wiley. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119010722 Herwix, A., Haj-Bolouri, A., Rossi, M., Tremblay, M. C., Purao, S. & Gregor, S. (2022). Ethics in Information Systems and Design Science Research: Five Perspectives. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 50(1), 589–616. Online: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.05028 Horobeț, A. L., Mnohoghitnei, I., Zlatea, E. M. L. & Smedoiu-Popoviciu, A. (2023). Determinants of E-Government Use in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis. Societies, 13(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13060150 Issar, S. & Aneesh, A. (2022). What Is Algorithmic Governance? Sociology Compass, 16(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12955 James, A., Hynes, D., Whelan, A., Dreher, T. & Humphry, J. (2023). From Access and Transparency to Refusal: Three Responses to Algorithmic Governance. Internet Policy Review, 12(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.2.1691 Jung, H., Dai, W. & Albarracín, D. (2024). How Social Media Algorithms Shape Offline Civic Participation: A Framework of Social-Psychological Processes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 19(5), 767–780. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916231198471 Kassen, M. (2018). Open Data and Its Institutional Ecosystems: A Comparative Cross‐Jurisdictional Analysis of Open Data Platforms. Canadian Public Administration, 61(1), 109–129. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12251 König, P. D., Felfeli, J., Achtziger, A. & Wenzelburger, G. (2024). The Importance of Effectiveness versus Transparency and Stakeholder Involvement in Citizens’ Perception of Public Sector Algorithms. Public Management Review, 26(4), 1061–1082. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2144938 Lněnička, M., Machova, R., Volejníková, J., Linhartová, V., Knezackova, R. & Hub, M. (2021). Enhancing Transparency through Open Government Data: The Case of Data Portals and Their Features and Capabilities. Online Information Review, 45(6), 1021–1038. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-05-2020-0204 Loader, B. D. & Mercea, D. (Eds.) (2021). Social Media and Democracy. Innovations in Participatory Politics. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203126974 Mahroof, K., Weerakkody, V., Hussain, Z. & Sivarajah, U. (2025). Navigating Power Dynamics in the Public Sector through AI-Driven Algorithmic Decision-making. Government Information Quarterly, 42(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2025.102053 Matheus, R., Faber, R., Ismagilova, E. & Janssen, M. (2023). Digital Transparency and the Usefulness for Open Government. International Journal of Information Management, 73. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102690 Medina Serrano, J. C., Papakyriakopoulos, O. & Hegelich, S. (2020). Dancing to the Partisan Beat: A First Analysis of Political Communication on TikTok. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 257–266). Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3394231.3397916 Mergel, I., Edelmann, N. & Haug, N. (2019). Defining Digital Transformation: Results from Expert Interviews. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002 Mergel, I., Dickinson, H., Stenvall, J. & Gasco, M. (2023). Implementing AI in the Public Sector. Public Management Review, 1–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2231950 Metzler, H. & Garcia, D. (2024). Social Drivers and Algorithmic Mechanisms on Digital Media. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 19(5), 735–748. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916231185057 Micheli, M., Ponti, M., Craglia, M. & Berti Suman, A. (2020). Emerging Models of Data Governance in the Age of Datafication. Big Data & Society, 7(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720948087 Mossberger, K., Wu, Y. & Crawford, J. (2013). Connecting Citizens and Local Governments? Social Media and Interactivity in Major U.S. Cities. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 351–358. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.016 OECD (2024). 2023 OECD Digital Government Index. Results and Key Findings. OECD Public Governance Policy Papers, 44. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/1a89ed5e-en OGP (Open Government Partnership) (2024). 2023–2024 Annual Report. Online: https://tinyurl.com/27nr24wc Ondiek, J. O. & Onyango, G. (2025). Open Government Partnership Initiatives and Policy Effectiveness in Kenya. In G. Onyango & I. Jamil (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Policy in the Global South (pp. 475–491). Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003561910-38 Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(Special Issue), 653–670. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653 Pedroni, P. (2001). Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby & R. C. Hill (Eds.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (pp. 93–130). Emerald. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2 Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 Phillips, P. C. B. & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99–125. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545 Pi, Y. (2023). Algorithmic Governance for Explainability: A Comparative Overview of Progress and Trends. arXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.00651 Purves, D. & Davis, J. (2022). Public Trust, Institutional Legitimacy, and the Use of Algorithms in Criminal Justice. Public Affairs Quarterly, 36(2), 136–162. Online: https://doi.org/10.5406/21520542.36.2.03 Ruckenstein, M. & Granroth, J. (2020). Algorithms, Advertising, and the Intimacy of Surveillance. Journal of Cultural Economy, 13(1), 12–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2019.1574866 Selten, F. & Meijer, A. (2021). Managing Algorithms for Public Value. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age (IJPADA), 8(1), 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJPADA.20210101.oa9 Shin, B., Floch, J., Rask, M., Bæck, P., Edgar, C., Berditchevskaia, A., Mesure, P. & Branlat, M. (2024). A Systematic Analysis of Digital Tools for Citizen Participation. Government Information Quarterly, 41(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101954 Taylor, M. & Kent, M. L. (2022). Paradigm Shifts in Public Relations Theory. In D. Pompper, K. R. Place & C. K. Weaver (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Public Relations (pp. 103–114). Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003131700-10 Theocharis, Y. & van Deth, J. W. (2022). Political Participation in a Changing World. Conceptual and Empirical Challenges in the Study of Citizen Engagement. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203728673 Torres-Reyna, O. (2007, December). Panel Data Analysis Fixed and Random Effects Using Stata (v. 4.2) [PowerPoint slides]. Data & Statistical Services, Princeton University. Online: https://tertilt.vwl.unimannheim.de/bachelor/Panel101.pdf Ulbricht, L. & Yeung, K. (2022). Algorithmic Regulation: A Maturing Concept for Investigating Regulation of and through Algorithms. Regulation & Governance, 16(1), 3–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12437 United Nations (2022). United Nations E-Government Survey 2022. United Nations. Online: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/reports/un-e-government-survey-2022 Vaccari, C. & Valeriani, A. (2021). Outside the Bubble. Social Media and Political Participation in Western Democracies. Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858476.001.0001 Vromen, A. (2023). Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement. Palgrave Macmillan. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48865-7 Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x Wieringa, M. (2020). What to Account for When Accounting for Algorithms: A Systematic Literature Review on Algorithmic Accountability. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT*) (pp. 1–18). Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372833 Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C. & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector – Applications and Challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596–615. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103 Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C. & Sturm, B. J. (2020). The Dark Sides of Artificial Intelligence: An Integrated AI Governance Framework for Public Administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(9), 818–829. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1749851 Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., Becker, M. & Müller, W. M. (2022). Open Government Data: A Systematic Literature Review of Potential and Challenges. Electronic Markets, 32, 2381–2404. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00582-8 World Bank (2022). GovTech Maturity Index, 2022 Update. Trends in Public Sector Digital Transformation. World Bank. Online: https://hdl.handle.net/10986/38499 Yang, C., Gu, M. & Albitar, K. (2024). Government in the Digital Age: Exploring the Impact of Digital Transformation on Governmental Efficiency. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 208. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123722 Yeung, K. (2018). Algorithmic Regulation: A Critical Interrogation. Regulation & Governance, 12(4), 505–523. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12158 Yukhno, A. (2024). Digital Transformation: Exploring Big Data Governance in Public Administration. Public Organization Review, 24(1), 335–349. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00694-x Zerilli, J., Knott, A., Maclaurin, J. & Gavaghan, C. (2019). Transparency in Algorithmic and Human Decision-Making: Is There a Double Standard? Philosophy & Technology, 32, 661–683. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0330-6 Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y.-C. & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Governance: A Systematic Literature Review and a Research Agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577 " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8460" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1081) "

This study investigates the influence of algorithmic interaction on public relations and political participation within public institutions. Digitalisation transforms traditional forms of communication, emphasising data-driven, transparent and accountable structures. The study uses OECD, Eurostat and World Bank data to create a balanced panel dataset for the EU27 countries from 2015 to 2024. Panel regression, causality tests, cointegration analyses and dynamic panel methods were applied. The findings suggest that social media use enhances e-government participation and that these interactions strengthen digital democracy. Furthermore, renewable energy and energy dependency have indirect relationships with digitalisation. The study justifies and stress-tests a proxy for algorithmic content density, documenting dynamic effects using System GMM with transparent instrument reporting. Subsample and interaction analyses reveal heterogeneous returns for OMS versus NMS. Policy recommendations emphasise algorithmic transparency, inclusive access and ethics by design.

" } ["additionalMetadatafield"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(212) "

This study was carried out within the scope of the TUBITAK project numbered 224K651 and entitled “Perspective Search for Transformational Change in Digital Public Relations through Big Data Analytics”.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(11) "Hasan Tutar" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(75) "Data-Based Communication and Political Participation in Public Institutions" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(48) "Algorithmic Interaction in Public Administration" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#1080 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11027) ["email"]=> string(21) "hasantutar@ibu.edu.tr" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8585) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "TR" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-1464" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(34) "Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(60) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:34:"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(204) "

Full Professor, Public Relations and Publicity Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University. Bolu, Turkey. Affiliated Researcher, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Tutar" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "TUTAR" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Hasan" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Hasan" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(23) "algorithmic interaction" [1]=> string(21) "public administration" [2]=> string(23) "political participation" [3]=> string(18) "digital governance" [4]=> string(12) "e-government" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1074 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42916) ["id"]=> int(6585) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8585) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#1066 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8414) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-02 15:16:34" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10717) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(8290) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(11819) "Árva, Zs. (2017). A helyi önkormányzatok feletti törvényességi felügyelet tapasztalatai [Experiences of the Legality Control of Local Governments]. In Zs. Árva & V. Szikora (Eds.), Jogtudomány a jogfejlődés szolgálatában: Szemelvények a modern jogi kutatások köréből [ Jurisprudence in the Service of Legal Development: Excerpts from Modern Legal Research] (pp. 11–25). Debreceni Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/2437/242863 Árva, Zs. (2020). A helyi önkormányzatokat érintő folyamatok, különös tekintettel a helyi önkormányzatok törvényességi felügyeletére [Processes Involving Local Governments, in Particular the Legality Control of Municipalities]. In Zs. Árva, I. Balázs, A. Barta & B. Veszprémi (Eds.), Állami erőforrások. Szervezet és személyi állomány a végrehajtó hatalom körében [State Resources. Organisation and Personnel within the Executive Branch] (pp. 261–320). Dialóg Campus. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/00842_04 Balázs, I. (2020). A közigazgatás változásairól Magyarországon és Európában a rendszerváltástól napjainkig [Changes in Public Administration in Hungary and Europe since the Regime Change]. Debreceni Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar. Barta, A. (2016). The Next Generation of Capital and County Government Offices. Developments in Hungarian Middle-Level State Administration Since 2011. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 1(2), 5–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2016.2.1 Barta, A. (2022). Quo vadis, felügyeleti ellenőrzés? [Quo Vadis Supervision?] KözigazgatásTudomány, 2(1), 28–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.54200/kt.v2i1.29 Békés County Government Office (2015). Beszámoló a Békés Megyei Kormányhivatal 2014. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Békés County Government Office, 2015]. Bencsik, A. (2017). A helyi önkormányzatok (pénzügyi) autonómiájáról [On the (Financial) Autonomy of Local Municipalities]. Pro Publico Bono – Magyar Közigazgatás, 5(1), 56–69. Online: https://folyoirat.ludovika.hu/index.php/ppbmk/article/view/1858/1146 Bencsik, A. (2024). The Transformation of the Financial Autonomy of Local Governments. Institutiones Administrationis – Journal of Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 45–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.54201/iajas.107 Bencsik, A. & Ercsey, Zs. (2020). A helyi önkormányzatok pénzügyi jogi autonómiájának átalakulása [Transformation of the Financial Autonomy of Local Governments]. Glossa Iuridica, 7(1–2), 225–237. Cîrmaciu, D. (2024). Romania: The Relationship Between Tax Legislation, Tax Competition, and Sovereignty. In Z. Nagy (Ed.), Economic Governance. The Impact of the European Union on the Regulation of Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Central European Countries (pp. 549–572). Central European Academic Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.54237/profnet.2024.znecogov_24 Csongrád County Government Office (2016). Beszámoló a Csongrád Megyei Kormányhivatal 2015. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Csongrád County Government Office, 2015]. Csongrád-Csanád County Government Office (2023). Beszámoló a Csongrád-Csanád Vármegyei Kormányhivatal 2022. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Csongrád-Csanád County Government Office, 2022]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/3k2xm79z Csongrád-Csanád County Government Office (2024). Beszámoló a Csongrád-Csanád Vármegyei Kormányhivatal 2023. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Csongrád-Csanád County Government Office, 2023]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/599v28m9 Csűrös, G. (2023). Az államháztartási ellenőrzés központi kormányzati szinten [Public Finance Control at Central Government Level]. In T. M. Horváth, P. Bordás & J. Vezendi-Varga (Eds.), Államháztartási jog és közpénzügyek [State Accounting and Public Finances] (pp. 58–92). Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4nk7azsb Dove, J. A. (2020). Detroit: A Microcosm of Municipal Finance, Bankruptcy, and Recovery. Essays in Economic & Business History, 38(1), 337–344. Online: https://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/ebhs/article/view/352 Ebinger, F. & Geissler, R. (2021). Financial Supervision of Local Governments: An Organisational Hurdle. In R. Geissler, G. Hammerschmid & C. Raffer (Eds.), Local Public Finance. An International Comparative Regulatory Perspective (pp. 57–72). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_4 Fejér County Government Office (2014). Beszámoló a Fejér Megyei Kormányhivatal 2013. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Fejér County Government Office, 2013]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/4b6r66dp Geissler, R., Hammerschmid, G. & Raffer, C. (Eds.) (2021a). Local Public Finance. An International Comparative Regulatory Perspective. Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3 Geissler, R., Hammerschmid, G. & Raffer, C. (2021b). Introduction: The Relevance and Conceptualisation of Local Finance Regulatory Regimes. In R. Geissler, G. Hammerschmid & C. Raffer (Eds.), Local Public Finance. An International Comparative Regulatory Perspective (pp. 1–19). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_1 Geissler, R. & Wegrich, K. (2021). Fiscal Rules at the Local Level: The Challenge of Enforcement. In R. Geissler, G. Hammerschmid & C. Raffer (Eds.), Local Public Finance. An International Comparative Regulatory Perspective (pp. 39–56). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_3 Government of Hungary (2025). A helyi önkormányzatok pénzügyi stabilitását szolgáló egyes törvények, valamint a számviteli törvény módosításáról szóló törvénytervezet [Draft Act on the Amendment of Certain Acts Serving the Financial Stability of Local Governments and the Act on Accounting]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/bdhwyphy Hartmus, D. M. & Walters, J. (2015). Municipal Bankruptcy and Local Court Funding: What We Can Learn from the City of Detroit, Michigan. Justice System Journal, 37(2), 144–156. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/0098261X.2015.1084900 Hoffman, I. (2024). Transforming External Control of Municipal Finances in Hungary. Institutiones Administrationis – Journal of Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 6–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.54201/iajas.108 Hoffman, I. (2025). Az önkormányzati pénzügyek külső ellenőrzésének átalakítása Magyarországon [Reform of the External Financial Control of Local Governments in Hungary]. In C. Hintea & M. Balogh (Eds.), Fostering Local and Regional Innovation Through Partnerships. The Role of Universities (pp. 278–294). Accent Publishing. Hoffman, I. & Balázs, I. (2021). Administrative Law in the Time of Corona(virus): Resilience and Trustbuilding. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 6(1), 35–50. Online: https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2021.1.4Hulkó, G. (2016). Legal Remedies against State Funding Decisions in Slovakia. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 1(1), 102–112. Online: https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2016.1.7 Iovănaş, E. (2015). The Legality Control Made by the Prefect’s Institution on the Acts of the Local Public Administration. Curentul Juridic, 63(1), 60–65. Online: http://revcurentjur.ro/old/arhiva/attachments_201504/recjurid154_4F.pdf Kaltenbach, J. (1991). Az önkormányzati felügyelet [Administrative Control of Local Governments]. Universum. Kecső, G. (2016). A helyi önkormányzatok pénzügyi jogi jogállása. A jogállást meghatározó jogintézmények modelljei a bevételi oldalon [The Financial Legal Status of Local Governments. Models of Legal Institutions Determining Legal Status on the Revenue Side]. ELTE Eötvös. KSH (2024). 8.1.2.2. A települések száma és népessége jogállás szerint, 2024. január 1 [Number and Population of Municipalities by Legal Status, 1 January 2024]. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/fol/hu/fol0007.html Lentner, Cs. (2014). A magyar önkormányzatok adósságkonszolidációja [Debt Consolidation of Hungarian Local Governments]. Pénzügyi Szemle, 59(3), 330–344. Lőrincz, L. (2010). A közigazgatás alapintézményei [Basic Institutions of Public Administration]. HVG-Orac. Molnár, M. (1994). Gondolatok a közigazgatás felügyeleti tevékenységének korszerűsítéséről [Thoughts on the Reform of Administrative Control]. In J. Fogarasi (Ed.), Az irányítás és felügyelet közigazgatási dilemmái: Tanulmányok a közigazgatás továbbfejlesztéséhez [Administrative Dilemmas of Management and Supervision: Studies for the Further Development of Public Administration] (pp. 69–72). Unió. OECD (2020). The Impact of the Covid-19 Crisis on Regional and Local Governments: Main Findings from the Joint CoR-OECD Survey. OECD Regional Development Papers, (5). Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/fb952497-en OECD (2022). 2022 Synthesis Report World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/b80a8cdb-en Ofiarska, M. (2022). Polish Experience in the Search for the Optimal Model of Performing and Financing Metropolitan Tasks. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 7(2), 173–189. Online: https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2022.2.8 Patyi, A. (2013). Gondolatok a magyar helyi önkormányzati rendszer általános szabályairól [Thoughts on the General Rules of the Hungarian Local Government System]. In K. Szoboszlai-Kiss & G. Deli (Eds.), Tanulmányok a 70 éves Bihari Mihály tiszteletére [Studies in Honour of the 70th Birthday of Mihály Bihari] (pp. 379–395). Universitas-Győr. State Audit Office of Hungary (2016). Jelentés. Önkormányzati adósságrendezés ellenőrzése Verseg Község Önkormányzata adósságrendezési eljárásának ellenőrzése, 2016 [SAO Report on the Debt Settlement of the Municipality of Verseg, 2016]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/dokumentumok/16205.pdf State Audit Office of Hungary (2018). Eléri-e célját az önkormányzati adósságrendezés? [Does the Debt Settlement of Local Governments Achieve Its Goal?] Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/dokumentumok/adossagrendezes_elemzes.pdf State Audit Office of Hungary (2024a). Elemzés. A települési önkormányzatok 2024. III. negyedév végi pénzügyi helyzetét jellemző főbb adatok, 2024 [SAO Analysis of the Key Data on the Financial Situation of Local Governments, 2024, Third Quarter]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/dokumentumok/Elemzes_onk_2024_III_pu_helyzet.pdf State Audit Office of Hungary (2024b). Jelentés. Az önkormányzatok működésének és gazdálkodásának ellenőrzése. Balmazújváros Város Önkormányzata, 2024 [SAO Report on the City of Balmazújváros, 2024]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/jelentesek State Audit Office of Hungary (2025). Jelentés. Az önkormányzatok gazdálkodásának célvizsgálata. Az önkormányzatok ellenőrzése – a pénzforgalomban megjelenő kiadások teljesítésének és elszámolásának megfelelősége. Hugyag Község Önkormányzata, 2025 [SAO Report on the Municipality of Hugyag, 2025]. Állami Számvevőszék. Online: https://www.asz.hu/jelentesek Szabó, L. (1993). Az önkormányzatok törvényességi ellenőrzésének fejlesztése [The Improvement of Legal Control of Local Governments]. Magyar Közigazgatás, 43(8), 466–473. Varga, Zs. A. (2019). From Ideal to Idol? The Concept of the Rule of Law. Dialóg Campus. Veszprém County Government Office (2023). Beszámoló a Veszprém Vármegyei Kormányhivatal 2022. évi tevékenységéről [Report of the Veszprém County Government Office, 2022]. Online: https://tinyurl.com/m7ydeyky" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8290" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(974) "

The study focuses on the financial segment of the legal supervision of local governments in Hungary. It examines the experience of legality supervision, with a special focus on professional assistance and financial instruments, based on the reports of government offices. Drawing on the academic literature, it examines the general means of supervision, the main international approaches to financial supervision and the experience of Hungarian financial control. In the latter context, it relies on the analyses and reports of the State Audit Office of Hungary and takes stock of the debt resolution procedures that have occurred in Hungary after 2014, which the paper hypothesises may, in some cases, point to the limits of the means of legal supervision in the financial field. The study assesses recent legislative proposals and notes the importance of preventive instruments. It further points out that the most severe instruments often have a preventive effect.

" } ["additionalMetadatafield"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(100) "

The study was supported by the Foundation for the Development of Democratic Local Governance.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "Zsuzsanna Árva" } ["prefix"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "The " } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(105) "Experience of Legal Supervision of Hungarian Local Governments in the Light of Debt Settlement Procedures" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#1082 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10717) ["email"]=> string(28) "arva.zsuzsanna@law.unideb.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8414) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-3505" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "University of Debrecen" ["hu_HU"]=> string(79) "Debreceni Egyetem, Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar, Közigazgatási Jogi Tanszék" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(98) "

Full Professor, Department of Administrative Law, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(83) "

oktatási dékánhelyettes, intézetvezető, tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Árva" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Árva" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Zsuzsanna" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Zsuzsanna" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(17) "local governments" [1]=> string(17) "legal supervision" [2]=> string(21) "financial supervision" [3]=> string(15) "debt settlement" [4]=> string(23) "professional assistance" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1077 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42917) ["id"]=> int(6586) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8414) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#1076 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8432) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-03 10:12:51" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10737) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(8308) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(10506) "Akimov, A. (2001). Reforming the Financial System. The Case of Uzbekistan. CASE Network Studies and Analyses, (234). Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1440250 Al Rasasi, M. & Cabezon, E. (2022). Uzbekistan’s Transition to Inflation Targeting. IMF Working Papers, (229). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400224584.001 Alam, M. Q. & Alam, M. S. (2016). The Determinants of Inflation in India: The Bounds Test Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(2), 544–550. Online: https://www. econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/2019 Al-Eyd, A., Amaglobeli, D., Shukurov, B. & Sumlinski, M. (2012). Global Food Price Inflation and Policy Responses in Central Asia. IMF Working Papers, (086). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475502497.001 Alper, A. E., Alper, F. O., Ozayturk, G. & Mike, F. (2023). Testing the Long-run Impact of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, and Globalization on Ecological Footprint: New Evidence from Fourier Bootstrap ARDL and Fourier Bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto Test Results. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 42873–42888. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18610-7 Asandului, M., Lupu, D., Maha, L. G. & Viorică, D. (2021). The Asymmetric Effects of Fiscal Policy on Inflation and Economic Activity in Post-Communist European Countries. Post-Communist Economies, 33(7), 899–919. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1867430 Atamanchuk, M., Hajdenberg, A., Kadissi, D., Lisi, G. & Rao, N. H. (2025). Drivers of Inflation in the Caucasus and Central Asia. IMF Working Papers, (003). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400296031.001 Baba, C. & Lee, J. (2022). Second-Round Effects of Oil Price Shocks: Implications for Europe’s Inflation Outlook. IMF Working Papers, (173). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400219351.001 Ball, L. & Mankiw, N. G. (1995). Relative-Price Changes as Aggregate Supply Shocks. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 161–193. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2118514 Baranov, A. O. & Somova, I. A. (2015). Analysis of Main Factors of Inflation Dynamics in Post-Soviet Russia. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 26, 110–123. Online: https://doi.org/10.1134/s1075700715020021 Boymirzaev, T. (2025). Development of the Near-Term Forecast of Inflation for Uzbekistan: Application of FAVAR and BVAR models. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Working Paper, (HEIDWP06-2025). Online: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/312925 Catao, L. A. & Terrones, M. E. (2005). Fiscal Deficits and Inflation. Journal of Monetary Economics, 52(3), 529–554. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.06.003 CBU (2024). Inflation Dynamics and Sources of Inflation. Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Online: https://cbu.uz/en/monetary-policy/annual-inflation/ Daly, H., Abdulrahman, B. M. A., Ahmed, S. A. K., Abdallah, A. E. Y., Elkarim, S. H. E. H., Sahal, M. S. G., Nureldeen, W., Mobarak, W. & Elshaabany, M. M. (2024). The Dynamic Relationships between Oil Products Consumption and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: Using ARDL Cointegration and Toda–Yamamoto Granger Causality Analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101470 Deka, A. & Dube, S. (2021). Analyzing the Causal Relationship between Exchange Rate, Renewable Energy and Inflation of Mexico (1990–2019) with ARDL Bounds Test Approach. Renewable Energy Focus, 37, 78–83. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2021.04.001 Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236 Friedman, M. (1970). The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. Institute of Economic Affairs. Online: https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/214480/full Friedman, M. & Schwartz, A. J. (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Princeton University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829330 Gali, J. & Gertler, M. (1999). Inflation Dynamics: A Structural Econometric Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 44(2), 195–222. Online: https://doi.org/10.3386/w7551 Ghosh, A. R. (1997). Inflation in Transition Economies: How Much? and Why? IMF Working Papers, (080). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451955569.001 Gordon, R. J. (2018). Friedman and Phelps on the Phillips Curve Viewed from a Half Century’s Perspective. Review of Keynesian Economics, 6(4), 425–436. Online: https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2018.04.03 Hoggarth, G. (1996). Monetary Policy in Russia. In J. Rautava (Ed.), Russia’s Financial Markets and the Banking Sector in Transition (pp. 53–82). Bank of Finland. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2024). Republic of Uzbekistan: 2024 Article IV Consultation – Press Release; and Staff Report. IMF Staff Country Reports, (210). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400281686.002 Isakova, A. (2010). Monetary Policy, Inflation and Dollarization in the Economies of Central Asia. PhD dissertation. Charles University Prague. Online: https://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/dissertations/2010-isakova.pdf Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3 Kamber, G. & Wong, B. (2020). Global Factors and Trend Inflation. Journal of International Economics, 122. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.103265 Koen, V. & Marrese, M. (1995). Stabilization and Structural Change in Russia, 1992–1994. IMF Working Papers, (13). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451842951.001 Korhonen, I. (1998). A Vector Error Correction Model for Prices, Money, Output and Interest Rate in Russia. Review of Economies in Transition, (5), 33–44. Online: https://publications.bof.fi/handle/10024/45336 Kuma, B. & Gata, G. (2023). Factors Affecting Food Price Inflation in Ethiopia: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 12. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100548 Lim, M. G. & Papi, M. L. (1997). An Econometric Analysis of the Determinants of Inflation in Turkey. IMF Working Papers, (170). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451858389.001 Lissovolik, M. B. (2003). Determinants of Inflation in a Transition Economy: The Case of Ukraine. IMF Working Papers, (126). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451854923.001 Malec, K., Maitah, M., Rojik, S., Aragaw, A. & Fulnečková, P. R. (2024). Inflation, Exchange Rate, and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: A Time Series Analysis. International Review of Economics & Finance, 96. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103561 Masso, J. & Staehr, K. (2005). Inflation Dynamics and Nominal Adjustment in the Baltic States. Research in International Business and Finance, 19(2), 281–303. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2004.12.006 Mihajlović, V. & Marjanović, G. (2020). Asymmetries in Effects of Domestic Inflation Drivers in the Baltic States: A Phillips Curve-based Nonlinear ARDL Approach. Baltic Journal of Economics, 20(1), 94–116. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1406099X.2020.1770946 Mishkin, F. S. (1995). Symposium on the Monetary Transmission Mechanism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 3–10. Online: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.4.3 Mohanty, M. S. & Klau, M. (2001). What Determines Inflation in Emerging Market Economies? In Bank for International Settlements (Ed.), Modelling Aspects of the Inflation Process and the Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Emerging Market Countries (pp. 1–38). Vol. 8. Bank for International Settlements. Nikolić, M. (2000). Money Growth–Inflation Relationship in Postcommunist Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 28(1), 108–133. Online: https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1999.1629 Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 Phillips, A. W. (1958). The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861–1957. Economica, 25(100), 283–299. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2550759 Ranaweera, T. (2003). Market Disequilibria and Inflation in Uzbekistan, 1994–2000. Policy Research Working Papers, 3144. Online: https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/3144.html Rosenberg, C. B. & Zeeuw, M. D. (2001). Welfare Effects of Uzbekistan’s Foreign Exchange Regime. IMF Staff Papers, 48(1), 160–178. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/4621663 Rozenov, R. (2017). Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Kazakhstan: Empirical Findings and Implications for Inflation Targeting. IMF Staff Country Reports, (109). Online: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475598759.002 Ruziev, K. & Midmore, P. (2014). Informal Credit Institutions in Transition Countries: A Study of Urban Money Lenders in Post-Communist Uzbekistan. Post-Communist Economies, 26(3), 415–435. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2014.937107 Sankaran, A., Kumar, S., Arjun, K. & Das, M. (2019). Estimating the Causal Relationship between Electricity Consumption and Industrial Output: ARDL Bounds and Toda–Yamamoto Approaches for Ten Late Industrialized Countries. Heliyon, 5(6). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01904 Siliverstovs, B. & Bilan, O. (2005). Modeling Inflation Dynamics in Transition Economies: The Case of Ukraine. Eastern European Economics, 43(6), 66–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8755430604 Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8 Valogo, M. K., Duodu, E., Yusif, H. & Baidoo, S. T. (2023). Effect of Exchange Rate on Inflation in the Inflation Targeting Framework: Is the Threshold Level Relevant? Research in Globalization, 6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100119 World Bank (2024). GDP per capita (current US$) – Uzbekistan. Online: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=UZ Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). Bounds Test Approach to Cointegration and Causality between Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India. Energy Policy, 38(1), 52–58. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.053 Zainidinov, M. (2021). How Much Does Fiscal Policy Contribute to Explaining Inflation in Kyrgyzstan? MA thesis. Central European University." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8308" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1146) "

This paper seeks to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship between price level and monetary, non-monetary and external factors of inflation in Uzbekistan, from January 2016 to August 2025. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to examine the link between money (M), interest rate (R), exchange rate (FX), producer price index (PP), import volume (IM), global food prices and the consumer price index (CPI). The estimates of the bound test found the cointegrating associations among the variables. The alternative Johansen test confirmed the existence of such a long-run relationship. Additionally, M, FX and PP have long-run relationships with the CPI, while the elasticity of the CPI with respect to R and IM is not statistically significant in the long run. The error correction term (ECM) has a value of –0.18, which means that 18% of the deviation is corrected in each month. Moreover, R and FX have a positive and statistically significant effect on the CPI in the short run. Finally, the Toda and Yamamoto causality test established the bidirectional causality between M and the CPI in Uzbekistan.

" } ["additionalMetadatafield"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(355) "

Project No. TKP2021-NVA-16 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NVA funding scheme. This study was conducted at the Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab of the Ludovika University of Public Service.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(42) "Elyor Davlaton, Csaba Lentner, Judit Sági" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "The Case of Uzbekistan" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(58) "Analysis of Inflation Dynamics in Post-Communist Economies" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#1092 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10739) ["email"]=> string(31) "davlatov.elyor@o365.u-szeged.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8432) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-430X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(20) "University of Szeged" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(79) "

PhD Student, University of Szeged, Doctoral School in Economics, Hungary

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Davlatov" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Elyor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#1084 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10737) ["email"]=> string(24) "Lentner.Csaba@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8432) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2241-782X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "Ludovika University of Public Service" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(127) "

Full Professor, Head of the Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab, Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Lentner" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Csaba" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#1085 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10738) ["email"]=> string(21) "Sagi.Judit@uni-bge.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8432) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-3530" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(45) "Budapest University of Economics and Business" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(234) "

Associate Professor, Department of Controlling, Budapest University of Economics and Business, Budapest, Hungary; Visiting Researcher, Széll Kálmán Public Finance Lab, Ludovika University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Sági" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Judit" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(4) "ARDL" [1]=> string(11) "bounds test" [2]=> string(3) "CPI" [3]=> string(10) "Uzbekistan" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1086 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42939) ["id"]=> int(6589) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8432) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#1083 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(26) { ["id"]=> int(8486) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-12-02 16:51:28" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10834) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(8362) ["status"]=> int(5) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(17532) "Aardema, H. (2005). Stille waarden: een reflectie op overnormering in publiek management. Open Universiteit. Aardema, H. (2010). Voorbij de hypocratie. Kluwer. Anderson, R. (2006). Tussen schakelen en switchen. Doctoral Dissertation. Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. Anderson, R. J., Klaassen, H. L. & Maks, H. (2010). Doelmatigheid: puzzel voor het openbaar bestuur. In D. Verlet & C. Devos (Eds.), Efficiëntie en effectiviteit van de publieke sector in de weegschaal (pp. 27–58). Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering. Anderson, R. & Maks, H. (2012). Intuitive Practice by Municipal Controllers. Local Government Studies, 38(5), 557–576. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2011.649917 Archel, P., Husillos, J., Larrinaga, C. & Spence, C. (2009). Social Disclosure, Legitimacy Theory and the Role of the State. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 22(8), 1284–1307. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570910999319 Bauhr, M. & Carlitz, R. (2021). When Does Transparency Improve Public Services? Street-level Discretion, Information, and Targeting. Public Administration, 99(3), 500–516. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12693 Bauhr, M. & Grimes, M. (2014). Indignation or Resignation: The Implications of Transparency for Societal Accountability. Governance, 27(2), 291–320. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12033 Bouckaert, G. & Halligan, J. (2008). Managing Performance. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935958 Bozeman, B. (1993). A Theory of Government “Red Tape”. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3(3), 273–303. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a037171 Brewer, G. A. & Walker, R. M. (2010). The Impact of Red Tape on Governmental Performance: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(1), 233–257. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun040 Briers, M. & Hirst, M. (1990). The Role of Budgetary Information in Performance Evaluation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15(4), 373–398. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(90)90024-O Brignall, S. & Modell, S. (2000). An Institutional Perspective on Performance Measurement and Management in the ‘New Public Sector’. Management Accounting Research, 11(3), 281–306. Online: https://doi.org/10.1006/mare.2000.0136 Burns, J. & Scapens, R. (2000). Conceptualizing Management Accounting Change: An Institutional Framework. Management Accounting Research, 11(1), 3–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.1006/mare.1999.0119 Buurman, M., Dur, R. & van den Bossche, S. (2009). Public Sector Employees: Risk Averse and Altruistic? Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 09-067/1. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1441844 Carpenter, V. L. & Feroz, E. H. (2001). Institutional Theory and Accounting Rule Choice: An Analysis of Four US State Governments’ Decisions to Adopt Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26(7–8), 565–596. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(00)00038-6 Davis, J. (1998). Access to and Transmission of Information: Position of the Media. In V. Deckmyn & I. Thomson (Eds.), Openness and Transparency in the European Union (pp. 121–126). European Institute of Public Administration. De Boer, N., Eshuis, J. & Klijn, E. (2018). Does Disclosure of Performance Information Influence Street-level Bureaucrats’ Enforcement Style? Public Administration Review, 78(5), 694–704. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12926 De Graaf, G. & Strüwer, T. (2014). Aard en omvang van integriteitsschendingen binnen de Nederlandse overheid. BIOS. DeHart-Davis, L. & Pandey, S. K. (2005). Red Tape and Public Employees: Does Perceived Rule Dysfunction Alienate Managers? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(1), 133–148. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui007 Desmidt, S. & Meyfroodt, K. (2021). How Does Public Disclosure of Performance Information Affect Politicians’ Attitudes towards Effort Allocation? Evidence from a Survey Experiment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 31(4), 756–772. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa054 Dutch Parliament (2021). Reikwijdte van artikel 68 Grondwet, Beleidslijn actieve openbaarmaking nota’s, vergaderjaar 2021–2022. 28.362. Online: https://www.eerstekamer.nl/kamerstukdossier/reikwijdte_van_artikel_68_grondwet_2 Fernandez, S. & Rainey, H. G. (2006). Managing Successful Organizational Change in the Public Sector. Public Administration Review, 66(2), 168–176. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00570.x Flory, S. M., Phillips, T. Jr., Reidenbach, R. E. & Robin, D. P. (1992). A Multidimensional Analysis of Selected Ethical Issues in Accounting. The Accounting Review, 67(2), 284–302. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/247725 Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Pantheon Books. Frank, G. (2012). On the Concept of Resistance: Analysis and Reformulation. The Psychoanalytic Review, 99(3), 421–435. Online: https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2012.99.3.421 Gelderman, C. J., Ghijsen, P. W. T. & Brugman, M. J. (2006). Public Procurement and EU Tendering Directives – Explaining Non‐compliance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19(7), 702–714. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550610704716 Gilliland, D. I. & Manning, K. C. (2002). When Do Firms Conform to Regulatory Control? The Effect of Control Processes on Compliance and Opportunism. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(2), 319–331. Online: https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.21.2.319.17578 Goodpaster, K. E. & Matthews, J. B. Jr. (1982). Can a Corporation Have a Conscience? Harvard Business Review, 60(1), 132–141. Online: https://hbr.org/1982/01/can-a-corporation-have-a-conscience Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G. (2012). Transparency and Trust. An Experimental Study of Online Disclosure and Trust in Government. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht University. Online: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/218113 Grimmelikhuijsen, S., John, P., Meijer, A. & Worthy, B. (2019). Do Freedom of Information Laws Increase Transparency of Government? A Replication of a Field Experiment. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 2(1), 1–10. Online: https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.12.34 Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G. & Meijer, A. J. (2014). Effects of Transparency on the Perceived Trustworthiness of a Government Organization: Evidence from an Online Experiment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24(1), 137–157. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus048 Groot, T. L. C. M. & van Helden, G. J. (2003). Financieel management van non-profit-organisaties. Stenfert Kroese. Haselbekke, A. G. J. (1990). Prestaties Tellen. Kengetallen als instrument voor een bedrijfsmatig(er) bestuur en beheer van decentrale overheden. VNG Uitgeverij. Hendrickson, S. & Grey, E. J. (2012). Legitimizing Resistance to Organizational Change: A Social Work Social Justice Perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(5), 50–59. Herweijer, M. (2010). Effecten van prestatiebekostiging. In D. Verlet & C. Devos (Eds.), Efficiëntie en effectiviteit van de publieke sector in de weegschaal (pp. 79–96). Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering. Hollander, J. A. & Einwohner, R. L. (2004). Conceptualizing Resistance. Sociological Forum, 19(4), 533–554. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11206-004-0694-5 Hood, C. (2006a). Transparency in Historical Perspective. In C. Hood & D. Heald (Eds.), Transparency. The Key to Better Governance? (pp. 2–23). Oxford University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0001 Hood, C. (2006b). Gaming in Targetworld: The Targets Approach to Managing British Public Services. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 515–521. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00612.x Hood, C. (2007). What Happens When Transparency Meets Blame Avoidance? Public Management Review, 9(2), 191–210. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701340275 Hood, C. & Peters, G. (2004). The Middle Aging of New Public Management: Into the Age of Paradox? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 267–282. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muh019 Hooghiemstra, R. (2012). What Determines the Informativeness of Firms’ Explanations for Deviations from the Dutch Corporate Governance Code? Accounting and Business Research, 42(1), 1–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2011.600630 Hopwood, A. G. (1972). An Empirical Study of the Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation. Journal of Accounting Research, 10, 156–182. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2489870 Hopwood, A. G. (1973). An Accounting System and Managerial Behaviour. Saxon House. Howlett, M. (2018). Matching Policy Tools and Their Targets: Beyond Nudges and Utility Maximisation in Policy Design. Policy & Politics, 46(1), 101–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X15053060139376 Howlett, M., Ramesh, M. & Capano, G. (2020). Policy-Makers, Policy-Takers and Policy Tools: Dealing with Behavioural Issues in Policy Design. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 22(6), 487–497. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1774367 Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y. & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government. Information Systems Management, 29(4), 258–268. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2012.716740 Jenhaug, L. M. (2020). Employees’ Resistance to Users’ Ideas in Public Service Innovation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 79(4), 444–461. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12415 Kaplan, S. E. (2001). Ethically Related Judgments by Observers of Earnings Management. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(4), 285–298. Online: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010600802029 Klijn, A., de Ruiter, J. & Herweijer, M. (2006). Evaluatie ASV: onderzoek naar de doelmatigheid en doeltreffendheid van de algemene subsidieverordening 2004. Provincie Drenthe. Kotter, J. P. & Schlesinger, L. A. (1979). Choosing Strategies for Change. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 106–114. Lapsley, I. & Pettigrew, A. (1994). Meeting the Challenge: Accounting for Change. Financial Accountability & Management, 10(2), 79–92. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.1994.tb00381.x Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872674700100103 Li, Z. (2023). Bureaucratic Response to Performance Information: How Mandatory Information Disclosure Affects Environmental Inspections. Public Administration Review, 83(4), 750–762. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13636 Lundy, V. (2013). Project Leadership Influences Resistance to Change: The Case of the Canadian Public Service. Project Management Journal, 44(4), 54–64. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21355 MacManus, S. A. (2002). Understanding the Incremental Nature of E-Procurement Implementation at the State and Local Levels. Journal of Public Procurement, 2(1), 5–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/jopp-02-01-2002-b001 Meijer, A. J. (2007). Publishing Public Performance Results on the Internet: Do Stakeholders Use the Internet to Hold Dutch Public Service Organizations to Account? Government Information Quarterly, 24(1), 165–185. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2006.01.014 Meijer, A. (2013). Understanding the Complex Dynamics of Transparency. Public Administration Review, 73(3), 429–439. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12032 Merchant, K. A. & Rockness, J. (1994). The Ethics of Managing Earnings: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 13(1), 79–94. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4254(94)90013-2 Moynihan, D. P. & Pandey, S. K. (2007). The Role of Organizations in Fostering Public Service Motivation. Public Administration Review, 67(1), 40–53. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00695.x Nisar, M. A. (2018). Overcoming Resistance to Resistance in Public Administration: Resistance Strategies of Marginalized Publics in Citizen‐State Interactions. Public Administration and Development, 38(1), 15–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1817 Ouchi, W. G. (1979). A Conceptual Framework for the Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms. Management Science, 25(9), 813–930. Online: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.25.9.833 Pasquier, M. & Villeneuve, J.-P. (2007). Organizational Barriers to Transparency: A Typology and Analysis of Organizational Behaviour Tending to Prevent or Restrict Access to Information. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 73(1), 147–162. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852307075701 Piotrowski, S. J. & Van Ryzin, G. G. (2007). Citizen Attitudes Toward Transparency in Local Government. American Review of Public Administration, 37(3), 306–323. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074006296777 Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the Public Services: Cuts or Cultural Change in the 1990s? Basil Blackwell. Pronk, P. (2003). Indicatoren voor naleving van fiscale regelgeving door ondernemingen. Weekblad voor Fiscaal Recht, 132(6518), 332–341. Reginato, E., Fadda, I. & Paglietti, P. (2016). The Influence of Resistance to Change on Public-Sector Reform Implementation: The Case of Italian Municipalities’ Internal Control System. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(12), 989–999. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1068325 Rho, E., Jung, J. & Nam, T. (2021). A Closer Look at What Goes Wrong: Public Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Administrative Reform. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(8), 636–647. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1742738 Robalo, R. (2014). Explanations for the Gap between Management Accounting Rules and Routines: An Institutional Approach. Revista de Contabilidad, 17(1), 88–97. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2014.03.002 Ruimschotel, D. (2014). Goed toezicht. Mediawerf Uitgevers. Schnell, S., Kim, J., Munno, G. & Nabatchi, T. (2024). How Citizens Want to “See” the State: Exploring the Relationship between Transparency and Public Values. Public Administration Review, 84(2), 357–372. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13769 Shrives, P. J. & Brennan, N. M. (2015). A Typology for Exploring the Quality of Explanations for Non-Compliance with UK Corporate Governance Regulations. The British Accounting Review, 47(1), 85–99. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2014.08.002 Singer, M. S. & Singer, A. E. (1997). Observer Judgments about Moral Agents’ Ethical Decisions: The Role of Scope of Justice and Moral Intensity. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(5), 473–484. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25072915 Tavares, A. F. & da Cruz, N. F. (2017). Explaining the Transparency of Local Government Websites through a Political Market Framework. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.08.005 Tejedo-Romero, F. & Ferraz Esteves Araujo, J. F. (2023). Critical Factors Influencing Information Disclosure in Public Organisations. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10. Online: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01814-8 Ter Bogt, H. J. (2001). Politicians and Output-oriented Performance Evaluation in Municipalities. European Accounting Review, 10(3), 621–643. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/713764629 Torenvlied, R. & Akkerman, A. (2012). Effects of Managers’ Work Motivation and Networking Activity on their Reported Levels of External Red Tape. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(3), 445–471. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur076 Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2018). Memorie van Toelichting Wijzigingswet Woo. 35 112, no. 3, 2018–2019. Online: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/kst-35112-3.html Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2021). Geconsolideerde artikelsgewijze toelichting bij de wet open overheid, zoals gewijzigd door de verwerking van de door de Tweede Kamer aanvaarde wijzigingswet Woo. Online: https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=2021D39865 Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. & Halligan, J. (2010). Performance Management in the Public Sector. Routledge. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203030806 Van Helden, G. J. (1999). Planning en control bij de provincies. Openbare Uitgaven, 5, 246–255. Vereniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten (2022). Meerjarenplan om de Wet open overheid bij gemeenten te implementeren. Online: https://vng.nl/sites/default/files/2022-04/VNG-Woo-Meerjarenplan.pdf Welch, E. W. & Pandey, S. K. (2007). E-Government and Bureaucracy: Toward a Better Understanding of Intranet Implementation and its Effect on Red Tape. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(3), 379–404. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul013 Wirtz, B. W., Piehler, R., Thomas, M.-J. & Daiser, P. (2016). Resistance of Public Personnel to Open Government: A Cognitive Theory View of Implementation Barriers towards Open Government Data. Public Management Review, 18(9), 1335–1364. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1103889 Zagrapan, J. & Spáč, P. (2022). Factors of Proactive Disclosure of Information at the Local Level. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(6), 1346–1370. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2101494 Zaltman, G. & Duncan, R. (1977). Strategies for Planned Change. Wiley." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(656) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.8362" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(898) "

This study focuses on the extent to which Dutch municipalities’ decisions to make personal policy views public actually lead to greater transparency. The research finds that council members perceive increased transparency as a consequence of such decisions. However, the study also observes that administrative resistance may arise against the decision to disclose personal policy views. This resistance has various causes and can take different forms. Some forms of resistance are recognised by council members, while others are not. In the latter case, a degree of apparent transparency may emerge. The use of these unnoticed forms of resistance is strongly associated with the type of disclosure decision that is made. For example, in all cases where the decision was taken to actively disclose all communication, certain information is emphasised, and oral consultation is intensified.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Rick Anderson" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(61) "Transparency or Apparent Transparency in Dutch Municipalities" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#1099 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10834) ["email"]=> string(25) "rickanderson663@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8486) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "NL" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-5683" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(17) "Leiden University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(43) "a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:17:"Leiden University";}" } ["biography"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(95) "

Lecturer, Institute of Public Administration, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "Anderson" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Anderson" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Rick" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Rick" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(12) "transparency" [1]=> string(10) "resistance" [2]=> string(22) "municipal transparency" [3]=> string(21) "apparent transparency" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#1096 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(42919) ["id"]=> int(6588) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8486) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }