The civil security-intelligence work has been institutionalized for the first time in Serbia in 1899. A Law on amendments of the Central State Administration was adopted on October 5/17 1899 on the session of the National Assembly held in Nis. The Department for Secret Police Work was established within the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with task "to ensure the preservation of the internal state order and worldly security in general ". Respecting the significance of the first legal structuring of civil security-intelligence work in Serbia, the current civil security service the Security-Information Agency celebrates October 17 as its day. In this article the author go through the history of different Yugoslavian intelligence organizations and introduce some examples on their secret activities from 1944 to 2002.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(829) "The civil security-intelligence work has been institutionalized for the first time in Serbia in 1899. A Law on amendments of the Central State Administration was adopted on October 5/17 1899 on the session of the National Assembly held in Nis. The Department for Secret Police Work was established within the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with task "to ensure the preservation of the internal state order and worldly security in general ". Respecting the significance of the first legal structuring of civil security-intelligence work in Serbia, the current civil security service the Security-Information Agency celebrates October 17 as its day. In this article the author go through the history of different Yugoslavian intelligence organizations and introduce some examples on their secret activities from 1944 to 2002.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(65) "The Secret Police of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" ["hu_HU"]=> string(65) "The Secret Police of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#721 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1835) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1714) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-896X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Boda" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "József" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(9) "Assassins" [1]=> string(19) "counterintelligence" [2]=> string(26) "intelligence organizations" [3]=> string(13) "secret police" [4]=> string(22) "state security service" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(9) "Assassins" [1]=> string(19) "counterintelligence" [2]=> string(26) "intelligence organizations" [3]=> string(13) "secret police" [4]=> string(22) "state security service" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(7) "English" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#734 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5843) ["id"]=> int(914) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1714) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Two points of view were examined by the author in the study: are there informations holder clients, who can endanger the country’s security, violete the sovereignity, and destruct the authority? De facto an another view: can we use the prostitutes as “central intelligence tools”, can they weaken or strengthen the country’s authority in the national field? The study is processing the author’s PhD research partial results, particular the definition of the clients of the prostitution.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(503) "Two points of view were examined by the author in the study: are there informations holder clients, who can endanger the country’s security, violete the sovereignity, and destruct the authority? De facto an another view: can we use the prostitutes as “central intelligence tools”, can they weaken or strengthen the country’s authority in the national field? The study is processing the author’s PhD research partial results, particular the definition of the clients of the prostitution.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(72) "Is the Prostitution a Threat/Danger to a Country’s (National)Security?" ["hu_HU"]=> string(72) "Is the Prostitution a Threat/Danger to a Country’s (National)Security?" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#731 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1836) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1720) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-1981" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kovács" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "prostitution" [1]=> string(17) "national security" [2]=> string(20) "central intelligence" [3]=> string(11) "state power" [4]=> string(21) "constitutional rights" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(12) "prostitution" [1]=> string(17) "national security" [2]=> string(20) "central intelligence" [3]=> string(11) "state power" [4]=> string(21) "constitutional rights" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(7) "English" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#750 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5845) ["id"]=> int(915) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1720) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }In order to develop an understanding of contemporary Mongolian law enforcement institution, it is important to appreciate the social, cultural, political, and historical aspects of Mongolian tradition. Mongolia’s law enforcement system reflects a number of influences including the culture and deeply rooted ideas and beliefs of previous times. Mongolia’s law enforcement system is also influenced by external forces such as the mixture of the Soviet law enforcement system and Western legal principles such as the codes of continental European countries. After the peaceful change of the state political and economic system in 1990, Mongolian law enforcement organizations were influenced heavily by the international law enforcement standards. Over the last 25 years, Mongolia has adopted a number of laws and regulations from various international sources. But the overall reform of law enforcement institutions in terms of legal, organizational and operational aspects lagged behind of other sectors of public governance. There were some attempts to modernize the whole system. The basic principles of law enforcement organizations are still not different from previous communist period. It is urgent to accommodate and adopt universally acceptable international standards for the effective and efficient operation of the institutions compatible to current principles and values of democratic governance.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1419) "In order to develop an understanding of contemporary Mongolian law enforcement institution, it is important to appreciate the social, cultural, political, and historical aspects of Mongolian tradition. Mongolia’s law enforcement system reflects a number of influences including the culture and deeply rooted ideas and beliefs of previous times. Mongolia’s law enforcement system is also influenced by external forces such as the mixture of the Soviet law enforcement system and Western legal principles such as the codes of continental European countries. After the peaceful change of the state political and economic system in 1990, Mongolian law enforcement organizations were influenced heavily by the international law enforcement standards. Over the last 25 years, Mongolia has adopted a number of laws and regulations from various international sources. But the overall reform of law enforcement institutions in terms of legal, organizational and operational aspects lagged behind of other sectors of public governance. There were some attempts to modernize the whole system. The basic principles of law enforcement organizations are still not different from previous communist period. It is urgent to accommodate and adopt universally acceptable international standards for the effective and efficient operation of the institutions compatible to current principles and values of democratic governance.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(34) "Law Enforcement Reform in Mongolia" ["hu_HU"]=> string(34) "Law Enforcement Reform in Mongolia" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#755 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1837) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1721) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-4984" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Ganbadrakh" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Tsend-Ayush" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(28) "Law Enforcement organization" [1]=> string(6) "reform" [2]=> string(8) "services" [3]=> string(21) "personnel development" [4]=> string(14) "paradigm shift" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(28) "Law Enforcement organization" [1]=> string(6) "reform" [2]=> string(8) "services" [3]=> string(21) "personnel development" [4]=> string(14) "paradigm shift" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(7) "English" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#113 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5847) ["id"]=> int(916) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1721) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }Secret Information Gathering During the Temporary Period Following the Regime Change in Hungary
In the temporary period following the collapse of the socialist regime, the Hungarian national security services and law enforcement agencies faced with new tasks and new challenges and above all the frameworks of a new regulation were adopted as well. This regulation – adopted in 1990 – was intended to exist for a short period of time, and according to the intention of the government the final acts – which regulate the whole area of this field – should have been adopted in the same year. On the contrary, this provisional regulation was in effect until 1994 in the case of the police, and until 1995 in the case of national security services, when the new Act on Police, a nd the Act on National Security Services came into force. So the national security services operated under the regulations of the provisional act during half a decade and developed their operations in accordance with the rule of law. The author in this essay examines the fundamental elements of this provisional act provided for the operation of the security services and finally comes to the conclusion that the moderate behaviour of the security services during this temporary period was due to the direction thereof, not to the quality of the legal system developed under the law.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1278) "In the temporary period following the collapse of the socialist regime, the Hungarian national security services and law enforcement agencies faced with new tasks and new challenges and above all the frameworks of a new regulation were adopted as well. This regulation – adopted in 1990 – was intended to exist for a short period of time, and according to the intention of the government the final acts – which regulate the whole area of this field – should have been adopted in the same year. On the contrary, this provisional regulation was in effect until 1994 in the case of the police, and until 1995 in the case of national security services, when the new Act on Police, a nd the Act on National Security Services came into force. So the national security services operated under the regulations of the provisional act during half a decade and developed their operations in accordance with the rule of law. The author in this essay examines the fundamental elements of this provisional act provided for the operation of the security services and finally comes to the conclusion that the moderate behaviour of the security services during this temporary period was due to the direction thereof, not to the quality of the legal system developed under the law.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(95) "Secret Information Gathering During the Temporary Period Following the Regime Change in Hungary" ["hu_HU"]=> string(95) "Secret Information Gathering During the Temporary Period Following the Regime Change in Hungary" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#759 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(1838) ["email"]=> string(19) "noreply@ludovika.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(1722) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(167) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Solti" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(13) "special means" [1]=> string(17) "national security" [2]=> string(15) "law enforcement" [3]=> string(28) "secret information gathering" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(13) "special means" [1]=> string(17) "national security" [2]=> string(15) "law enforcement" [3]=> string(28) "secret information gathering" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(7) "English" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#754 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5849) ["id"]=> int(917) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1722) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }The international headway of the People’s Republic of China is going on in a different way from the other superpowers’ historic peculiarities. The Chinese migrants’ networks give a solid base to promote the intentions of Beijing. Discovering these networks and its religious-philosophical background fostering their formation has an outstanding national security importance.
" ["hu_HU"]=> string(387) "The international headway of the People’s Republic of China is going on in a different way from the other superpowers’ historic peculiarities. The Chinese migrants’ networks give a solid base to promote the intentions of Beijing. Discovering these networks and its religious-philosophical background fostering their formation has an outstanding national security importance.
" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(48) "National Security Aspects of the Chinese Headway" ["hu_HU"]=> string(48) "National Security Aspects of the Chinese Headway" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(0) { } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(5) "China" [1]=> string(11) "super power" [2]=> string(9) "migration" [3]=> string(18) "security challenge" [4]=> string(16) "diaspora network" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(5) "China" [1]=> string(11) "super power" [2]=> string(9) "migration" [3]=> string(18) "security challenge" [4]=> string(16) "diaspora network" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(1) { [0]=> string(7) "English" } } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#760 (7) { ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(5851) ["id"]=> int(918) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(1723) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }