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Editorial Greetings

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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/467391 CropLife (2023): CropLife Europe Took Part in a CEPOL Workshop on Combating Illegal and Counterfeit Pesticide Trade. Online: https://croplifeeurope.eu/croplife-europe-took-part-in-a-cepol-workshop-on-combating-illegal-and-counterfeit-pesticide-trade/ CSABA, Zágon – GECSEI, Márton (2021): Kockázatelemzés a gyakorlatban: cigaretta a repülőtéren. In CZENE-POLGÁR, Viktória – CSABA, Zágon – SZABÓ, Ágnes – ZSÁMBOKINÉ FICSKOVSZKY, Ágnes (eds.): Tradíció, tudomány, minőség. 30 éves a Vám-és Pénzügyőri Tanszék. Budapest: Magyar Rendészettudományi Társaság Vám- és Pénzügyőri Tagozat, 129–142. Online: https://doi.org/10.37372/mrttvpt.2021.2.7 European Anti-Fraud Office – European Union Intellectual Property Office (2022): Combatting a Growing Global Threat – Counterfeit Semiconductor Products. Online: https://anti-fraud.ec.europa.eu/media-corner/news/combatting-growing-global-threat-counterfeit-semiconductor-products-2022-12-14_en European Commission (2019): The European Green Deal. Online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en European Commission (2024): Commission Recommends Actions to Combat Counterfeiting and Better Protect Intellectual Property Rights. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/hu/ip_24_1551 European Union (2020): Legal Protection: Topographies of Semiconductor Products. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/legal-protection-topographies-of-semiconductor-products.html European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2017): European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2017. Crime in the Age of Technology. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2813/114730 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2018a): Largest-ever Seizure of Illegal or Counterfeit Pesticides in Europol Silver Axe Operation. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/largest-ever-seizure-of-illegal-or-counterfeit-pesticides-in-europol-silver-axe-operation European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2018b): Fraud on a Plate: Over 3 600 Tonnes of Dangerous Food Removed from Consumer Market. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjOUMBke9FA&t=81s European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2021): European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA) 2021. A Corrupting Influence: The Infiltration and Undermining of Europe’s Economy and Society by Organised Crime. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2813/114730 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2022a): Operation LUDUS I: Targeting Counterfeit and Other Illicit Toys. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/operation-ludus-i-analysis-report#downloads European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2022b): EU Policy Cycle – EMPACT. EMPACT 2022+ Fighting Crime Together. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-statistics/empact European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2023a): The Other Side of the Coin. An Analysis of Financial and Economic Crime. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2813/114730 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2023b): 2 040 Tonnes of Illegal Pesticides Seized and 21 Suspects Arrested in Global Operation. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/2-040-tonnes-of-illegal-pesticides-seized-and-21-suspects-arrested-in-global-operation European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2023c): EUR 30 Million Worth of Seizures in First OPSON Europe. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/eur-30-million-worth-of-seizures-in-first-opson-europe European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2025): European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (EU–SOCTA). Identifying the Priorities in the Fight Against Major Crime. Online: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/socta-report European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (2024): Virtual Training Centre (VTC) on Intellectual Property (IP). Intellectual Property Rights for Customs Officials. Module about Regulation (EU) No 608/2013 – Part 1–2. Online: https://leed.cepol.europa.eu/course/view.php?id=3272 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training – European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023): CEPOL–EUIPO Webinar on New Trends in Routes. Online: https://www.euipo.europa.eu/hu/news/observatory/cepol-euipo-webinar-on-new-trends-in-routes European Union Intellectual Property Office (2019): Qualitative Study on Risks Posed by Counterfeits to Consumers. Online: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/reports/2019_Risks_Posed_by_Counterfeits_to_Consumers_Study/2019_Risks_Posed_by_Counterfeits_to_Consumers_Study.pdf European Union Intellectual Property Office (2020): IP Crime and Its Link to Other Serious Crimes. Focus on Poly Criminality. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/090414 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2022): Intellectual Property Crime. Threat Assessment 2022. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/830719 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023a): EU Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights. Results at the EU Border and in the EU Internal Market 2022. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/762823 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023b): Operation Fake Star Analysis Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/988003 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023c): European Citizens and Intellectual Property. Perception, Awareness and Behaviour 2023. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/87818 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023d): Online Copyright Infringement in the European Union. Films, Music, Publications, Software and TV (2017–2022). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/87818 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2024a): Economic Impact of Counterfeiting in the Clothing, Cosmetics, and Toys Sectors in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2814/053613 European Union Intellectual Property Office (2024b): Common Goal, New Approach: Train the Intellectual Property Trainers. Online: https://www.euipo.europa.eu/es/news/observatory/common-goal-new-approach-train-the-intellectual-property-trainers European Union Intellectual Property Office (2024c): Foul Play: The High Cost of IP Infringement in Sports. Online: https://www.euipo.europa.eu/en/news/illegal-sports-streaming-fake-sports-equipment-europe European Union Intellectual Property Office (s. a.): IP Enforcement Portal (IPEP). The EU Platform to Manage Customs Applications for Action (AFA) and Deal with IPR Enforcement Matters. Online: https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/web/observatory/ip-enforcement-portal-home-page European Union Intellectual Property Office – European Patent Office (2022): IPR-intensive Industries and Economic Performance in the European Union Industry-level. Online: https://www.euipo.europa.eu/en/publications/ipr-intensive-industries-and-economic-performance-in-the-european-union-industry-level-2022 European Union Intellectual Property Office – European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2022): The Illicit Trade of Counterfeit Automotive Spare Parts in the EU. Online: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/reports/2024_Operation_Spare_off/2024_SpareOff_Flyer_en.pdf European Union Intellectual Property Office – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020): Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products. Illicit Trade. Paris: OECD Publishing. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/a7c7e054-en European Union Intellectual Property Office – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021): Global Trade in Fakes. A Worrying Threat. Online: https://doi.org/10.1787/74c81154-en General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union (2023): EMPACT 2023 Results. Online: https://doi.org/10.2860/722772 Hungarian Intellectual Property Office (2023): Sajtóközlemény – A legfontosabb szereplők fognak össze a gyógyszerhamisítás megfékezéséért [Press Release – Key Players Join Forces to Curb Counterfeit Medicines]. Szellemi Tulajdon Nemzeti Hivatala, 13 July 2023. Online: https://www.sztnh.gov.hu/hu/hirek/sztnh-hirek/hirek-esemenyek/sajtokozlemeny-a-legfontosabb-szereplok-fognak-ossze-a International Seed Federation (2017): Plant Breeding Supports Sustainable Agriculture to Meet the Needs of a Growing Population – Not Only Food for Humans, but also Feed for Animals, Fuel and Fibres. Online: https://worldseed.org/our-work/plant-breeding/ Police Headquarters of Hajdú-Bihar County (2017): Egy férfi őrizetben a szerepi mérgezés gyanúja miatt [One Man in Custody on Suspicion of Poisoning in Szerep]. Hajdú-Bihar Vármegyei Rendőr-főkapitányság, 21 December 2017. Online: https://www.police.hu/hu/hirek-es-informaciok/legfrissebb-hireink/bunugyek/egy-ferfi-orizetben-a-szerepi-mergezes-gyanuja RAPEX (2015a): Safety Gate: The EU Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-food Products. Alert number: A12/1318/15. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/safety-gate-alerts/screen/webReport/alertDetail/181148?lang=en RAPEX (2015b): Safety Gate: The EU Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-food Products. Alert number: A12/1647/15. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/safety-gate-alerts/screen/webReport/alertDetail/187074?lang=en RAPEX (2017): Safety Gate: The EU Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-food Products. Alert number: A11/0118/17. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/safety-gate-alerts/screen/webReport/alertDetail/274297?lang=en World Customs Organization (2023): Illicit Trade Report 2022. Online: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2023/june/the-world-customs-organization-releases-the-illicit-trade-report-2022.aspx World Customs Organization (2024a): Illicit Trade Report 2023. Online: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2024/june/wco-releases-illicit-trade-report-2023.aspx World Customs Organization (2024b): Executive Summary Operation Stop III. Online: https://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/enforcement-and-compliance/report/executive-summary_stop-iii.pdf?db=web" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "13-32" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(2268) "

The aim is to demonstrate the importance of protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights (IPRs) from different perspectives, not only within the dimension of the European Union (EU) but also in relation to certain global actors. The research looked at specific product categories, and their threats to determine which products pose a direct or indirect threat or risk to users, consumers, or the environment. It also focused on the connection with other serious crimes.

The research systematically collected, analysed and evaluated reports and studies that are part of the relevant international literature.

The study is based on comprehensive statistics and reports published by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Customs Organisation (WCO) and other relevant EU and non-EU organisations.

The IPRs are crucial for the economy of the EU. The IP sensitive industry is responsible for 47.1% of the GDP and 29.7% of employment. On average, 13% of citizens in the 27 EU countries have intentionally bought counterfeit products, during the period under review. The analysis reveals numerous harmful consequences of counterfeiting, such as endangering the health and lives of consumers, non-fulfilment of state revenues and the damage caused to economic operators. In addition to an overview of the problems and an assessment of the hazards, the author has also considered the responses and suggestions for solutions from public – law enforcement authorities and the private sector.

Given that the proportion of people aged 15 to 24 who deliberately bought counterfeit goods was twice as high as the average of the EU citizens of all ages, in cooperation with the IP enforcement community, particular attention should be paid to awareness-raising and training and education of youngsters.

The conclusions drawn from the results of this work, regardless of their source, are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the official position or opinion of the Hungarian National Tax and Customs Administration (NTCA) or of the EUIPO. The publication was prepared with the support of the Scientific Council of the NTCA.

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object(Publication)#820 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7960) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-09-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-09-09 11:24:58" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10111) ["sectionId"]=> int(94) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7836) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2325) "ARISTOTLE (1979): Etika Nikomachova. Bratislava: Pravda. BILSKÝ, Peter (2006): Vývoj dôveryhodnosti Policajného zboru a analýza faktorov, ktoré ju ovplyvňujú. Final report of research task. Bratislava: Ministerstvo vnútra SR, Prezídium PZ. CICERO, Marcus Tullius (2009): O věcech veřejných. Praha: Oikoymenh. Council of Europe (2002): The European Code of Police Ethics. Recommendation Rec(2001) 10 Adopted by the Committee of the Ministers of the Council of Europe on 19 September 2001 and Explanatory Memorandum. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. DINUŠ, Peter (2015): Politika bez masky. Bratislava: Veda. DINUŠOVÁ, Dominika (2021): Filozofia pre študentov bezpečnostných vied. Bratislava: Akadémia PZ v Bratislave. DINUŠOVÁ, Dominika (2024): Dôveryhodnosť Policajného zboru v perspektívach filozofie a etiky. Bratislava: Akadémia PZ v Bratislave. DINUŠOVÁ, Dominika – SABAYOVÁ, Mária (2024): Determinants of the Credibility of the Police Force from the Perspective of Citizen’s Complaints about the Police Service. Policija i sigurnost, 33(3), 247–264. Online: https://doi.org/10.59245/ps.33.3.2 KRSKOVÁ, Alexandra (2011): Dejiny politickej a právnej filozofie. Bratislava: Wolters Kluwer. Ministerstvo vnútra SR (2023): Príručka k etickému kódexu príslušníka Policajného zboru vydaného nariadením Ministerstva vnútra Slovenskej republiky č. 41/2022 o etickom kódexe príslušníka Policajného zboru. Online: https://www.minv.sk/?PZ_SR-eticky-kodex&subor=505369 Ministerstvo vnútra SR (2022): Nariadenie ministerstva vnútra č 41 z 24. februára 2022 o etickom kódexe príslušníka Policajného zboru. Online: www.minv.sk/?policia MURDZA, Karol (2021): Nedôvera k polícii ako súčasť systémovej krízy spoločnosti. In DINUŠOVÁ, Dominika (ed.): Dôveryhodnosť Policajného zboru na pozadí aktuálnych otázok policajnej teórie a praxe. Bratislava: Akadémia PZ v Bratislave, 87–100. THURZOVÁ, Marta (2012): Etické problémy v policajnej praxi a etické kódexy. In ŠKORCOVÁ, Lucia – GREŇO, Jozef (eds.): Profesijná etika ako aktuálny problém bezpečnostno-právnej teórie a praxe. Zborník z konferencie s medzinárodnou účasťou konanej v dňoch 15. a 16. mája 2012 v Bratislave. Bratislava: Akadémia PZ v Bratislave, 126–137." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "33-47" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1768) "

In recent years, society has been marked by the occurrence of several risk factors (the pandemic, the war conflict in Ukraine, the increase in hate speech and the subsequent social polarisation that has reached a violent outcome). These aspects lead to a rethinking of the use of tools to eliminate tensions in different areas. One of them is the area of police ethics.

The paper is devoted to selected content and structural elements used in the code of ethics of a police officer, which were aimed at strengthening the relationship between civil society and the police with the intention of positively shaping the security environment in the Slovak Republic.

The paper is based on a theoretical analysis of three planes of the updated code of ethics: 1. the functions of the incorporated elements; 2. the means of implementation in the application practice; 3. research as a prerequisite for updating and a means of verification of the processing of the code of ethics. The third level is demonstrated on the field of credibility of the Police Force using the theoretical basis of the dialectical method.

In 2022, the Slovak Regulation No. 41/2022 on the Code of Police Ethics of the Ministry of the Interior was adopted. The elements of virtue ethics were the main elements strengthening the implementation of the document. The document is divided into several parts, which are complementary to each other and fulfil mutual functions (explicative and motivational).

The area of police ethics is significantly represented in the public perception of police work and ultimately has an impact on the overall shaping of the security environment in terms of forming the social consciousness of citizens and members of the Police Force.

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(2023): Research on Technical Synergy Dilemma and Cracking Path in Intelligent Public Security Systems. Shanghai: East China University of Political Science and Law. Online: https://doi.org/10.27150/d.cnki.ghdzc.2023.000359 ZHANG, Qian (2019): Analysis of Intelligent Police Construction Urgently Needs to Crack the Problem and Countermeasures. Journal of the Beijing Police Academy, (4), 75–79. online: https://doi.org/10.16478/j.cnki.jbjpc.20190614.001 ZHANG, Yuyan – XU, Liying – YU, Feng – DING, Xiaojun – WU, Jiahua – ZHAO, Liang (2022): A Three-Dimensional Motivation Model of Algorithm Aversion. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(5), 1093–1105. Online: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01093 ZHAO, Yi-Jun – XU, Liying – YU, Feng – JIN, Wanglong (2024): Perceived Opacity Increases Algorithmic Aversion in the Workplace. Psychological Journal, 56(4), 497–514. Online: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00497 Zhejiang Police College Subject Group – HUANG, Xingrui (2020): Constructing a Modern Police Model to Promote the Modernization of Provincial Governance: A Strategic Study on Police Reform and Development in Zhejiang Based on Chinese and Foreign Comparisons. Journal of Public Security (Journal of Zhejiang Police College), (6), 1–15." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "49-68" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(2778) "

Currently, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other technologies are used in many aspects of policing in China. China’s 2024 Public Security Work Conference emphasised the need to accelerate the improvement of the “professional + mechanism + big data” new policing operation model and to comprehensively popularise the application of artificial intelligence in China’s police and law enforcement and enhance its effectiveness.

This study utilises qualitative and quantitative research techniques to explore AI’s current status and effectiveness in Chinese police law enforcement. To improve the utilisation of AI in police law enforcement, this study also further explores the influencing factors and enhancement countermeasures of Chinese police officers’ willingness to use AI in police law enforcement.

Study 1 used the survey method to select 180 civilian police officers in N city of F province to conduct a questionnaire survey, and 20 of them were randomly selected to conduct semi-structured interviews to clarify the current status of the application of AI in police enforcement in China. Study 2 randomly selected 200 public security police officers in the public security bureau of H city in Z province to conduct a contextual experiment, which used a between-subjects design of task type (objective/subjective task) + transparency (low/medium/high transparency) to analyse the factors affecting the willingness of Chinese police officers to use AI and to propose countermeasures.

Study 1 found that the current Chinese police work, relying on artificial intelligence, has strengthened data collection and governance, promoted data sharing and application, and strengthened situational analysis and research and judgment, which has effectively improved the ability of social stability, control and management. However, there is a lack of scientific management mechanisms, and the police are unwilling to use them actively enough. The type of police work and the transparency of the algorithm can interact with the police’s trust in artificial intelligence and further affect their willingness to use it. Specifically, more complex subjective tasks can lead to the police’s willingness to use AI, but if the algorithm can be moderately transparent, the influence of task type will be reduced.

Artificial intelligence has been used to a certain extent in China’s police reform to innovate police work mechanisms and improve the effectiveness of social governance. However, due to the lack of scientific management and training mechanisms, the police are not willing to use AI. Objective police work and moderate algorithmic transparency can enhance the police’s trust and willingness to use AI.

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object(Publication)#844 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(8221) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-09-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-09-09 11:24:56" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10469) ["sectionId"]=> int(94) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8097) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4446) "BULLOCK, Karen (2018): (Re)presenting ‘Order’ Online: The Construction of Police Presentational Strategies on Social Media. Policing and Society, 28(3), 345–359. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1177529 CRUMP, Jeremy (2011): What Are the Police Doing on Twitter? Social Media, the Police and the Public. Policy & Internet, 3(4), 1–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1130 DE GRAAF, Gjalt – MEIJER, Albert (2019): Social Media and Value Conflicts: An Explorative Study of the Dutch Police. Public Administration Review, 79(1), 82–92. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12914 DROSSOS, Dimitris – COURSARIS, Constantinos – KAGIOULI, Eleni (2024): Social Media Marketing Content Strategy: A Comprehensive Framework and Empirically Supported Guidelines for Brand Posts on Facebook Pages. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(3), 1175–1192. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2269 FRANZ, Daschel – MARSH, Heather E. – CHEN, Jason I. – TEO, Alan R. (2019): Using Facebook for Qualitative Research: A Brief Primer. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8). Online: https://doi.org/10.2196/13544 GOLDSMITH, Andrew (2015): Disgracebook Policing: Social Media and the Rise of Police Indiscretion. Policing and Society, 25(3), 249–267. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.864653 FINSZTER, Géza (2018): Rendészettan. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. HU, Xiaochen – RODGERS, Kourtnie – LOVRICH, Nicholas P. (2020): Public Preferences Regarding Police Facebook Posts: A Macro-level Analysis. Police Practice and Research, 21(3), 227–245. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1531753 ISAAK, Nathan – WALBY, Kevin (2022): Police Union and Police Association Communications on Social Media and Legitimacy Spillover in Canada. International Criminal Justice Review, 32(3), 328–345. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677221082070 KRISKÓ, Edina (2012): Rendészet 2.0 a kommunikációs szakember szemével, Belügyi Szemle, 60(9), 28–41. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2012.v60.i9.pp28-41 KRISKÓ, Edina (2016): Rendészet és közösségi média: mindent elölről, avagy a sosem látott szigor, Belügyi Szemle, 64(4), 55–68. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2016.4.4 LEE, Murray – MCGOVERN, Alyce (2013): Force to Sell: Policing the Image and Manufacturing Public Confidence. Policing and Society, 23(2), 103–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.647913 LIEBERMAN, Joel D. – KOETZLE, Deborah – SAKIYAMA, Mari (2013): Police Departments’ Use of Facebook: Patterns and Policy Issues. Police Quarterly, 16(4), 438–462. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611113495049 LIVINGSTONE, Randall M. (2022). Public Relations and Public Service: Police Departments on Facebook. Policing and Society, 32(5), 598–610. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1941012 MCVEIGH, Brian (1996): Commodifying Affection, Authority and Gender in the Everyday Objects of Japan. Journal of Material Culture, 1(3), 291–312. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/135918359600100302 RALPH, Liam (2022): The Dynamic Nature of Police Legitimacy on Social Media. Policing and Society, 32(7), 817–831. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1956493 SÁNTHA, Kálmán (2022): Kvalitatív tartalomelemzés. Budapest: Eötvös József Könyvkiadó. Statista (2025): Number of Facebook Users in Hungary from September 2018 to March 2025. Online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1029770/facebook-users-hungary/ VAN DE VELDE, Bob – MEIJER, Albert – HOMBURG, Vincent (2015): Police Message Diffusion on Twitter: Analysing the Reach of Social Media Communications. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(1), 4–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.942754 WALLACE, Sarah – LLEWELLYN, Mark (2025): ‘Meta’ Analysis: Considerations When Using Facebook within Research and Evaluation Studies: A Research Note. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 28(1), 133–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2023.2299478 WALSH, James P. – O’CONNOR, Christopher (2018): Social Media and Policing: A Review of Recent Research. Sociology Compass, 13(1), 1–14. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12648 WOOD, Mark A. (2020): Policing’s ‘Meme Strategy’: Understanding the Rise of Police Social Media Engagement Work. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32(1), 40–58. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2019.1658695" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1878) "

The need for publicity, transparency and accountability has increased as a pressure on police forces since the emergence of social media. But while initially the novelty and lack of experience with new tools excused police forces from uncertainties, shortcomings or mistakes in managing their profiles, a quarter of a century later, the police can be accountable for awareness and usefulness of their practice.

The main question of the research, based on social media monitoring, is how the different branches of policing, their specific activities and the content that highlights expertise and promotes and recognises policing to citizens are presented, beyond the organisational image-building function.

The applied method is the qualitative document and text analysis supported by computer software to analyse the Facebook activity of the Hungarian Police and a Hungarian (community) police officer in Canada. The sample included two different months’ shared content for both profiles studied using purposive sampling.

The results show a strong contrast in terms of the direct law enforcement implications of the content. Hungarian communication is centralised, highly controlled, organisational and professional, but at a great distance from the day-to-day tasks, while Canadian communication is personal, semi-professional-layman and gives a direct insight into the working day of the police.

Our conclusion is that different policing models enable very different content along different practices, and the reasons are rooted in both regulation and culture. While the Hungarian legislation relegates the individual police officer to the background in order to strengthen the image of the organisation through propaganda, overseas it is the individual who brings the profession ‘in the flesh’ and gives it credibility and legitimacy.

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adjunktus

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In the field of public security activities, volunteers play a significant role, of which we can see many examples both domestically and abroad. In our country, the civil police is the organisation that has the legal authority to carry out social crime prevention activities as an element of complementary policing. The author of the study undertakes to present, as a practicing law enforcement professional and civil police leader – after a brief look at the establishment of the movement and its reasons – the most important previous and currently running priority programs of the civil police, their reasons, implementation and significance. The author wishes to contribute to the comprehensive scientific research and mapping of the operation of the civil police, recognising the fact that the researched topic of crime prevention, civil participation in maintaining public order and public safety is a timely issue, that under the current circumstances, the role of civil police is an indispensable aid to the police, and that the priority programs contribute to the high-quality performance of civil police tasks, thereby improving the subjective sense of security of citizens. A necessary element of research conducted on this topic is the discussion of the above questions.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(35) "Legislation on the Auxiliary Police" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(15) "The Civil Guard" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(11) "Kardos Pál" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#869 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10468) ["email"]=> string(19) "palkardos@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8220) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(150) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-035X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" ["hu_HU"]=> string(32) "Országos Polgárőr Szövetség" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(258) "

Pál Kardos Master instructor, Ludovika University of Public Service, Faculty of Law, Department of Private Security and Municipal Law Enforcement, kardos.pal@uni-nke.hu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-035X

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557221106073 BAKER-ECK, Bianca – BULL, Ray – WALSH, Dave (2021): Investigative Empathy: Five Types of Cognitive Empathy in a Field Study of Investigative Interviews with Suspects of Sexual Offences. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 11(1), 28–39. BALDWIN, John (1993): Police Interview Techniques. Establishing Truth or Proof? The British Journal of Criminology, 33(3), 325–352. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048329 BETTENS, Talley – CLEARY, Hayley M. D. – BULL, Ray (2024): Humane Interrogation Strategies Are Associated with Confessions, Cooperation, and Disclosure: Evidence from a Field Study of Incarcerated Individuals in the United States. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 51(6), 949–969. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241232068 BULL, Ray (2014): When in Interviews to Disclose Information to Suspects and to Challenge Them? In BULL, Ray (ed.): Investigative Interviewing. New York: Springer, 167–181. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9642-7_9 BULL, Ray (2019): Roar or “PEACE”: Is It a “Tall Story”? In BULL, Ray – BLANDÓN-GITLIN, Iris (eds.): Routledge International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology. London: Routledge, 20–36. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326530-3 BULL, Ray – BAKER, Bianca (2020): Obtaining Valid Discourse from Suspects “PEACE”-fully: What Role for Rapport and Empathy? In MASON, Marianne – ROCK, Frances (eds.): The Discourse of Police Interviews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 42–64. Online: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226647821.003.0003 BULL, Ray – CHERRYMAN, Julie (1995): Helping to Identify Skills Gaps in Specialist Investigative Interviewing. London: Home Office Police Research Group. BULL, Ray – RACHLEW, Asbjørn (2020): Investigative Interviewing: From England to Norway and Beyond. In BARELA, Steven – FALLON, Mark – GAGGIOLI, Gloria – OHLIN, Jens David (eds.): Interrogation and Torture. Research on Efficacy, and Its Integration with Morality and Legality. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press, 171–196. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097523.003.0007 CLEARY, Hayley M. D. – BULL, Ray (2021): Contextual Factors Predict Self-reported Confession Decision-making: A Field Study of Suspects’ Actual Police Interrogation Experiences. Law and Human Behavior, 45(4), 310–323. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000459 DESLAURIERS-VARIN, Nadine – BEAUREGARD, Eric – WONG, Jennifer (2011): Changing Their Mind about Confessing to Police: The Role of Contextual Factors in Crime Confession. Police Quarterly, 14(1), 5–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611110392721 HOLMBERG, Ulf – CHRISTIANSON, Sven‐Åke (2002): Murderers’ and Sexual Offenders’ Experiences of Police Interviews and Their Inclination to Admit or Deny Crimes. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20(1–2), 31–45. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.470 JONES, Trevor – MACLEAN, Brian – YOUNG, Jock (1986): The Islington Crime Survey. Crime, Victimization and Policing in Inner-city London. Aldershot: Gower. KEBBELL, Mark – HURREN, Emily – MAZEROLLE, Paul (2006): Sex Offenders’ Perceptions of How They Were Interviewed. Canadian Journal of Police and Security Services, 4, 67–75. KELLY, Christopher E. – MEEHAN, Nathan – MCCLARY, Michael – JENAWAY, Elizabeth M. (2021): Just a Normal Conversation: Investigative Interviews in a County Jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(8), 1166–1184. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854821993509 LEAHY-HARLAND, Samantha – BULL, Ray (2017): Police Strategies and Suspect Responses in Real-life Serious Crime Interviews. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(2), 138–151. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9207-8 LEO, Richard A. (2009): Police Interrogation and American Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.4159/978067403370 MARQUES, Paulo Barbosa – ST-YVES, Michel (2022): Interviewing Psychopaths: Toward a Science of Investigative Interviewing of Psychopathic Suspects. In MARQUES, Paulo Barbosa – PAULINO, Mauro – ALHO, Laura (eds.): Psychopathy and Criminal Behavior. Current Trends and Challenges. Cambridge, Mass.: Academic Press, 219–239. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811419-3.00045-5 MAY, Lennart – GEWEHR, Elsa – ZIMMERMANN, Johannes – RAIBLE, Yonna – VOLBERT, Renate (2021): How Guilty and Innocent Suspects Perceive the Police and Themselves: Suspect Interviews in Germany. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 26(1), 42–61. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12184 MCCONVILLE, Michael – HODGSON, Jacqueline (1993): Custodial Legal Advice and the Right to Silence. Research Study Number 16. The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. MÉNDEZ, Juan E. (2016): Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Note by the Secretary-General. United Nations. Online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/839995/files/A_71_298-EN.pdf MILNE, Rebecca – BULL, Ray (1999): Investigative Interviewing. Psychology and Practice. Chichester: Wiley. MOSTON, Stephen – STEPHENSON, Geoffrey M. – WILLIAMSON, Thomas M. (1992): The Effects of Case Characteristics on Suspect Behaviour During Police Questioning. The British Journal of Criminology, 32(1), 23–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048178 PEARSE, John – GUDJONSSON, Gisli H. (1996): Police Interviewing Techniques at Two South London Police Stations. Psychology Crime and Law, 3(1), 63–74. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10683169608409795 Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering (2021). Online: https://www.apt.ch/sites/default/files/publications/apt_PoEI_EN_11.pdf SMITH, David (1983): A Survey of Londoners. Report Number 1. London: Policy Studies Institute. ST-YVES, Michel – DESLAURIERS-VARIN, Nadine (2009): The Psychology of Suspects’ Decision-making during Interrogation. In BULL, Ray – VALENTINE, Tim – WILLIAMSON, Tom (eds.): Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing. Current Developments and Future Directions. Hoboken: Wiley, 1–16. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470747599.ch1 TSAN-CHANG, Lin – CHIH-HUNG, Shih (2013): A Study of Police Interrogation Practice in Taiwan. Paper presented at the Asian Confer¬ence of Criminal and Police Psychology, Singapore. WACHI, Taeko – WATANABE, Kazumi – YOKOTA, Kaeko – OTSUKA, Yusuke – KURAISHI, Hiroki – LAMB, Michael (2014): Police Interviewing Styles and Confessions in Japan. Psychology, Crime and Law, 20(7), 673–694. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.854791 WACHI, Taeko – WATANABE, Kazumi – YOKOTA, Kaeko – OTSUKA, Yusuke – LAMB, Michael (2016): Japanese Suspect Interviews, Confessions, and Related Factors. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31(3), 217–27. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9179-0 WALSH, Dave – BULL, Ray (2010): What Really Is Effective in Interviews with Suspects? A Study Comparing Interviewing Skills against Interviewing Outcomes. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(2), 305–321. Online: https://doi.org/10.1348/135532509X463356 WILLIAMSON, Tom (1994): Reflections on Current Police Practice. In MORGAN, David – STEPHENSON, Geoffrey (eds.): Suspicion and Silence. The Right to Silence in Criminal Investigations. London: Blackstone, 107–116." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "97-110" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.6" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1566) "

This publication overviews some of the author’s involvement regarding international developments in recent decades related to the improving of interviews with suspects. Its aim is to demonstrate how research has been informing policies and practices around the world. In light of psychological research, a growing number of countries/organisations have decided to adopt a model/approach of “investigative interviewing” of suspects that does not rely on coercive or oppressive methods. This article will overview 1. the evolution of the ‘PEACE method’; 2. some of the research on the effectiveness of aspects of the ‘PEACE’ method; and 3. the 2021 publication of the ‘Principles of Effective Interviewing’ (drafted at the request of the United Nations). In 2016, the United Nations “Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatments” (law professor Juan Méndez) submitted his report to the United Nations, which stated that “The Special Rapporteur […] advocates the development of a universal protocol identifying a set of standards for non-coercive interviewing methods and procedural safeguards that ought, as a matter of law and policy, to be applied at a minimum to all interviews by law enforcement officials, military and intelligence personnel and other bodies with investigative mandates.” The current publication here demonstrates that police and other investigative agencies can be willing to update/improve their interviewing of suspects by taking note of the findings of relevant research.

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Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 7–21. Online: https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/225320.pdf COELHO, Pedro M. N. (2016): Rumo à indústria 4.0. Master’s Thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Online: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/36992 DIAS, Joana S. (2023): O E-Government como instrumento de modernização na Administração Pública: O Caso de uma Comunidade Intermunicipal. Internship report, Universidade de Coimbra. Online: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/retrieve/264741/Relatorio_Estagio_MAPP.pdf DINIS, Nuno R. M. (2020): Organização territorial da PSP e Regiões administrativas: uma reflexão prospetiva. Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, PSP. European Commission (1997): Green Paper on the Information Society. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8bcd9942-f9ef-4fe7-9637-936af5c0fd85 FERREIRA, Rui Manuel da Silva (2020): Indústria 4.0: Estudo da Perceção na Indústria Portuguesa. Master’s Thesis, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Online: https://recipp.ipp.pt/handle/10400.22/17261 GIBB, Caroline – RIEMEN, John (2023): Toward better AFIS Practice and Process in the Forensic Fingerprint Environment. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 7. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2023.100336 GONÇALVES, V. (2009): Empreendorismo: Do ensino básico ao Ensino Superior. Conference session. Bragança: X Congresso Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências da Educação. GHOSH, Ajantika – PAHARI, Indrani (2021): Fingerprinting: The Unique Tool for Identification in Forensic Science. Advanced Research in Veterinary Sciences, 1, 22–47. Online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358261059_A_Volume-1/stats Government of India (2024): Unique Identification Authority of India. Online: https://uidai.gov.in/en/ GUNAWAN, Ian (2022): Customer Loyalty: The Effect Customer Satisfaction, Experiential Marketing and Product Quality. KINERJA: Jurnal Manajemen Organisasi Dan Industri, 1(1), 35–42. Online: https://jurnalpustek.org/index.php/kjmb/article/view/6 HUTABARAT, Wiranti M. – PRABAWANI, Bulan (2020): Pengaruh experiential marketing dan sales promotion terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dengan kepuasan pelanggan sebagai variabel intervening pada pelanggan go-ride semarang. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis, 9(2), 12–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.14710/jiab.2020.27155 JAIN, Anil K. – FLYNN, Patrick – ROSS, Arun A. (2008): Handbook of Biometrics. New York: Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71041-9 MATOS, Hélder José da Silva (2010): Reconhecimento biométrico baseado na geometria da mão. Dissertação de mestrado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. Online: https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/59409 MISMIWATI, M. M. (2016): Pengaruh kepuasan pelanggan, kualitas produk, dan experiential marketing terhadap word of mouth pada percetakan sabilul haq. I-Economics: A Research Journal on Islamic Economics, 2(1), 19–30. Online: https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/ieconomics/article/view/1000 MORGADO, Sónia M. A. (2013): Economics of Public Administration: The Right Budget to the Right Public Services. The New Management Mythology? In SOVRESKI, Zlatko V. – MOKRYŠ, Michal – BADURA, Štefan – LIESKOVSKÝ, Anton (eds.): Proceedings in Global Virtual Conference Workshop. GV-CONF 2013. Zilina: EDIS – Publishing Institution of the University of Zilina, 79–83. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259667046_Economics_of_Public_Administration_The_right_budget_to_the_right_public_services_-The_New_Management_Mythology MORGADO, Sónia M. A. (2023): Inteligência Artificial e metamorfose dos paradigmas: Economia na era da transformação. Conference session. Congresso Nacional da Ordem dos Economistas, Lisboa, 25–26 October 2023. Online: https://www.ordemeconomistas.pt/xportalv3/file/XEOCM_Documento/74260936/file/Sónia%20Aniceto%20Morgado.pdf MORGADO, Sónia M. A. – FELGUEIRAS, Sérgio (2021): Big Data in Policing: Profiling, Patterns, and Out of the Box Thinking. In ROCHA, Álvaro – ADELI, Hojjat – DZEMYDA, Gintautas – MOREIRA, Fernando – RAMALHO CORREIA, Ana Maria (eds.): Trends and Applications in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2021. Cham: Springer, 217–226. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72657-7_21 MORGADO, Sónia M. A. – MENDES, Sérgio (2016): O futuro numa década: Os desafios económicos e securitários de Portugal. Politeia – Revista do Instituto Superior de Ciência Policiais e Segurança Interna. Estudos Comemorativos dos 30 anos do Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna. Ano X–XI–XII: 2013–2014–2015, (1: Studio varia), 9–35. Online: https://politeia-online.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/O-futuro-numa-decada-Os-desafios-economicos-e-securitarios-de-Portugal-pag.-9-35.pdf MORGADO, Sónia M. A. – FELGUEIRAS, Sérgio – DE MOURA, Rui C. (2024a): The Past, Present and Future of Technology in PSP: Preliminary Results of Technology. In FERNANDES, Roberto N. A. – MACHADO, Paulo (eds.): 40 anos de Ciências Policiais em Portugal. Lisboa: ICPOL – Centro de Investgação FCT do Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, 389–400. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/51332 MORGADO, Sónia M. A. – NABAIS, Tiago – FELGUEIRAS, Sérgio (2024b): Unveiling the Project Facilitating Public & Private Security Operators to Mitigate Terrorism Scenarios against Soft Targets – APPRAISE: The Future for Preventing and Providing Security for Soft Targets. In FERNANDES, Roberto N. A. – MACHADO, Paulo (eds.): 40 anos de Ciências Policiais em Portugal. Lisboa: ICPOL – Centro de Investgação FCT do Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna, 401–412. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/51333 PEREIRA, Warley A. – ALMEIDA, Lindomar da Silva (2008): Método manual para cálculo da taxa interna de retorno. Revista Objetiva, 64(4). QUIVY, Raymond – VAN CAMPENHOUDT, Luc (2005): Manual de investigação em ciências sociais. Gradiva. República Portuguesa (2022): Portugal Digital. Portugal’s Action Plan for Digital Transition. Online: https://portugaldigital.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Portugal_Action_Plan_for_Digital_Transition.pdf SANTOS, Beatrice P. – ALBERTO, Agostinho – LIMA, Tânia Miranda – CHARRUA-SANTOS, Fernando M. B. (2018): Indústria 4.0: Desafios e oportunidades. Revista Produção e Desenvolvimento, 4(1), 111–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.32358/rpd.2018.v4.316 SCHWAB, Klaus (2019): A Quarta Revolução Industrial. São Paulo: Edipro. 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The urgent need for technological modernisation in law enforcement, particularly to combat cybercrime and enhance IT security, is evident. Current manual procedures are increasingly questioned regarding efficiency compared to advanced technologies like biometrics and AI, which are widely used elsewhere. This study evaluates the time, cost and security benefits of biometric sensors versus manual data entry. The methodology is post-positivist with an applied, explanatory approach using quantitative descriptive and inferential statistics. A post-positivist, applied and explanatory methodology, using quantitative descriptive and inferential statistics, was employed. Results from 175 records show that biometric sensors reduce data entry time to 13 minutes, compared to 8 hours and 21 minutes manually. Officers strongly support these technologies. Data from 2023 shows that 89% of 6,113 repeated item merges involve personal identification, highlighting the efficiency of automation. Biometric inputs improve data accuracy, essential for timely legal processes. The findings also reveal higher state expenditures on manual procedures, underscoring the need for technological investments to optimise resources. These results advocate for increased funding to modernise law enforcement, emphasising AI and biometrics as critical for enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making in combating cybercrime and securing IT systems.

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object(Publication)#830 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7973) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-09-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-09-09 11:24:56" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10127) ["sectionId"]=> int(99) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(7849) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3502) "ACEA (2024): Average Age of the EU Vehicle Fleet, by Country. The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association. Online: https://www.acea.auto/figure/average-age-of-eu-vehicle-fleet-by-country/ ANDERSON, R. W. G. – DOECKE, S. – SEARSON, D. (2009): Vehicle Age-related Crashworthiness of the South Australian Passenger Fleet. The University of Adelaide, Centre for Automotive Safety Research. BLOWS, Stephanie – IVERS, Rebecca Q. – WOODWARD, Mark – CONNOR, Jennie L. – AMERATUNGA, Shanthi – NORTON, Robyn (2003): Vehicle Year and the Risk of Car Crash Injury. Injury Prevention, 9(4), 353–356. Online: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.4.353 Eurostat (2022): Persons Killed in Road Accidents by Type of Vehicle. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/tran_sf_roadve Eurostat (2023): Passenger Cars by Age. Online: https://doi.org/10.2908/road_eqs_carage HOLLÓ, Péter (2008): Gondolatok a hazai közúti közlekedés biztonságáról. Magyar Tudomány, 169(2), 175–185. KSH (2023): A személygépkocsi-állomány átlagos kora gyártmányok szerint [Average Age of the Passenger Car Fleet by Make]. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/sza/hu/sza0026.html KSH (2024): Magyarországon első alkalommal forgalomba helyezett személygépkocsik száma gyártmány szerint, negyedévenként [Number of Passenger Cars Registered for the First Time in Hungary by Make, by Quarter]. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Online: https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/sza/hu/sza0070.html KSH (s. a.): Data Presentation Datasheet. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Online: https://ksh.hu/docs/hun/info/02osap/2021/kerdoiv/k211009.pdf?lang=hu MAJOR, Róbert – MÉSZÁROS, Gábor (2015): Traffic Safety in Hungary. In AUGUSTÍN, Pavol – CHOCHLÍK, Bohus (eds.): Prevenciaako nástroj na znízenie dopravnej nehodovsti. Bratislava: Akadémia Policajného zboru v Bratislave, 161–168. MÉSZÁROS, Gábor (2016): A közlekedési balesetmegelőzés rendszerének információs folyamatai. In GAÁL, Gyula – HAUTZINGER, Zoltán (eds.): A határrendészettől a rendészettudományig. Pécsi Határőr Tudományos Közlemények, XVII, 239–246. MÉSZÁROS, Gábor (2017): A közlekedésrendészet feladata a közúti közlekedésben Rudnay Béla rendeletétől napjainkig. Belügyi Szemle, 65(3), 54–66. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2017.3.4 SANTOLINO, Miguel – CÉSPEDES, Luis – AYUSO, Mercedes (2022): The Impact of Aging Drivers and Vehicles on the Injury Severity of Crash Victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417097 SICIŃSKA, Katarzyna (2019): Age of a Passenger Car and Its Influence on Accidents with Fatalities in Poland. Transport Problems, 14(1), 105–113. Online: https://doi.org/10.20858/tp.2019.14.1.10 TÖRÖK, Árpád (2020): A Novel Approach in Evaluating the Impact of Vehicle Age on Road Safety. Promet – Traffic & Transportation, 32(6), 789–796. Online: https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i6.3441 U.S. Department of Transportation (2013): How Vehicle Age and Model Year Relate to Driver Injury Severity in Fatal Crashes. Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note. Online: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811825 5/1990 (IV. 12.) KöHÉM rendelet a közúti járművek műszaki megvizsgálásáról [Regulation of the Ministry for Transport, Communications and Construction on the Technical Inspection of Road Vehicles]" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "127-139" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.8" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1562) "

Amongst the causes of road traffic accidents, mechanical failure of cars due to their mechanical condition appears with the most minor proportion. Authorities do not examine the possible impacts of the vehicles’ mechanical condition and age on the severity of the road accidents they are involved in. The data on fatal road accidents involving cars will be presented and analysed based on the age composition of the vehicle fleet. The basis of the research is the deep analysis of the concluded investigation documents of fatal road accidents between 2016 and 2017 in all the counties of Hungary since the accident statistics of the Central Statistical Office do not include the data uncovered during the investigation or the accident causes determined at the end of the process. In 2016, the average age of passenger cars was 13.9 years, while the average age of passenger cars involved in accidents where fatalities occurred was 15.5 years. In 2017, the average age of passenger cars was 14.1 years, while the average age of passenger cars involved in accidents was 15.5 years. In cases where another vehicle was involved in the accident, but no one died, the average age of vehicles was 12.1 years in 2016 and 10.9 years in 2017. During accidents, nearly 40% of road users did not use seat belts, which also adversely affected the outcome of the accidents. The ageing of the vehicle fleet harms the severity of accident outcomes, as the passive safety features of more modern vehicles – if used – provide more effective protection for road users.

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object(Publication)#839 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(7971) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-09-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-09-09 11:24:57" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10123) ["sectionId"]=> int(99) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(7847) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5288) "BALLÁNÉ FÜSZTER, Erzsébet (2019): Krimináltechnika. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. BÓI, László (2024): A településszerkezet és forró pontok összefüggései egy empirikus kutatás alapján. Bűnözésföldrajzi Közlemények, 5(1–2), 52–52. CARNEIRO, Francisco G. – LOUREIRO, Paulo R. A. – SACHSIDA, Adolfo (2005): Crime and Social Interactions: A Developing Country Case Study. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 34(3), 311–318. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.322580 CECCATO, Vânia – DOLMEN, Lars (2011): Crime in Rural Sweden. Applied Geography, 31(1), 119–135. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.03.002 CSELLENG, Béla (2022): Az illegális migrációhoz kapcsolódó bűncselekmények főbb kriminálgeográfiai és térbeli jellemzői Magyarországon. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. DÜRR, Miklós (2023a): Illiberal Smart Urbanism? Lessons from the Politics of State-led Smart Securitisation in Miskolc. Urban Studies, 60(3), 554–571. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221100462 DÜRR, Miklós (2023b): Urbanising the Security-Development Nexus: A Revisited Perspective on Segregation Governance in Miskolc. PhD Thesis. Durham: Durham University. ELLIS, Lee – PETERSON, James (1996): Crime and Religion: An International Comparison among Thirteen Industrial Nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 761–768. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00023-2 ERNSZT, Ildikó – PÉTER, Erzsébet – KELLER, Krisztina – TÓTH-KASZÁS, Nikoletta (2018): Biztonsági kérdések a turizmusban, egy határ menti térség példáján keresztül. Turizmus Bulletin, 18(2), 38–45. Online: https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2018v18n2.5 GABOR, Thomas – GOTTHEIL, Ellen (1984): Offender Characteristics and Spatial Mobility: An Empirical Study and Some Policy Implications. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 26(3), 267–281. Online: https://doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.26.3.267 HERKE, Zsolt (2016): Az univerzális skálatörvények alkalmazása a rendvédelmi stratégia kialakításában, valamit a rendőri vezetői munkában. In GAÁL, Gyula – HAUTZINGER, Zoltán (eds.): A határrendészettől a rendészettudományig. Pécsi Határőr Tudományos Közlemények, XVII, 247–256. KELLER, Krisztina – TÓTH-KASZÁS, Nikoletta (2021): A turizmusbiztonság megjelenése az EU tagállamainak turisztikai stratégiáiban. Vezetéstudomány, 52(6), 32–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.06.03 KOZMA, Endre – HÉJJA, István – STEFANCSIK, Ferenc (1993): Katonaföldrajzi kézikönyv. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. LIPPAI, Zsolt (2023): A biztonság megteremtésének és fenntartásának állami és nem állami szereplőiről. Belügyi Szemle, 71(8), 1391–1417. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2023.8.4 MÁTYÁS, Szabolcs (2024): Crime Geography. Oradea: Editura Universităţii din Oradea. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/204407/1/Crime_Geography_MatyasSzabolcs.pdf PÉTER, Erzsébet – NÉMETH, Kornél – LELKÓNÉ TOLLÁR, Ildikó (2018): Turizmusbiztonság, mint újonnan felmerülő fogyasztói igény. Turizmus Bulletin, 18(2), 30–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2018v18n2.4 PISKÓTI-KOVÁCS, Zsuzsa (2014): A bűnözésföldrajz modern irányzatainak alkalmazási lehetőségei különböző területi szinteken. PhD Thesis. Miskolc: University of Miskolc. RÁNKI, Sára (2019): Bevezetés az igazságügyi nyelvészetbe. Belügyi Szemle, 67(3), 76–90. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2019.3.5 SMITH, Martha J. – CLARKE, Ronald V. (2000): Crime and Public Transport. Crime and Justice, 27(4), 169–233. Online: https://doi.org/10.1086/652200 SoundThinking (s. a.): ResourceRouter. Online: https://www.hunchlab.com/ TIHANYI, Miklós (2017): The Tools of the Police for the Improvement of the Citizens’ Subjective Sense of Security in Hungary. Hadtudományi Szemle, 10(2), 284–294. TÓTH, Nikolett Á. (2021): The Application of Innovative Sports Policing Tools in Hungary. Časopis Policajná teória a prax, 8(2), 102–114. ÜRMÖSNÉ SIMON, Gabriella (2019): Miben segítik a nyelvi ujjnyomok a nyomozást? Magyar Rendészet, 19(1), 65–75. Online: https://doi.org/10.32577/mr.2019.1.4 ÜRMÖSNÉ SIMON, Gabriella – NYITRAI, Endre (2021): The Phenomena of Epidemic Crime, Deepfakes, Fake News, and the Role of Forensic Linguistics. Információs Társadalom, 21(4), 86–101. Online: https://doi.org/10.22503/inftars.XXI.2021.4.5 VAJDA, Endre (2022): A radikális iszlám várható tendenciái Európában. Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle, 10(1), 17–29. Online: https://doi.org/10.32561/nsz.2022.1.2. VÁRI, Vince (2015): A Data Envelopment Analysis alkalmazása a bűnüldözés relatív hatékonyságának hazai modellezésére. In GAÁL, Gyula – HAUTZINGER, Zoltán (eds.): Modernkori veszélyek rendészeti aspektusai. Pécsi Határőr Tudományos Közlemények, XVI, 191–199. Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/HADTUD.2015.25.3-4.117 VAVRÓ, István (1995): Társadalmi-demográfiai tényezők és a bűnözés. Állam és Jogtudomány, 37(1–2), 170–176. XIAOBING, Yan – HUAFU, Jiao (2012): A Review on the Foreign Criminal Geography Research. Progress in Geography, 31(10), 1390–1398. Online: https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.10.017" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "141-157" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(24) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.9" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1289) "

Criminal geography in Hungary is a field of science that is researched by few people despite the fact that the research results can be used in practice. In Western Europe and North America, research results are widely used in everyday police work. Moreover, in Germany, all criminology books contain a chapter on criminal geography.

This paper aims to examine the impact of geographical factors on investigative processes, focusing on how location, terrain and accessibility influence crime scene investigations and evidence collection.

The author gathered factors that may influence investigations from both previous sources and his own research.

The present study not only presents the role of geographical factors in the investigation but also highlights their practical implications. It lists the physical and social geographical factors that can affect crime. When presenting the factors, specific criminal cases are described where geographic knowledge was necessary during the investigation. It was this specialised knowledge that led investigators to the perpetrator.

The author is confident that, based on the practical examples, more and more people in Hungary will recognise the importance and practical applicability of this field of science.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(53) "The Role of Geographical Factors in the Investigation" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(17) "Mátyás Szabolcs" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#859 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(10123) ["email"]=> string(26) "matyas.szabolcs@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7971) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(150) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-7596" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(57) "NKE RTK Krimináltaktikai és Kriminálmetodikai Tanszék" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(259) "

Dr. habil. Szabolcs Mátyás Ph.D. police major, associate professor

Ludovika University of Public Service, Faculty of Law Enforcement

 

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This paper explores the multifaceted role of forensic linguistics in which linguists have assisted in the investigation of crime authorities.

The purpose of the study is to represent the role of forensic linguist in the detection of crimes, and it also covers the investigation of methods and authorship, as well as the identity and affiliation of the perpetrator.

Using a prescriptive method, the study explores the task and work of forensic linguists and forensic text linguistics, and also illustrates the methods of forensic linguists through four case studies, with the help of which the linguists tried to wrap up two cases.

The study demonstrates that in many cases it is essential to involve a forensic linguist in certain investigative phases, even in relation to certain cases, such as voice recordings or written texts (suicide notes, blackmail letters, text messages).

The mentioned cases clearly testify the extent to which linguists can play a role when an investigation stalls at a certain point, and the authorities need authorship investigation, voice recognition, the discovery of linguistic evidence, text analysis, comparison with other texts and the profiling of the perpetrator.

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object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8055) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-09-09" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-09-09 11:24:56" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10225) ["sectionId"]=> int(135) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(7931) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4388) "CHIRAC, Jacques (2002): Programme de M. Jacques Chirac, Président de la République et candidat à l’élection présidentielle 2002, intitulé: “Mon engagement pour la France”, mars 2002. Online: https://www.elysee.fr/jacques-chirac/2002/03/25/programme-de-m-jacques-chirac-president-de-la-republique-et-candidat-a-lelection-presidentielle-2002-intitule-mon-engagement-pour-la-france-mars-2002 France 24 (2022): Meurtre de Lola: ce que l’on sait de l’enquête sur la mort de la collégienne de 12 ans. France 24, 18 October 2022. Online: https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20221018-meurtre-de-lola-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-l-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-la-mort-de-la-coll%C3%A9gienne-de-12-ans HAMILTON, Kimberly – SIMON, Patrick – VENIARD, Clara (2004): The Challenge of French Diversity. Migration Policy Institute – Institut National d’Études Démographiques (INED). Online: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/challenge-french-diversity HARZOUNE, Mustapha (2022): Qu’est ce que l’immigration choisie? Musée de l’histoire de l’immigration. Online: https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/politique-et-immigration/qu-est-ce-que-l-immigration-choisie INSEE (2022): L’essentiel sur les immigrés et les étrangers. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3633212 INSEE (2023a): Immigrés et descendants d’immigrés. Définitions et concept. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7232755?sommaire=6793391 INSEE (2023b): Fécondicité. Immigrés et descendants d’immigrés en France. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793238?sommaire=6793391 INSEE (2023c): Immigrés et descendants d’immigrés en France. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Online: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793224?sommaire=6793391 LE PEN, Jean-Marie (2002): Programme de M. Jean-Marie Le Pen, président du Front national et candidat à l’élection présidentielle 2002, intitulé: “Pour un avenir français”, avril 2002. Online: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/129981-programme-de-m-jean-marie-le-pen-president-du-front-national-et-candid LE PEN, Marine (2017): 144 engagements présidentiels. Online: https://www.politique-animaux.fr/fichiers/prises-de-positions/pieces-jointes/projet-presidentiel-marine-le-pen-2017.pdf Loi n. 98-349 du 11 mai 1998 relative à l’entrée et au séjour des étrangers en France et au droit d’asile. Online: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000191302 Loi n° 2003-1119 du 26 novembre 2003 relative à la maîtrise de l’immigration, au séjour des étrangers en France et à la nationalité. Online: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000795635 Loi n° 2006-911 du 24 juillet 2006 relative à l’immigration et à l’intégration. Online: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000266495 Loi n° 86-1025 du 9 septembre 1986 relative aux conditions d’entrée et de séjour des étrangers en France. Online: https://www.legifran ce.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000317301/ Loi n° 93-1027 du 24 août 1993 relative à la maîtrise de l’immigration et aux conditions d’entrée, d’accueil et de séjour des étrangers en France. Online: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000530357 Loi n° 98-170 du 16 mars 1998 relative à la nationalité. Online: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000754536 MACRON, Emmanuel (2022): Emmanuel Macron avec vous. Élection Présidentielle – 10 et 24 Avril 2022. Online: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/286126-emmanuel-macron-01042022-projet-presidentiel-2022-programme-electoral PEZET, Jacques (2021): Est-il vrai que 75% des auteurs d’attentats commis en France depuis 2015 sont français? Libération, 29 April 2021. Online: https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/est-il-vrai-que-75-des-auteurs-dattentats-commis-en-france-depuis-2015-sont-francais-20210429_YEJYHYEVZJFCTIVIMYVGTGH2WE/ TEINTURIER, Brice – GALLARD, Mathieu – QUETIER-PARENT, Salomé (2022): Fractures françaises 2022 – 10ème edition. IPSOS – Sopra Steria. Online: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-10/Ipsos%20-%20Fractures%20Franc%CC%A7aises%20-%20septembre_2022.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "171-184" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(25) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.11" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1918) "

The perception of descendants of French immigrants by mainstream society and policymakers and the nature of the country’s security challenges have significantly changed in recent decades. This study explores these changes and analyses their impact on France’s social cohesion and security environment. The situation of the group concerned (who are often referred to, mistakenly, as second and third-generation immigrants) is particular since they were born in France (and, in many cases, already have French nationality). However, they often face discrimination, exclusion and social prejudice.

During the research, I meticulously analysed the results of empirical studies on this topic in the French and international literature.

The study is based on the comprehensive analysis of the former and actual French laws, analyses and studies, and the careful analysis of statistical data provided by the French Government.

In the second half of the 20^th century, immigrants typically arrived in France for economic and employment purposes, but their descendants faced a very different situation. In many cases, they start from a disadvantaged and marginalised position. In recent years, public attitudes towards the descendants of immigrants have been in transition, mainly due to the media, political discourse and current international events.

Security challenges include the potential for radicalisation (which may stem from a sense of “belonging nowhere”, as in many cases they do not feel French and have few ties to their parent’s country of origin) and an increase in certain types of crime, particularly (but not exclusively) concentrated in the peripheral areas of large cities. These problems are often the result of economic and social exclusion, different educational and labour market opportunities and other (often misunderstood) cultural backgrounds.

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United Nations (2000): United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. Online: https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "185-196" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(25) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.12" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1172) "

This report outlines the legislative framework and institutional mechanisms in the fight against organised crime, as well as international police cooperation between the Republic of Serbia and its foreign partners. The legislative framework includes key international and national sources, particularly the Palermo Convention against Organized Crime, the Law on the Organisation and Competencies of State Bodies in the Fight against Organised Crime, Terrorism and Corruption, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Criminal Code and the Law on Confiscation of Property Acquired through Crime, among others. Institutional mechanisms crucial for combatting organised crime encompass various forms of police and intelligence operations alongside various authorities, organisations and agencies. In the final section, the report offers several proposals for enhancing the legislative framework and the operational practices of police and law enforcement agencies. Given Serbia’s application for EU membership, the importance of aligning national laws with EU regulations in the fight against organised crime and other serious criminal activities is particularly emphasised.

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(2024): Актуальні напрями діяльності органів Національної поліції України під час дії правового режиму воєнного стану [Current directions of the National Police of Ukraine’s Activities during Martial Law]. In Актуальні питання підготовки фахівців для сектору безпеки і оборони в умовах війни. Кропивницький: ДонДУВС, 82–86. BUGAYCHUK, K. L. (2023): Безпекові проекти МВС України як основа забезпечення стабільності та розвитку держави [Security Projects of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as a Basis for Ensuring the Stability and Development of the State]. In XI International Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of the Development of Science and the View of Society”. Graz: International Science Group, 119–123. 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Online: https://zn.ua/ukr/UKRAINE/pislja-vijnina-rukakh-ukrajintsi-mozhut-mati-do-trokh-miljoniv-nezarejestrovanoji-zbroji-klimenko.html FRIEDRICH, Julia (2024): A Matter of Trust: Community–Police Relations in Ukraine’s De-Occupied and Frontline Areas. Global Public Policy Institute, 29 August 2024. Online: https://gppi.net/2024/08/29/community-police-relations-in-ukraine Юрліга (2024): Раді пропонують декриміналізувати виготовлення зброї без ліцензії [The Rada Proposes to Decriminalise the Manufacture of Weapons without a Licence]. Online: https://jurliga.ligazakon.net/news/226268_rad-proponuyut-dekrimnalzuvati-vigotovlennya-zbro-bez-ltsenz KLYMCHUK, O. (2021): Ukraine: Privacy Aspects of the New Digital IDs Regulation. Sayenko Kharenko Law Firm, 23 August 2021. Online: https://sk.ua/ukraine-privacy-aspects-of-the-new-digital-ids-regulation/ KRYZHANOVSKA, L. (2023): Забезпечення громадського порядку у зонах бойових дій [Ensuring Public Order in Combat Zones]. 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(2023): Адаптація правоохоронної системи до воєнного стану [Adaptation of the Law Enforcement System to Martial Law]. Журнал кримінології, 15(2), 45–60. State Migration Service of Ukraine (2019): Biometric Documents for Foreigners and Stateless Persons Are More Secured Than Old-Type Paper Permits. Online: https://dmsu.gov.ua/en-home/6147.html Судово-юридична газета України (2024): Українці тримають на руках від 2 до 5 мільйонів одиниць незадекларованої зброї – МВС [Ukrainians hold from 2 to 5 million undeclared firearms – Ministry of Internal Affairs]. Online: https://sud.ua/uk/news/ukraine/309381-ukraintsy-derzhat-na-rukakh-ot-2-do-5-millionov-edinits-nezadeklarirovannogo-oruzhiya-mvd The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2024a): Проєкт Закону України Про єдину систему відеомоніторингу стану публічної безпеки (реєстр. № 11031 від 20.02.2024) [Draft Law of Ukraine on the Unified System of Public Safety Video Monitoring (Reg. No. 11031 dated 20.02.2024)]. 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Online: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3430953-rada-vnesla-zmini-do-zakoniv-sodo-roboti-nacpolicii-pid-cas-vijni.html" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(609) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "197-209" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(25) "10.32577/MR.2025.KSZ.1.13" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1812) "

The military conflict in Ukraine has created unprecedented challenges for law enforcement agencies, which have had to adapt to new conditions and threats. During martial law, the police perform not only their traditional functions of maintaining public order and combating crime but also contribute to national security and civil protection. This paper examines the key aspects of the Ukrainian police’s work under martial law, analysing their adaptive strategies and the effectiveness of their actions. With the onset of hostilities, the police faced a number of new tasks, such as maintaining law and order in combat zones, evacuating civilians, protecting humanitarian corridors and cooperating with military units. A significant role is played by the coordination of actions between various law enforcement and security structures, which allows for rapid response to threats and maintaining stability in regions affected by the conflict.

The adaptation of the police to martial law conditions includes the implementation of new working methods, personnel training and the use of advanced technologies. For instance, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and surveillance systems helps to monitor situations on the ground and quickly transmit information to command centres. Psychological support for law enforcement officers working in stressful conditions is also a crucial aspect, contributing to their resilience and effectiveness. Ukraine’s experience in addressing these challenges can be valuable for other countries facing similar situations. Analysing the adaptive strategies of the Ukrainian police during martial law allows for the identification of best practices and the development of recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in crisis situations.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted police higher education in Portugal, necessitating a shift to web-based learning environments. This study underscores the transformative potential of digital education in improving police training using the European Training Platform on Domestic Violence as a case study. The study employs a multiple-methods approach, combining a case study analysis of the platform’s architecture, modules and features with a scoping review of the literature on digital education in police training. It draws on constructivist principles and the SCRUM framework to analyse the platform’s pedagogical approach. The analysis highlights the platform’s strengths in promoting active engagement, critical thinking and continuous professional development. It also reveals the potential of digital education to foster collaboration, knowledge sharing and proactive intervention in addressing domestic violence. This research underscores the transformative potential of digital education for police training, offering insights into how digital platforms can be leveraged to enhance professional development and improve responses to critical issues like domestic violence.

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The complex phenomenon of modern terrorism is constantly evolving, posing challenges not only to counterterrorism units and first response forces, but also researchers in the field and teachers of terrorism studies and counterterrorism.

This paper will review the historical development of modern terrorism, global and regional trends, and the strategies and tactics of terrorist groups and individuals, counterterrorism strategies and responses to those changes. After a review of theoretical and historical background, we will focus on the challenges and opportunities in teaching theoretical knowledge about terrorism and counterterrorism methods. The presentation of the subject in higher education may differ in many respects from classical teaching methods and tools, and therefore case studies and best practices from home and abroad will be presented. Methods that promote interactive, experiential, cooperative and collaborative learning will be presented. The theoretical basis for this is the pedagogical school of problem-based learning and teaching.

In addition to education, there is a clear need to provide an overview on the research of terrorism and its methodological issues and possibilities on that field, for example regarding innovative research tools, including big data analysis, network analysis and artificial intelligence, which allow for better understanding and potentially even the forecasting of terrorist activities.

The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of terrorism in modern times and to present innovative approaches that can contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of terrorism.

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