Északi-sarki béke vagy háború?
Avagy mit mondanak az arktiszi stratégiák
Copyright (c) 2023 Molnár Dóra, Szalkai Patrik
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Absztrakt
Az Északi-sark térsége napjaink nemzetközi érdekütközéseinek egyik fontos régiójává kezd válni, ezért egyre több biztonságpolitikai kérdés merül fel vele kapcsolatban. A tanulmány az arktiszi államok speciális, az északi-sarki viszonyokat taglaló stratégiai dokumentumainak összehasonlító és elemző vizsgálata segítségével két fő kérdésre keresi és találja meg az igenlő választ. A hivatalos állami dokumentumok alapján igazolható egyrészt az, hogy az Arktisz egy önállóan értelmezendő és kezelendő régió, amelyre nem, vagy csak minimális mértékben hatnak más régiók konfliktusai. Másrészt az is egyértelmű, hogy Oroszország az arktiszi régióban sokkal inkább az együttműködés jeleit mutatja, sem mint agresszív szándékai volnának. Ez a békésnek mondható arktiszi légkör a nemzetközi szervezetek támogató tevékenysége nélkül természetesen nehezen lenne elképzelhető, az államok feletti szinttel azonban jelen tanulmány nem foglalkozik.
Kulcsszavak:
Hogyan kell idézni
Hivatkozások
A Parliamentary Resolution on Iceland’s Arctic Policy. (2011. március 28.). Online: https://www.government.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/nordurlandaskrifstofa/A-Parliamentary-Resolution-on-ICE-Arctic-Policy-approved-by-Althingi.pdf
Arctic Sovereignty a Priority: Harper. CBC News, 2010. augusztus 23. Online: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/arctic-sovereignty-a-priority-harper-1.951536
Barr, William – Wilson, Edward A. (1985): The Shipping Crisis in the Soviet Eastern Arctic at the Close of the 1983 Navigation Season. Arctic, 38. évf. 1. sz. 1–17. Online: https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2101
Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2020): Stratégiai vízió. Budapest, Antall József Tuddásközpont.
Canada’s Arctic and Northern Policy Framework. Goverment of Canada, 2019. Online: https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-CIRNAC-RCAANC/DAM-NTHAFF/STAGING/texte-text/nth-arctic_northern_policy_framework_1662642171557_eng.pdf
Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future (2009). Ottawa, Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs. Online: https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/ainc-inac/R3-72-2008.pdf
Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf: Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard of the Partial Revised Submission Made by the Russian Federation in Respect of the Sea of Okhotsk on 28 February 2013. Subcommission established for the consideration of the Submission made by the Russian Federation (2014. február). Online: https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/rus01_rev13/rusrevrec.pdf
Danilov, Peter B. (2021): US, China and Russia Plan Joint Research in Order to Regulate Arctic Fishing. High North News, 2021. augusztus 2. Online: https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/us-china-and-russia-plan-joint-research-order-regulate-arctic-fishing
Defence Agreement 2018–2023 (2018). Danish Goverment. Online: https://www.fmn.dk/globalassets/fmn/dokumenter/forlig/-danish-defence-agreement-2018-2023-pdfa-2018.pdf
Dennis, Christopher (2019): US Officials Welcome Norway’s New F-35 Capabilities in an Increasingly Competitive Northern Europe. Stars and Stripes, 2019. november 27. Online: https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/us-officials-welcome-norway-s-new-f-35-capabilities-in-an-increasingly-competitive-northern-europe-1.608872
Duxbury, Charles (2020): The 5 Most Important Races for the Arctic. Politico, 2020. január 1. Online: https://www.politico.eu/article/5-races-for-the-arctic-trade-resources-supremacy-tourism-salvation
Európai Bizottság, Tengerügyi és Halászati Főigazgatóság (2021): Arctic: Agreement to prevent unregulated fishing enters into force (2021. június 25.). Online: https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/news/arctic-agreement-prevent-unregulated-fishing-enters-force-2021-06-25_hu
Finland’s Strategy for Arctic Policy (2021). Finnish Government (2021. június 18.). Online: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/163247/VN_2021_55.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Finland’s Strategy for the Arctic Region 2013. Prime Minister’s Office Publication, 16/2013, (2013. augusztus 23.). Online: https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/1093242/J1613_Finland%E2%80%99s+Strategy+for+the+Arctic+Region.pdf/cf80d586-895a-4a32-8582-435f60400fd2
Fletcher, Sierra – Higman, Bretwood – Chartier, Alisha – Robertson, Tim (2020): Adherence to Bering Strait Vessel Routing Measures in 2019. Plymouth, (2020. április). Online: https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2020/04/200131nukaberingstraitroutingstudy.pdf
Gady, Franz-Stefan (2015): Russia and China in the Arctic: Is the US Facing an Icebreaker Gap? The Diplomat, 2015. szeptember 7. Online: https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/russia-and-china-in-the-arctic-is-the-us-facing-an-icebreaker-gap
Glasby, Geoff – Voytekhovsky, Jurij (2010): Arctic Russia: Minerals and Mineral Resources. The Geological Society, 2010. augusztus 8. Online: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/August-2010/Arctic-Russia-minerals-and-mineral-resources
Grätz, Jonas (2012): The Arctic: Thaw with Conflict Potential. CSS Analysis in Security Policy, 118. évf. 1–4. Online: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007563656
Hadházi Dániel (é. n.): LASH hajózás. Online Vízügyi Szótár. Online: https://www.gwpszotar.hu/kifejezes/8047
Ham, Walter (2018): U.S., Russia Propose Voluntary Bering Strait Shipping Routes. U.S. Department of Defense (2018. január 25.). Online: https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1423960/us-russia-propose-voluntary-bering-strait-shipping-routes
Heininen, Lassi – Sergunin, Alexander – Yarovoy, Gleb (2014): Russian Strategies in the Arctic: Avoiding a New Cold War. Moszkva, Valdai Discussion Group. (2014. szeptember). Online: https://www.uarctic.org/media/857300/arctic_eng.pdf
Herz, John H. (1950): Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 2. évf. 2. sz. 157–180. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2009187
Hoag, Hannah (2016): Nations Negotiate Fishing in Arctic High Seas. The New Humanitarian, 2016. április 28. Online: https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/arctic/articles/2016/04/28/nations-negotiate-fishing-in-arctic-high-seas
Holland, Andrew (2014): National Security in a Rapidly Changing Arctic: How a Lack of Attention to the Arctic is Harming America’s Interests. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 15. évf. 1. sz. 79–88. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134266
Iceland and NATO (é. n.) Government of Iceland. Online: https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/permanent-delegation-of-iceland-to-nato/iceland-and-nato/
Käpylä, Juha – Mikkola, Harri (2013): Arctic Conflict Potential – Towards an Extra-arctic Perspective. FIA Briefing paper 138. Helsinki, 2013. szeptember 24. Online: https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/bp138.pdf
Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 (2011). Copenhagen, Ministry of Foregin Affairs. Online: http://library.arcticportal.org/1890/1/DENMARK.pdf
Klimenko, Ekaterina (2020): Russia’s new Arctic Policy Document Signals Continuity Rather than Change. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, (2020. április 06.). Online: https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/2020/russias-new-arctic-policy-document-signals-continuity-rather-change
Kulesa, Łukasz – Frear, Thomas – Raynova, Denitsa (2016): Existing Arrangements to Manage Incidents in the Euro-Atlantic Are. In Managing Hazardous Incidents in the Euro-Atlantic Area: A New Plan of Action. European Leadership Network, 2016. Online: https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ELN-Managing-Hazardous-Incidents-November-2016.pdf
Liebermann, Oren – Kaufman, Ellie (2021): Top US General Mark Milley Meets with His Russian Counterpart in Finland. CNN, 2021. szeptember 22. Online: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/22/politics/milley-russia-meeting-finland/index.html
Medvedev, Dimitrij (2008): Basics of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the Period till 2020 and for a Further Perspective. Arctic Knowledge Hub. Online: https://www.arctis-search.com/Russian+Federation+Policy+for+the+Arctic+to+2020
Melino, Matthew – Conley, Heather A. (é. n.): The Ice Curtain: Russia’s Arctic Military Presence. CSIS. Online: https://www.csis.org/features/ice-curtain-russias-arctic-military-presence
Micallef, Joseph V. (2020): President Trump’s New Polar Strategy Is the First Step to Defending the Arctic. Military.com, 2020. augusztus 4. Online: https://www.military.com/daily-news/opinions/2020/08/04/president-trumps-new-polar-strategyfirst-step-defending-arctic.html
Moe, Arild – Fjaertoft, Daniel – Øverland, Indra (2011): Space and Timing: Why Was the Barents Sea Delimitation Dispute Resolved in 2010? Polar Geography, 34. évf. 2 sz. 145–162. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2011.597887
Nilsen, Thomas (2019): Russian Navy to Hold Live-Fire Exercise off Northern Norway. The Independent Barents Observer, 2019. augusztus 6. Online: https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/08/russian-navy-announces-comprehensive-exercise-northern-norway
Norway’s Arctic Policy (2014). Oslo, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Online: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/nordkloden_en.pdf
Nowak, David (2008): Russian Warships to Patrol Arctic. The Guardian, 2008. július 15. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/15/russia.arctic
Obama, Barack (2013): National Strategy for the Arctic Region. U.S., 2013. május 10. Online: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf
O’Dwyer, Gerald (2021): Norway and Russia Sharpen Transparency Pact on Warship, Aircraft Moves. Defense News, 2021. augusztus 20. Online: https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/08/20/norway-and-russia-sharpen-transparency-pact-on-warship-aircraft-moves
Okuyama, Miki (2021): International Research Planned to Manage Arctic Fish Stocks. Nikkei Asia, 2021. augusztus 1. Online: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/International-research-planned-to-manage-Arctic-fish-stocks
Osborn, Kris (2021): Russia’s Arctic Icebreakers Could Conduct Armed Military Missions. The National Interest, 2021. január 12. Online: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russia’s-arctic-icebreakers-could-conduct-armed-military-missions-176243
Piffero Spohr, Alexandre et al. (2013): The Militarization of the Arctic: Political, Economic and Climate Challenges. Model United Nations Journal, 1. évf. 11–70. Online: https://www.ufrgs.br/ufrgsmun/2013/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/The-Militarization-of-the-Arctic-Political-Economic-and-Climate-Changes.pdf
Rescue Drone Taking off From Water Developed in Russia. Tass, 2021. szeptember 28. Online: https://tass.com/economy/1343447
Russia Claims Continental Shelf in Artic Ocean. The Moscow Times, 2021. április 12. Online: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/04/12/russia-claims-continental-shelf-in-arctic-ocean-a73566
Russia Lays Claim to Vast Areas of Arctic. The Guardian, 2015. augusztus 4. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/russia-lays-claim-to-vast-areas-ofarctic-seabed
Russian Border Guards, US Coast Guard Conduct Joint Patrolling in Bering Sea.TASS, 2019. június 11. Online: https://tass.com/society/1063239
Russia’s Rosatom Plans to Launch Lithium Mines in Siberia, Arctic. Engineering and Mining Journal, 2021. augusztus 5. Online: https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/russias-rosatom-plans-to-launch-lithium-mines-in-siberia-arctic/
Schreiber, Melody (2021): U.S. And Russia Sign New Maritime Pollution Agreement, Conduct Joint Bering Sea Patrol. Arctic Today, 2021. február 11. Online: https://www.arctictoday.com/u-s-and-russia-sign-new-maritime-pollution-agreement-conduct-joint-bering-sea-patrol
Staalesen, Atle (2019): Russia Sets Out Stringent New Rules for Foreign Ships on the Northern Sea Route. Arctic Today, 2019. március 8. Online: https://www.arctictoday.com/russia-sets-out-stringent-new-rules-for-foreign-ships-on-the-northern-sea-route/
Sweden’s Strategy for the Arctic Region (2011). Goverment Offices of Sweden, Stockholm. Online: https://www.government.se/contentassets/85de9103bbbe-4373b55eddd7f71608da/swedens-strategy-for-the-arctic-region
The Norwegian Government’s Arctic Policy (2021). Oslo, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Online: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/arctic_strategy.pdf
Tranter, Emma (2021): ‘You Cannot Claim Any More:’ Russia Seeks Bigger Piece of Arctic. CBC News, 2021. április 11. Online: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/russia-arctic-ocean-canada-united-nations-continental-shelf-1.5983289
Trump, Donald J. (2020): Memorandum on Safeguarding U.S. National Interests in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions. 2020. június 9. Online: https://uaf.edu/caps/resources/policy-documents/us-memorandum-on-safeguarding-natl-interests-in-the-arctic-and-antarctic-regions-2020.pdf
U.S. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (2019): Report to Congress Department of Defense Arctic Strategy. Virginia, 2019. június. Online: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jun/06/2002141657/-1/-1/1/2019-DOD-ARCTIC-STRATEGY.PDF
U.S. Department of Defense (2011): Report to Congress on Arctic Operations and the Northwest Passage. 2011. május 25. Online: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Tab_A_Arctic_Report_Public.pdf