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Publicly launched on 30 November 2022, ChatGPT appears to have become widely capable of imitating human creative writing. Following Alan Turing’s idea and to find out whether the chatbot can indeed do this, I launched an imitation game on human written and AI-generated text in the framework of the New National Excellence Programme, with 3 professional literary critics and 100 naïve subjects. My aim is not only to understand the mind capable of creating and writing but also to identify the elements in the text that reveal the human or artificial nature of the author.

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2022. november 30-án az OpenAI bemutatta a ChatGPT-t, amely látszólag tökéletesen mímelte az emberi intelligenciát, többek között a szövegalkotás tekintetében is. A széles körben elérhető program hatására sokakat kezdett foglalkoztatni a kérdés: kiváltható-e mesterségesen az ember szövegalkotó tevékenysége? A jelen tanulmány ennek a kérdésnek a megválaszolásához kíván hozzájárulni a Turing-teszt mintájára egy olyan kvalitatív és kvantitatív kutatás elvégzésével, amelyben három irodalomkritikus mellett száz válaszadónak kellett megkülönböztetnie kortárs szerzők és a ChatGPT által írt szövegeket. Célom nem csupán az alkotásra képes ágens megismerése, hanem annak feltárása, hogy a szöveg szintjén hol mutatható ki a szerző emberi vagy mesterséges mivolta.

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Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258125" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(641) ["pages"]=> string(7) "28–45" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(29) "10.59648/filologia.2025.1-2.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1538) "

Adoption research is multifaceted, bridging disciplines such as sociology, psychology and policy studies. While it is not rigid or impossible to cross the lines, separating research traditions, adoption research has often taken two parallel paths, each driven by distinct interests and methodologies. One primary focus is the exploration of best policies and practices for child placement aimed at ensuring stable adoptions and fostering the well-being of all family members. Researchers examine how children and adoptive parents are matched, the satisfaction levels of adoptive families with services, and how these factors influence the length and success of placements. Another significant area of adoption research is developmental psychology. This branch delves into the mental health of adoption minors, their developmental progress after adoption from institutional settings, and their adoption following foster care placements. Since 2000, much of the research has shifted toward understanding the underlying processes affecting adoption outcomes. This includes examining how adoptive parents react to and navigate their roles, as well as the diversity in their communication styles, which profoundly impact adoptees’ adoption and identity formation. Recognising individual differences in adaptation and their root causes is vital for advancing adoption practices. This paper offers a theoretical overview of adoption-related theories and research, as presented in the comprehensive Routledge Handbook of Adoption (2021).

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object(Publication)#110 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8134) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-24" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-24 16:17:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10345) ["sectionId"]=> int(150) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(8010) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3507) "Cassell, Justine – Jenkins, Henry (eds.) 1998: From Barbie® to Mortal Kombat. Gender and Computer Games. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3125.001.0001 Finley, Toiya Kristen 2023: Branching Story, Unlocked Dialogue. Designing and Writing Visual Novels. Boca Baton: CRC Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003199724 Kim, Hyeshin 2017: Women’s Games in Japan: Gendered Identity and Narrative Construction. Theory, Culture & Society 26/2–3: 165–188. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409103132 Murray, Megan – Kliman, Marlene 1999: Beyond Point and Click: The Search for Gender Equity in Computer Games. ENC Focus 6/3: 1–86. Richards, Tina N. 2023: To Each Their Own. Reclaiming the Japanese Otome Genre as Empowering in the West through LudoConsent. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. Teler, Anna – Urzędowska, Aleksandra 2024: Wartościowanie poprzez ekspresję i zabarwienie aksjologiczne języka komentosfery Facebooka. Studium eksploracyjne [Valuation through Expression and the Axiology of the Language of the Facebook Commentosphere. An Exploratory Analysis]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica 58/2: 243–259. Online: https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6077.58.2.15 Sources Excite 2025. Online: https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/Inside_85573 Famitsū 2015: Josei–muke gēmu no kusawake “neoromansu” 20 shūnenkinen Erikawa Keiko–shi intabyū kotoshijūni “odoroku yōna kikaku” o happyō!? Online: https://www.famitsu.com/news/201506/29081240.html IQS 2024: Game Story Report. Online: https://grupaiqs.pl/pl/raporty/game-story LinLinLavender 2021a: Best Otome Games for Beginners – How to Start Your Otome Game Obsession. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c–cOpl5y4 LinLinLavender 2021b: Should You Play BL Games? Boys Love/Yaoi Games on the Switch. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXq81mmW_vA LinLinLavender 2022a: ALL English Otome Games and Announcements Nintendo Switch EARLY 2022 – Otome Game Recommendations. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk0yYFOwkL4&t=19s LinLinLavender 2022b: FREE Otome Games: Recommendations for Beginners. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlyyoL5X8VM&t=475s LinLinLavender 2022c: The Anti-Heroine in the Anti-Game. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK6fXv5YvZI LinLinLavender 2022d: The Decline of a Genre? – The History of Otome Games 1983–2022. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNOlDcxP0cc LinLinLavender 2022e: The Otome Community in a Nutshell. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvcDgfTHpX8 LinLinLavender 2022f: Top 10 Steamy Otome Games. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4poXifvFRtk LinLinLavender 2023: 2023 Is the Best Otome Year! Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MVluusBlrY Moriya, Miku 2019: Otome gēmu no kongo o kangaeru. Online: https://note.com/licca_mori/n/n0d178b9d03fa Niko Partners 2023: Female Gamers in Asia. Online: https://nikopartners.com/femalegamers-in-asia Ruby Party Neoromance Games 2024. Online: https://www.gamecity.ne.jp/neoromance/index.html The Entertainment Software Association 2024: 2024 Essential Facts about the U.S. Video Game Industry. Online: https://www.theesa.com/resource/2022-essential-facts-about-the-video-game-industry Yee, Nick 2017: Beyond 50/50: Breaking Down the Percentage of Female Gamers by Genre. Online: https://quanticfoundry.com/2017/01/19/female-gamers-by-genre W1 s. a. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1–27IEmoKZY&t=1170s " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(641) ["pages"]=> string(7) "46–59" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(29) "10.59648/filologia.2025.1-2.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1787) "

Purpose: The article examines otome games1 in terms of their history, critical reception, cultural significance and impact on the media market. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the genre in response to the changing needs of creators and audiences, the diversity of target groups and the awareness of developers regarding the messages conveyed in their games. Additionally, the study explores how otome games fit into the broader context of media designed for audiences who favour narrative-driven and interactive storytelling experiences.
Research methods: The research includes a historical analysis of the otome game genre, a review of market trends, and qualitative content analysis, with a special focus on LinLinLavender’s channel as a case study to determine audience interests and recurring themes within the otome gaming community.
Conclusions: Otome games have filled a gap in the video game market by offering experiences tailored to players who seek emotionally engaging storylines and developed relational narratives. Data indicates a growing demand for more mature themes, new narrative structures and challenging gameplay mechanics. Otome games constitute a significant segment within interactive media, providing female audiences with a space to explore diverse narratives and story scenarios. The expansion of mobile platforms and the rise of independent games contribute to the continued growth of the genre, although accessibility and cost remain key limiting factors.
Originality: This article synthesises historical, market and community perspectives, offering a unique insight into the cultural significance of otome games in contemporary media and the role of female audiences in shaping this sector of the gaming industry.

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Aleksandra Urzędowska: PhD, media and language scholar, assistant professor in teaching and research. She works at the Faculty of Communication Sciences at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow. She is the head of the Journalism and Social Communication, as well as the Specialist Journalism and Media Studies programs. Her research focuses on topics such as the language of contemporary media, media sociolects, media discourse, digital media, and linguistic correctness in the media. She specializes in modern media and studies on future skills in the digital media market.

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Oliwia Florek: MA student of Specialized Journalism and Media Studies at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow. In her bachelor's thesis, she focused on the topic of gaming communities from a feminist perspective. She is interested in literature, Japanese pop culture, and the functioning of communities in the media.

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Online: https://palmdb.net/app/oxfordadd " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(641) ["pages"]=> string(7) "60–76" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(29) "10.59648/filologia.2025.1-2.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(839) "

From the early 2000s to the present day, we have witnessed an extremely rapid development of mobile phones and mobile technology. Smartphones have undoubtedly become our most important tools, indispensable aids that help us in a wide variety of life situations. At roughly the same time, there has been a paradigm shift in lexicography, with the spread and popularity of electronic dictionaries. In addition to desktop computers and laptops, new types of electronic dictionaries are gradually appearing on mobile devices.
The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the history of mobile dictionaries, the characteristics of dictionary use on mobile devices, the most popular mobile dictionary applications, the main applications and to summarise current and expected trends in mobile lexicography in the near future.

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A 2000-es évek kezdetétől egészen napjainkig a mobiltelefonok és a mobiltechnológia rendkívül gyors fejlődésének vagyunk szemtanúi. Az okostelefonok kétségtelenül a legfontosabb használati eszközeinkké váltak, olyan nélkülözhetetlen segédeszközökké, amelyek a legkülönfélébb élethelyzetekben nyújtanak segítséget. Mindezzel nagyjából egy időben a lexikográfiában bekövetkezett paradigmaváltások következtében az elektronikus szótárak elterjedése és népszerűvé válása tapasztalható. Az asztali számítógépek és a laptopok mellett az új típusú elektronikus szótárak fokozatosan megjelennek a mobil eszközökön is.
A tanulmány célja, hogy rövid áttekintést adjon a mobilszótárak történetéről, a mobil eszközökön történő szótárhasználat jellemzőiről, a legnépszerűbb mobilszótár-alkalmazásokról, a legfontosabb alkalmazási lehetőségekről. Végül megkísérli összefoglalni a mobil lexikográfia jelenlegi és a közeljövőben várható trendjeit.

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object(Publication)#799 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(7964) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-24" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-24 16:17:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(10098) ["sectionId"]=> int(150) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(7840) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3741) "aš-Šidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris 1881: al-Wāsiṭa fī maʿrifat aḥwāl Mālṭa. Isztambul: Al-Jawāʾib. Blouet, Brian 1967: The Story of Malta. London: Faber & Faber. Borg, Alexander 1997: On Some Levantine Linguistic Traits in Maltese. In: Izre’el, Shlomo – Raz, Shlomo (szerk.): Studies in Modern Semitic Languages. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 133–152. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004659384_009 Bradford, Ernle 1964: The Great Siege: Malta 1565. London: Penguin Books. Brincat, Joseph M. 2008: Before Maltese: Languages in Malta from Prehistory to the Byzantine Age. Palermo: Officina Di Studi Medievali. Brustad, Kristen E. 2000: The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Cachia, Mons. Lawrenz 1994: L-Ilsien Malti Il-Bieraħ u l-Lum. Magánkiadás. Cachia, Pierre 1962: An Arab’s View of XIX Century Malta. Maltese Folklore Review 1/1: 62–69. Chaouachi, Kamal 2014: La culture orale commune à Malte et à la Tunisie (sous-titre: Contribution anthropo-linguistique au long débat sur la nature de la langue maltaise). Paris: L’Harmattan. Iványi Márton P. 2016: Máltai nyelv: arab nyelvjárás és/vagy „nyelvötvözet”? Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 112: 339–363. Online: https://doi.org/10.15776/NYK.2016.112.14 Iványi Márton P. 2021: Egy látszólagos paradoxon: a kereszténység fogalmainak arab szókészlete a máltai nyelvben. Argumentum 17: 878–894. Online: https://doi.org/10.34103/ARGUMENTUM/2021/49 Iványi Márton P. 2025: Hatványozott diglosszia: a máltai nyelv szociolingvisztikai sajátosságai. Élet és Tudomány 80/3: 73–75. Klimiuk, Maciej – Lipnicka, Maria 2022: The Gozitan Dialect of Xewkija: Three Recorded Dialogues and Some Preliminary Remarks. The Israel Oriental Studies Annual 22: 145–177. Online: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004526792_008 Lipnicka, Maria 2022: Pausal Diphthongisation in Gozitan Dialects Compared to Zaḥlé, Lebanon. In: Klimiuk, Maciej (szerk.): Semitic Dialects and Dialectology: Fieldwork–Community–Change. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing. 229–241. Online: https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.859 Mifsud, Manwel 2008: Maltese. In: Versteegh, K. et al. (szerk.): Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill. 146–159. Vella, Joanna et al. 2018: Mitochondrial DNA typing of the Maltese. The 2018 Meeting of the ESWG, St. Petersburg. Wehr, Hans 1976: A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services. Wilmsen, David – Al-Sayyed, Amany 2019: On Morpho-Syntactic Levantisms in Maltese. In: Miller, Catherine et al. (szerk.): Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics. Institut de Recherches et d’Études sur les Mondes Arabes et Musulmans. Online: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.iremam.4180 Források Almaany Dictionary (é. n.): Šīṣa. Almaany Arabic-Arabic Dictionary. Online: https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/ /ةصيش al-Ḫaṭīb, Yusrī 2024: Nihāyat ‘ustūra ğazīra Mālṭā. Alomah.net, 2024. június 26. Online: https://alomah.net/ /اطلام-ةريزج-ةروطسأ-ةياهن-رشّلا-ةريزج al-ʿĀlim yufakkir 2019: Al-luġat al-Mālṭīya farʿ min dawḥat al-ʿarabiyya. Shorouk News, 2019. november 8. Online: https://www.shorouknews.com/columns/view.aspx?cdate=08112019&id=af52a89c-5bc5-4317-badd-d3b85b615935 Brincat, Joseph M. 2022: What is Purism? Myths and Facts. Times of Malta, 2022. július 17. Online: https://timesofmalta.com/article/purism-myths-facts-joseph-m-brincat.968407 Hindāwī Alapítvány (é. n.): al-Wāsiṭa fī maʿrifat ‘aḥwāl Mālṭa. Hindawi.org. Online: https://www.hindawi.org/books/84130273/7/ " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(641) ["pages"]=> string(7) "77–87" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(29) "10.59648/filologia.2025.1-2.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(876) "

The studies of Aḥmad Fāris aš-Šidyāq, who arrived in Malta from Lebanon in the mid-19th century, along with modern research, both emphasise the Arabic foundations of the Maltese language. While the language’s lexicon and phonetic characteristics reveal a blend of eastern (Levantine) and western (Maghrebi) Arabic elements, with the latter showing a relative predominance, the scholarly mainstream also acknowledges the significant influence of a Sicilian interlude. Phonetic phenomena, such as vowel shifts in standard Maltese and its dialects (particularly on its sister island, Gozo), as well as morphosyntactic parallels, provide further evidence of the diverse origins of the Maltese language. The study balances various theories, shedding light on the complexity of Maltese linguistic development and its multifaceted connections to the Arabic Sprachraum.

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A Libanonból Máltára a 19. század derekán érkezett Aḥmad Fāris aš-Šidyāq tanulmányai, valamint modern kutatások egyaránt hangsúlyozzák a máltai nyelv arab alapjait. Míg a nyelv lexikai állományában és fonetikai sajátosságaiban keleti (levantei) és nyugati (magrebi) arab elemek keveredése figyelhető meg, az utóbbi réteg viszonylagos fölényével, a szakirodalmi fősodor egy szicíliai közjáték jelentős hatásával is számol. A fonetikai jelenségek, például a magánhangzók váltása a szabvány máltaiban és dialektusaiban (különös tekintettel a testvérsziget Gozóra), valamint morfoszintaktikai párhuzamok további bizonyítékot szolgáltatnak a máltai nyelv eredetének széttartó szálaira. A jelen tanulmány egyensúlyoz a különböző elméletek között, megvilágítva a máltai nyelv fejlődésének komplexitását és sokrétű kapcsolatait az arab Sprachraummal.

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Grieve, Jack – Woodfield, Helena 2023: The Language of Fake News. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009349161

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object(Publication)#182 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(27) { ["id"]=> int(7337) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2025-06-24" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2025-06-24 16:17:25" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(9167) ["sectionId"]=> int(151) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(7213) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2769) "Baroni, Marco – Dinu, Georgiana – Kruszewski, Germán 2014: Don’t Count, Predict! A Systematic Comparison of Context-Counting vs. Context-Predicting Semantic Vectors. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Baltimore, Maryland: Association for Computational Linguistics. 238–247. Online: https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/P14-1023 Firth, John Rupert 1957: A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory 1930–1955. In: Palmer, F. R. (szerk.): Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952–59. London: Longmans. 168–205. Furkó Péter – Tóth Ágoston 2023: Mit tud a mesterséges intelligencia a diskurzusjelölőkről: esettanulmányok a USAS és a BERT egyértelműsítési módszereiről. In: Horváth Viktória et al. (szerk.): Empirikus társalgáskutatás Magyarországon. Budapest: HUN-REN Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont. 85–107. Online: https://doi.org/10.18135/Empirikus.2023.5 Lenci, Alessandro 2008: Distributional Semantics in Linguistic and Cognitive Research. Italian Journal of Linguistics 20(1): 1–31. Rubenstein, Herbert – Goodenough, John B. 1965: Contextual Correlates of Synonymy. CACM 8/10: 627–633. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/365628.365657 Sahlgren, Magnus 2008: The Distributional Hypothesis. Italian Journal of Linguistics 20/1: 33–53. Tóth Ágoston 2013: Az ember, a korpusz és a számítógép. Magyar nyelvű szóhasonlósági mérések humán és disztribúciós szemantikai kísérletben. Argumentum 9: 301–310. Tóth, Ágoston 2014a: The Company that Words Keep: Distributional Semantics. Debrecen: Debrecen University Press. Tóth Ágoston 2014b: Disztribúciós szemantikai kísérletek: szavakról, számokban. In: Ladányi Mária – Vladár Zsuzsa – Hrenek Éva (szerk.): MANYE XXIII. Nyelv – Társadalom – Kultúra. Interkulturális és multikulturális perspektívák I. Budapest: MANYE – Tinta Kiadó. 139–145. Tóth Ágoston 2018: Recognizing Semantic Frames Using Neural Networks and Distributional Word Representations. Argumentum 14: 400–414. Tóth Ágoston 2022: Egy szó mint száz szám: mit tanulhatunk a neurális nyelvmodellektől a nyelv működéséről? In: Navracsics Judit – Bátyi Szilvia (szerk.): Nyelvek, nyelvváltozatok, következmények II. Fordítástudomány, terminológia, retorika, kognitív nyelvészet, kontrasztív nyelvészet, interkulturális kommunikáció, névtan. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Tóth, Ágoston – Abdelzaher, Esra 2023: Probing Visualizations of Neural Word Embeddings for Lexicographic Use. In: Medveď, Marek et al. (szerk.): Electronic Lexicography in the 21st Century (eLex 2023): Invisible Lexicography. Proceedings of the eLex 2023 conference. Brno, 27–29 June 2023. Brno: Lexical Computing. 545–566." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2025) ["issueId"]=> int(641) ["pages"]=> string(7) "93–97" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(29) "10.59648/filologia.2025.1-2.7" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(110) "

Review of Tóth Ágoston's book entitled The Company that Words Keep: Distributional Semantics

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Tóth Ágoston 2014: The Company that Words Keep: Distributional Semantics. Debrecen: Debrecen University Press

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