object(Publication)#705 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(2787) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2013-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2021-11-19 14:41:32" ["sectionId"]=> int(38) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(2666) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(0) "" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(210) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(42) "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(3) "1-8" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2013.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(660) "

Today, child soldiers fight in a lot of armed conflicts around the world. They are often recruited through force or deception, and exposed to horrific violence. They may begin as messengers or porters, but too often end up on the front lines of combat. Some are  forced to commit atrocities, and many girls are sexually exploited. They are denied an education and robbed of their childhood. Many  do not survive. I will deal with the question of child soldiers in my essay, looking into what causes can lead children to become  members of regular or irregular armies and what kind of international regulations, actions may help to solve this problem.

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Today, child soldiers fight in a lot of armed conflicts around the world. They are often recruited through force or deception, and exposed to horrific violence. They may begin as messengers or porters, but too often end up on the front lines of combat. Some are forced to commit atrocities, and many girls are sexually exploited. They are denied an education and robbed of their childhood. Many do not survive. I will deal with the question of child soldiers in my essay, looking into what causes can lead children to become members of regular or irregular armies and what kind of international regulations, actions may help to solve this problem.

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The Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED) are one of the most sig- nificant IED-threats in the region of southern Afghanistan. Since I began my military service in ISAF I have recognized that the occurrence of RCIED threats have been increasing  continuously since 2008. My survey will provide a short overlook of these types of threats, furthermore my aim is to show the common  manner of RCIED’s fre- quency-use and the insurgent’s “favourite” devices and bandwidths (frequency-bands) to help avoid serious  damage to the Hungarian military servicemen, vehicles and mili- tary compounds in the theatre. I am sure that the knowledge of  commonly used RCIED- types will help to the Hungarian Special Operations Forces units (HUNSOTUs) to learn the insurgent’s (Taliban)  tactics, techniques and procedures and overpass many of their IED-systems.

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The Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED) are one of the most significant IED-threats in the region of southern Afghanistan. Since I began my military service in ISAF I have recognized that the occurrence of RCIED threats have been increasing continuously since 2008. My survey will provide a short overlook of these types of threats, furthermore my aim is to show the common manner of RCIED’s frequency-use and the insurgent’s “favourite” devices and bandwidths (frequency-bands) to help avoid serious damage to the Hungarian military servicemen, vehicles and military compounds in the theatre. I am sure that the knowledge of commonly used RCIED-types will help to the Hungarian Special Operations Forces units (HUNSOTUs) to learn the insurgent’s (Taliban) tactics, techniques and procedures and overpass many of their IED-systems.

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There is a plethora of sub-regional arrangements that involve Central European coun- tries. This article takes the Visegrád Group as an example of a minor range sub-regional grouping of states that can influence politics at a larger scale, and how this specific impact has  changed in recent years following the transformation of the circumstances conditioning Central Europe’s geostrategic position. 

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There is a plethora of sub-regional arrangements that involve Central European countries. This article takes the Visegrád Group as an example of a minor range sub-regional grouping of states that can influence politics at a larger scale, and how this specific impact has changed in recent years following the transformation of the circumstances conditioning Central Europe’s geostrategic position.

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The most important elements in prevention of cardiovascular (and cerebrovascular) dis- eases are screening and managing the risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high total cholesterol or high blood glucose etc.. The best way to find out the personal specific risk profile is through screening tests during annual doctor visits. Regular cardiovascu- lar and cerebrovascular screenings are very  important because they help detect the risk factors in their earliest and asymptomatic stages. This way, the patients can treat their risk  factors with lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapies, if appropriate, before it ulti- mately leads to the development of cardiovascular  disease. For many patients, screening results can serve as a wake-up call. When the regular test comes back and the patient sees and  understands the abnormal parameters, it becomes extremely personal. The idea of making lifestyle changes is not just a  recommendation in a pamphlet; it is something that can impact the patient’s whole life, habits and health. The best way for optimal  health benefits is through regular cardiovascular screening tests beginning at age 20. Because of very high cardiovascular morbidity  and mortality, early and regular screen- ings could be a basic element of preventive health care.  

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The most important elements in prevention of cardiovascular (and cerebrovascular) diseases are screening and managing the risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high total cholesterol or high blood glucose etc.. The best way to find out the personal specific risk profile is through screening tests during annual doctor visits. Regular cardiovascular and cerebrovascular screenings are very important because they help detect the risk factors in their earliest and asymptomatic stages. This way, the patients can treat their risk factors with lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapies, if appropriate, before it ultimately leads to the development of cardiovascular disease. For many patients, screening results can serve as a wake-up call. When the regular test comes back and the patient sees and understands the abnormal parameters, it becomes extremely personal. The idea of making lifestyle changes is not just a recommendation in a pamphlet; it is something that can impact the patient’s whole life, habits and health. The best way for optimal health benefits is through regular cardiovascular screening tests beginning at age 20. Because of very high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, early and regular screenings could be a basic element of preventive health care.

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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Non–fatal cardiovas- cular episodes suffered by hundreds of millions of people present an enormous burden even on the most developed health care systems. The amelioration of the mortality  and morbidity of the working population has a tremendous economic impact. The increase of the life expectancy at birth by 10 percent could result in a 0,4 percent GDP growth in the economy. With early detection of the risk factors of cardiovascular episodes and with  normalization of risk factors we can find a more effective method for preventing cardiovascular disease.

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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Non–fatal cardiovascular episodes suffered by hundreds of millions of people present an enormous burden even on the most developed health care systems. The amelioration of the mortality and morbidity of the working population has a tremendous economic impact. The increase of the life expectancy at birth by 10 percent could result in a 0,4 percent GDP growth in the economy. With early detection of the risk factors of cardiovascular episodes and with normalization of risk factors we can find a more effective method for preventing cardiovascular disease.

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object(Publication)#773 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(2797) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2013-06-30" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2021-11-19 14:41:32" ["sectionId"]=> int(38) ["seq"]=> int(6) ["submissionId"]=> int(2676) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(0) "" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2020) ["issueId"]=> int(210) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(42) "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "49-58" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(23) "10.32565/aarms.2013.1.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(667) "

The success of the social integration of the Gipsy population is one of the basic conditions of the common European future. However, the direction of the efforts has been proved to be maladjusted. For being able to concentrate the resources restricted by the economic  crises, a modification of concept has been deeply needed. Instead of focusing on anti-discrimination policy, the areas of a real effective governmental intervention must be determined. Elaborating the framework of the common European Integration Strategy of Gypsies,  the Hungarian presidency aimed rather at social and educational issues, which gave a sign of a new approach to the topic.

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The success of the social integration of the Gipsy population is one of the basic conditions of the common European future. However, the direction of the efforts has been proved to be maladjusted. For being able to concentrate the resources restricted by the economic crises, a modification of concept has been deeply needed. Instead of focusing on anti-discrimination policy, the areas of a real effective governmental intervention must be determined. Elaborating the framework of the common European Integration Strategy of Gypsies, the Hungarian presidency aimed rather at social and educational issues, which gave a sign of a new approach to the topic.

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The tasks of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed significantly due to the evolving security challenges. While the level of traditional threats has decreased, there are new challenges approaching, which influence the sense of security in society. These are terrorism, the effects of climate change (floods, snow storms) and cyber crimes. To face the risk factors defined in the National Military Strategy we are in need of changes in preparation, in the set of military assets and in the educational framework. As a result, officer  and NCO training and education will be transformed too. We are looking for solutions which can raise the security level of our soldiers in domestic tasks and abroad in international missions. 

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The tasks of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed significantly due to the evolving security challenges. While the level of traditional threats has decreased, there are new challenges approaching, which influence the sense of security in society. These are terrorism, the effects of climate change (floods, snow storms) and cyber crimes. To face the risk factors defined in the National Military Strategy we are in need of changes in preparation, in the set of military assets and in the educational framework. As a result, officer and NCO training and education will be transformed too. We are looking for solutions which can raise the security level of our soldiers in domestic tasks and abroad in international missions.

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A powerful earthquake rocked Haiti on 12th January in 2010. The earthquake, according to experts - was stronger than had been observed for 200 years in the region. The world reacted immediately to the disaster. Global humanitarian assistance launched, in order to help Haiti’s population. In the first phase of the assistance rescuers had to find survivors trapped under the rubble and had to save  them from there. These tasks were handled by USAR teams arriving to the area according to UN INSARAG policies. The authors  examine the possibilities of the practical application of INSARAG in Haiti. This study presents the advantages and disadvantages  experienced during search and rescue work and explores the possibilities of further developments.

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A powerful earthquake rocked Haiti on 12th January in 2010. The earthquake, according to experts - was stronger than had been observed for 200 years in the region. The world reacted immediately to the disaster. Global humanitarian assistance launched, in order to help Haiti’s population. In the first phase of the assistance rescuers had to find survivors trapped under the rubble and had to save them from there. These tasks were handled by USAR teams arriving to the area according to UN INSARAG policies. The authors examine the possibilities of the practical application of INSARAG in Haiti. This study presents the advantages and disadvantages experienced during search and rescue work and explores the possibilities of further developments.

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These days it is especially important, and a complex task at the same time, to protect human health and the environment at a high level. One of the most important elements of this protection policy is industrial safety, highlighted by the major accidents of recent  years. Industrial safety embraces four special fields: the supervision of dangerous plants, the control of the transportation of  dangerous goods, the protection of critical infra- structure and the prevention of nuclear accidents. In our essay we dedicate our  attention firstly to the assessment of the international and national legal regulations concerning the emergency planning of the  railway’s dangerous activities. Secondly, the main goal of this article is to analyse the implementation of the above mentioned  regulations by the operators of Hungarian railway infrastructure.

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These days it is especially important, and a complex task at the same time, to protect human health and the environment at a high level. One of the most important elements of this protection policy is industrial safety, highlighted by the major accidents of recent years. Industrial safety embraces four special fields: the supervision of dangerous plants, the control of the transportation of dangerous goods, the protection of critical infrastructure and the prevention of nuclear accidents. In our essay we dedicate our attention firstly to the assessment of the international and national legal regulations concerning the emergency planning of the railway’s dangerous activities. Secondly, the main goal of this article is to analyse the implementation of the above mentioned regulations by the operators of Hungarian railway infrastructure.

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In recent years news about cyber attacks targeting states, corporations and individuals have been steadily increasing. There is no doubt that more and more emphasis is being placed on the threats emerging from cyberspace. Security experts agree that the  question of cyber security has become one of the most important challenges of the new millenni- um. The aim of this paper is to  examine the issue from NATO’s perspective by analyzing the accomplishments to date - the road so far.

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In recent years news about cyber attacks targeting states, corporations and individuals have been steadily increasing. There is no doubt that more and more emphasis is being placed on the threats emerging from cyberspace. Security experts agree that the question of cyber security has become one of the most important challenges of the new millennium. The aim of this paper is to examine the issue from NATO’s perspective by analyzing the accomplishments to date - the road so far.

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The implementation of an on-board flight control system must be preceded by extensive design activity. The software implementation, test and maintenance effort might be sig- nificantly reduced by using carefully designed software. The design procedure itself is also a  complex activity, several requirements, constraints must be considered in order to generate an appropriate, well detailed and easily  implementable design. The design task is even more complicated when the aircraft has some special features like the capability of  vertical take-off and landing. In this case the software must be able to handle the di- versity of flight modes where the aircraft  behaviour in each mode is unique. This article presents the main aspects of the design procedure.

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The implementation of an on-board flight control system must be preceded by extensive design activity. The software implementation, test and maintenance effort might be significantly reduced by using carefully designed software. The design procedure itself is also a complex activity, several requirements, constraints must be considered in order to generate an appropriate, well detailed and easily implementable design. The design task is even more complicated when the aircraft has some special features like the capability of vertical take-off and landing. In this case the software must be able to handle the diversity of flight modes where the aircraft behaviour in each mode is unique. This article presents the main aspects of the design procedure.

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Hungary has always played a leading role in the theoretical and practical implementa- tion of the Schengen Acquis and the Schengen extension process. One of the best exam- ples may be the implementation of the European Union funded twinning project titled  “Action Plan on Integrated Border Management-Phase”. The aim of this essay is to give additional information to the present border  policing situation and the border se- curity organizations in Turkey. We will look at the process of establishing a new Border Guard  organization and the joint efforts performed by the project and the beneficiaries in the launch of the new Integrated Border  Management System (later on IBM) in the county. We can conclude that the IBM project combined the best respective EU theories and  practices successfully.

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Hungary has always played a leading role in the theoretical and practical implementation of the Schengen Acquis and the Schengen extension process. One of the best examples may be the implementation of the European Union funded twinning project titled “Action Plan on Integrated Border Management-Phase 1”. The aim of this essay is to give additional information to the present border policing situation and the border security organizations in Turkey. We will look at the process of establishing a new Border Guard organization and the joint efforts performed by the project and the beneficiaries in the launch of the new Integrated Border Management System (later on IBM) in the county. We can conclude that the IBM project combined the best respective EU theories and practices successfully.

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War features unpredictability, incompleteness and instability. It is composed of a com- plex web of interconnected constituents in which friction poses a serious challenge. Clausewitz regarded war an integrated and holistic activity with having one gestalt as a  functional unit. The term gestalt comes from German and stands for shape. It refers to the concept of wholeness with properties that  cannot be summed up by their parts and do not equal a simple summation. Unpredictability helps us see war as a phenomenon that  cannot be compounded from the actions of the constituent parts. War can be described with a certain precision, but this precision is  not necessarily relevant to the parts. The gestalt of war accords with the observation that war does not always allow for logical, direct  and traceable connections between causes and effects.

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War features unpredictability, incompleteness and instability. It is composed of a complex web of interconnected constituents in which friction poses a serious challenge. Clausewitz regarded war an integrated and holistic activity with having one gestalt as a functional unit. The term gestalt comes from German and stands for shape. It refers to the concept of wholeness with properties that cannot be summed up by their parts and do not equal a simple summation. Unpredictability helps us see war as a phenomenon that cannot be compounded from the actions of the constituent parts. War can be described with a certain precision, but this precision is not necessarily relevant to the parts. The gestalt of war accords with the observation that war does not always allow for logical, direct and traceable connections between causes and effects.

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Despite its strategic location, the area known as the Horn of Africa has become one of the most badly impacted areas of the African continent through its political and economic crises and humanitarian disasters. Since Siad Barre’s fall, Somalia is an area of continuous civil war. The neighbouring countries – led by their own interests – directly and indirectly interfere in the internal affairs of Somalia. As  part of this intervention, they have repeatedly attacked the terrorist organization called Al-Shabab. Because of pressure and support from the international community, the transitional government initiated numerous reforms, and by 2012 at the end of the transitional period a new Federal Constitution was adopted, the new Parliament was established with the election of the country’s new President.  However the new government still has to face tribal rivalry, extreme Islamist movements to stabilize its power.

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Despite its strategic location, the area known as the Horn of Africa has become one of the most badly impacted areas of the African continent through its political and economic crises and humanitarian disasters. Since Siad Barre’s fall, Somalia is an area of continuous civil war. The neighbouring countries – led by their own interests – directly and indirectly interfere in the internal affairs of Somalia. As part of this intervention, they have repeatedly attacked the terrorist organization called Al-Shabab. Because of pressure and support from the international community, the transitional government initiated numerous reforms, and by 2012 at the end of the transitional period a new Federal Constitution was adopted, the new Parliament was established with the election of the country’s new President. However the new government still has to face tribal rivalry, extreme Islamist movements to stabilize its power.

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A discussion on suicide attacks as one of the most widespread means of modern terror- ism is considered commonplace nowadays. Hardly a day goes by without news about a terrorist act of this kind in some country – primarily in the Muslim World. Suicide attacks  grew as a general means of modern terrorism at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s but it was not before 11th September 2001 that experts realized the need for a complex and comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the objectives and motivations of modern  terrorists. As part of this process their studies also embraced less known female terrorism including its historical, social, and religious  aspects.

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A discussion on suicide attacks as one of the most widespread means of modern terrorism is considered commonplace nowadays. Hardly a day goes by without news about a terrorist act of this kind in some country – primarily in the Muslim World. Suicide attacks grew as a general means of modern terrorism at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s but it was not before 11th September 2001 that experts realized the need for a complex and comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the objectives and motivations of modern terrorists. As part of this process their studies also embraced less known female terrorism including its historical, social, and religious aspects.

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When in 1992 a military officer with a group of leftist followers tried to seize power in Venezuela, the events were enough for fifteen minutes of fame, but not more. However when the same person, namely Hugo Chávez won the presidential election in an outstanding victory six years later and started his so-called Bolivarian Revolution and initiated new methods, new approaches with fast  and clearly  visible results, the international community started to pay more attention, especially when similar leftist political  movements began to  win the elections in other countries in the region. The aim of this article is to take a closer look at Chávez himself,  it is a short brief  on his past deeds as the possible reasons for his continuous popularity amongst Venezuelans. Finally we shall give an  overview of the  needed actions in order to achieve the necessary development in the country and insure the continuity of the  Bolivarian  Revolution  even after the late-president’s death. 

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When in 1992 a military officer with a group of leftist followers tried to seize power in Venezuela, the events were enough for fifteen minutes of fame, but not more. However when the same person, namely Hugo Chávez won the presidential election in an outstanding victory six years later and started his so-called Bolivarian Revolution and initiated new methods, new approaches with fast and clearly visible results, the international community started to pay more attention, especially when similar leftist political movements began to win the elections in other countries in the region. The aim of this article is to take a closer look at Chávez himself, it is a short brief on his past deeds as the possible reasons for his continuous popularity amongst Venezuelans. Finally we shall give an overview of the needed actions in order to achieve the necessary development in the country and insure the continuity of the Bolivarian Revolution even after the late-president’s death.

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The value of information has grown dramatically in our societies. We experience the speed of information constantly accelerating and the amount of information generated is also increasing. The use of social media now has a great impact both on our daily life and the  Alliance decision making processes. Information Operations concept has evolved significantly in the last, almost, two decades. Lessons  learned in the Balkans and in Afghanistan are particularly important for the allied countries. Consequently, member states and NATO  must incorporate experience from the battlefield into doctrines.

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The value of information has grown dramatically in our societies. We experience the speed of information constantly accelerating and the amount of information generated is also increasing. The use of social media now has a great impact both on our daily life and the Alliance decision making processes. Information Operations concept has evolved significantly in the last, almost, two decades. Lessons learned in the Balkans and in Afghanistan are particularly important for the allied countries. Consequently, member states and NATO must incorporate experience from the battlefield into doctrines.

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